词汇学Antonymy.ppt

Antonymy,Antonyms,A:Types of antonyms . B:Some relevant points about antonyms . C:Use of antonyms .,Classification,According to semantic contrast they will be divided into three types:contraries,complementaries and conversives. According to morphological structure,they will be divided into two types:root antonyms and derivational antonyms.,Contraries,rich poor heavy light deep shallow tall short Feature1:The two words have opposite meaning. Feature2:They are all gradable words.,contraries,rich poor very rich very poor feature3:,contraries,some tips: 1:,complementaries,definition:complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition.,two features,feature1:in a complementary pair the contrast between the two terms are absolute.(the assertion of one implies the denail of the other) eg: alive dead single married present absent,two features,feature2:complementary terms are nongradable. eg:He is very dead.,conversives,lend borrow husband wife employer employee above below,conversives,feature1:there is an interdependence of meaning between two conversives.One member of the pair presupposes the other member. feater2:they are especially found in the definition of mutual social roles,spatial relationships and so on. more examples,conversives vs complementaries,conversives have no absolute contrast between the opposites. complementaries have absolute contrast between theopposites. where there is conversives contrast with contraries where,conversives vs contraries,there is no gradation between two conversives. there is gradation between two contraries.,root antonyms :they are words with different roots. eg:deep - shallow to love - to hate derivational antonyms:they are words with same roots having negative affixes. eg:prewar - postwar conformist - nonconformist,types of antonyms,some relevant points about antonyms,marked and unmarked members. some words without antonyms. different antonyms under different circumstances. lexical antonymy vs. syntactic negation. words order of antonymous pairs.,marked and unmarked members.,There is a tiger in the cage . There is a tigress in the cage . How tall is Tom ? How short is Tom ? conclusion:unmarked member is used more widely than the marked one.,marked and unmarked members.,He is taller than she is. He is shorter than she is. conclusion:When people make comparisons,they use the unmarked terms.,some words without antonyms.,house window forest coal Not all words have antonyms.Only some qualitative adjectives,some nouns,some verbs,adverbs,determiners have .,different senses,different antonyms. fast “fixed and firmly“ - loose “rapid“ - slow “steadfast and loyal“ -disloyal,different contexts,different antonyms. a thin slice - a thick slice a thin man - a fat man,different collocations,different antonyms. fresh bread -stale bread fresh air -stuffy air fresh flower - faded flower same collocations,different antonyms. a powerful man - a powerless man a powerful man - a weak man,lexical antonymy vs. syntactic negation.,lexical antonymy is often stronger than syntactic negation. eg:Im sorry to inform you that we are not at all satisfied with your sister.We are very much dissatisfied with her.,words order of antonymous pairs.,Pay attention to these phrases which contain pairs of antonyms. Same order as chinese equivalents. 来去 come and go 因果 cause and effect Opposite order of chinese counterpart. 水火 fire and water 左右 right and left,us