2019年高中英语Unit1GreatscientistsSectionⅣLearningaboutLanguage.docx

Section Learning about Language & Using Language原文呈现COPERNICUS REVOLUTIONARY THEORYNicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.读文清障revolutionary revlunrI adj.革命的；重大变革的Nicolaus Copernicus nIkls kpnIks 尼古拉哥白尼(波兰天文学家)confused adj.困惑的；烦恼的lead to通向；导致the solar system太阳系only后接if引导的状语从句，主句使用部分倒装。movement muvmnt n移动；运动；动作make sense讲得通；有意义Christian Church基督教教会reason n. C，U 原因；情理哥白尼的革命性理论第1段译文尼古拉哥白尼很恐惧，他的思绪很乱。虽然他尝试着不去理睬那些数字，然而，他的所有的数学计算都得出同样一个结论：地球不是太阳系的中心。只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。然而他并不能向任何人讲述他的理论，因为即使他只暗示有这种想法，他都会受到强大的基督教教会势力的惩罚。他们认为上帝创造了世界，正是由于这个原因，地球才是特殊的，而且一定是太阳系的中心。The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer. He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them. But only his new theory could do that. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete.arise vi. (arose, arisen)出现；发生；产生backward bkwd adv.&adj.向后地(的)；相反地(的)；退步地(的), move backward向后移动in a loop呈环状at times有时；不时at othersat (other) times在其他时间if引导条件状语从句。go roundgo aroundcircle围绕旋转long and hard良久而又苦苦地do指代上文的explain。work on从事；研究现在分词短语improving .作伴随状语。until he felt it was complete为时间状语从句。第23段译文问题的出现是因为天文学家已经注意到天空中的有些行星看似静止，有些向相反的方向运行，有些在作圆周运动。有时一些行星会显得比其他的行星更耀眼，而有些却显得比其他的暗。如果说地球是太阳系的中心并且所有行星都围绕着地球转的话，这些现象就非常奇怪了。,哥白尼努力地思考这些问题很长时间了，试图找到一个答案。他已经收集了那些星星的观察数据，并利用他全部的数学知识来解释它们。但只有他的新学说才能够做到这一点。因此，在1510年到1514年之间，他一直致力于对此进行研究，渐渐地改进他的学说直到他感觉已经完善为止。In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends. The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas， but Copernicus was cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.privately praIvItlI adv.私下地；秘密地fixed adj.固定的；不动的with the planets going round . earth为with复合结构，作方式状语。spin spIn vi.&vt. (spun, spun)(使)旋转；纺(线或纱)brightness braItnIs n明亮；亮度；聪颖enthusiastic InjuzIstIk adj.热情的；热心的encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人去做某事cautious ks adj.小心的；谨慎的so连接并列分句，表示因果关系。as至句末为时间状语从句。lie vi. (lay, lain)躺第4段译文1514年，哥白尼私下里给他的朋友们看了他的新理论。他对旧理论所做的改动是革命性的。他把固定的太阳放在太阳系的中心，别的行星都围绕太阳转动，只有月亮仍然围绕地球转动。他还认为，地球在围绕太阳运转的同时也在自转，这就解释了行星运行和星体亮度上的变化。他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于世，而哥白尼却小心谨慎。他不想遭到基督教教会的攻击，所以他直到1543年临终之前才公布了这一观点。Certainly he was right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against Gods idea and people who supported it would be attacked. Yet Copernicus theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity, which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe. Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong.Now people can see that there is a direct link between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.reject rIdekt vt.拒绝；不接受；抛弃现在分词短语saying it was against Gods idea .作方式状语。saying后跟两个宾语从句，其中第二个宾语从句中含有who引导的定语从句who supported it，修饰people。be against反对；违背be for支持；赞同basis n. C基础on which all our ideas .为定语从句，修饰the basis。universe junIvs n宇宙；世界replace vt.取代which引导定语从句，修饰先行词gravity。create vt.创造；产生；制造第5段译文当然他小心是正确的。 基督教教会拒绝接受他的理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意，而任何支持这种理论的人都将受到打击。然而现在哥白尼的理论却是我们的宇宙观建立的基础。他的理论还取代了基督教教会对地球引力的看法，他们认为物体掉到地球上是因为上帝把地球设定为宇宙的中心。哥白尼证明这显然是错误的。今天人们可以看到他的理论和艾萨克牛顿、阿尔伯特爱因斯坦、斯蒂芬霍金的研究工作有着直接联系。Step 1Read the text and answer the following questions.1How many scientists are mentioned in this passage? Who are they?Four_scientists._Nicolaus_Copernicus,_Isaac_Newton,_Albert_Einstein_and_Stephen_Hawking.2Whats the main idea of the passage?The passage mainly tells us about Copernicus_revolutionary_theory_and_his_contribution_to_the_field_of_astronomy.Step 2Choose the best answers according to the text.1What made Copernicus frightened and confused?AThe fact that the earth was the centre of the solar system.BThe conclusion that the sun was the centre of the solar system.CThe fact that the earth goes around the sun.DThe fact that God made the world.2Why didnt Copernicus publish his theory immediately?ABecause he didnt think it was complete.BBecause he was afraid of being attacked by the Christian Church.CBecause his friends forbade him to do so.DBecause no one supported his ideas.3When did Copernicus publish his theory?AAfter his death.BBefore he told his friends about it.CAs he lay dying in 1543.DHis theory was never published.4All the following statements make it strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system EXCEPT that _.Asome planets in the sky seemed to stop or move backwardBsome planets in the sky appeared brighter at times and less bright at othersCsome planets in the sky seemed to go forward in a loopDthe sun goes around the earth5Whats the Christian Churchs attitude towards Copernicus theory?AThe Christian Church objected to his theory.BThe Christian Church was in favour of his theory.CThe Christian Church paid much attention to his theory.DThe Christian Church thought highly of his theory.答案：15BBCDA一、这样记单词记得准写得对记得快记得多.基础词汇1.chart n图表2.positive adj. 积极的；肯定的；确实的3.backward adv.&adj. 向后地(的)；相反地(的)；退步地(的)4.spin vi.&vt. (使)旋转；纺(线或纱)5.universe n. 宇宙；世界.拓展词汇1.construct vt.建设；修建construction n建设；建筑物2.contribute vt.&vi.捐献；贡献；捐助contribution n贡献；捐款3.movement n移动；运动；动作move v移动；搬动4.enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的enthusiasm n热情；热心 5.cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的caution n小心；谨慎6.reject vt.拒绝；不接受；抛弃rejection n拒绝；拒绝接受；厌弃1.“图表”表达法小结chart图表pie chart饼状图graph曲线图 table表格picture图画 cartoon卡通画；漫画2.以“ward(s)”为后缀的词荟萃backward adv.&adj.向后地(的)afterwards adv.后来 downward adv.向下eastwards adv.向东 upward(s) adv.向上；往上northwards adv.向北 outward(s) adv.向外forward adv.将来；今后；向前；前进3.ABB型不规则动词一览spinspunspun (使)旋转digdugdug 挖stickstuckstuck 钉住；刺strikestruckstruck 打；击stingstungstung 刺；叮4.“态度词”集锦positive积极的 negative消极的objective客观的 doubtful怀疑的approving满意的二、这样记短语记牢固定短语多积常用词块1.apart_from除之外；此外2(be)_strict_with_. 对严格的3make_sense 讲得通；有意义4lead_to 通向；导致5come_to_an_end 结束6at_times 有时7make_room_for 为腾地方8be_responsible_for 对负责1.do scientific job做科学工作2work experience 工作经验3develop a severe illness 得了一种严重的疾病4the fireworks display 焰火表演5the centre of the solar system 太阳系的中心6for that reason 由于那个原因7go around the earth 围着地球转8on the basis 基于三、这样记句式先背熟再悟通后仿用1.I had expected it to be better.我本期望会更好。expect使用过去完成时，表示“本期望”。Ihad_expected_the_weather_to_be_better,_but it turned out to be worse.我本期望着天气会变得更好些，结果却变得更糟糕。2.Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。“only状语(从句)”位于句首时后面的主句需用部分倒装。Theres no denying that only if we deal with and overcome large numbers of difficulties in a correct way will_we_achieve_our_dreams. (2015湖南高考书面表达)无可否认，只有当我们用正确的方式处理并克服大量困难，我们才会实现我们的梦想。3.He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it . 他把固定的太阳放在太阳系的中心，别的行星都围绕太阳转动with的复合结构在句中作状语。With the little boy leading_the_way,_we found the house easily.由于小男孩带路，我们很容易找到了这所房子。1(教材P4)Look at these simple verbs and make another construction using makeanoun.看这些简单动词并用“makeanoun”构成另一个结构。construction nU建设；C建筑物construct vt.建设；修建(be) under construction(be) being constructed正在建设中My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree. (2017全国卷)我的下一步工作就是做一个鸟窝并把它固定在树上。The new airport under construction lies in the east of the city.The new airport being_constructed (construct) lies in the east of the city.正在修建的新机场位于该市的东部。2contribute vt.&vi.捐献；贡献；捐助 (1)contribute to有助于；促使；导致contribute . to . 向捐献/捐赠(2)contribution n. 贡献；捐款make a contribution/contributions to (doing) sth. 对作出贡献Located where the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction. (2017江苏高考)位于“一带”和“一路”交汇处，江苏将会为“一带一路”的建设做出更大的贡献。Everyone is willing to contribute food and clothes to the homeless people.每个人都愿意为无家可归的人捐献食物和衣服。Participating in the contest will be a golden chance for me to show my dancing skills and make some contributions (contribute) to the class.参加比赛对我来说是一次难得的展示我的舞蹈才能的好机会，并对班级作出贡献。名师点津表示“引起；导致；有助于”的词语还有cause, lead to, result in等。3(教材P4)Apart from the construction mentioned above, you have also learned the following phrases.除了以上提到的结构，你也学过下面的词组。 apart from除之外；此外Apart from being fun and good exercise, swimming is a very useful skill.游泳，除了有趣和锻炼身体之外，还是一项很有用的技能。Apart_from_some_spelling_mistakes,_the composition is fairly good.除了一些拼写错误，这篇文章写得很不错。辨析比较apart from, besides, except, except forapart from既可以表示besides的含义，也可以表示except或except for的含义besides“除了之外还有”，除去的东西包括在范围内，相当于in addition to/as well asexcept“除了之外”，指从同类的人或物中排除except for表示从整体情况来看，要排除其中的部分特殊情况用besides, except或except for代替下列句中的apart fromWill there be anyone else we know at the party apart from Will and Janet？besidesYou can have any one of the cakes apart from this one.exceptThe road was empty apart from a few cars.except_for4(教材P7)Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。make sense讲得通；有意义make no sense没道理；没意义make sense of 理解；弄懂in a sense 从某种意义上来说in no sense 决不；决非(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装)This sentence he has made doesnt make sense.This sentence he has made makes_no_sense.他造的这个句子没有意义。We read through the poem, but could not make_sense_of it.我们从头到尾读了一遍诗，但不明白它说些什么。In no sense should_you_lose_heart;_keep trying and you will make it sooner or later.你决不应该灰心丧气。继续尝试，你迟早会成功的。5(教材P7)His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious.他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于世，而哥白尼却小心谨慎。enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的(1)be enthusiastic about非常喜欢be enthusiastic to do sth. 非常喜欢做某事(2)enthusiasm n. 热情；热心enthusiastically adv. 热情地；热心地Im sure it will appeal to you, for youve been enthusiastic about sports. (2017全国卷书面表达)我确信它会吸引你，因为你一直热衷于体育运动。Shes very enthusiastic to_read (read) the novels written by Mo Yan.她非常喜欢读莫言写的小说。Although shes a beginner, she played with great enthusiasm (enthusiastic)虽然她是个新手，但演奏时却充满了激情。cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的；细心的(1)be cautious of/about (doing) sth.谨防/谨慎(2)caution n. 细心；谨慎with cautioncautiously adv. 仔细地；谨慎地He is usually cautious about his work. 他通常对他的工作持谨慎态度。You should cross a busy street with caution.You should cross a busy street cautiously (cautious)穿过一条繁忙的马路时要小心谨慎。6(教材P7)The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against Gods idea and people who supported it would be attacked.基督教教会拒绝接受他的理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意，而任何支持这一理论的人都将受到打击。reject vt.拒绝(雇用、录取等)；不接受(提议、建议等)；抛弃；(因质量不好而)废弃写出下列句中reject的含义They rejected his application for membership.拒绝It is hard for me to reject religious beliefs.抛弃He rejected the suggestions his friends had given.不接受辨析比较reject, refusereject常用于正式场合，后面常接名词，不接不定式refuse普通用词，后接双宾语、名词或不定式，不接不定式的复合宾语和宾语从句He kept silent and refused to answer my question.I have been rejected by all the universities I applied to.1Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。only放在句首修饰状语(通常是副词、介词短语或状语从句等)时，句子需要部分倒装，即把助动词、情态动词或系动词be放在主语之前。Only if you take more exercise will you be able to keep fit.只有多锻炼，你才能保持身体健康。Only_recently_have_I had time to read the book.直到最近我才有时间读这本书。 Only in this way can_we_make_a_great_contribution/great_contributions to our family and our society. (2015重庆高考写作)只有用这种方法我们才能为我们的家庭和社会做出巨大贡献。名师点津如果only修饰的不是状语，即使放在句首主句也不倒装。Only those who accept this reality can lead a really full life.只有那些接受这个现实的人才能过上真正丰富的生活。2He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it .他把固定的太阳放在太阳系的中心，别的行星都围绕太阳转动with the planets going round it 是“with宾语宾语补足语”结构，在句中作状语，表示原因、条件、伴随等。此外，此结构还可作后置定语。With the meal over, we all went home.吃完饭后，我们都回家了。With a lot of difficult problems to_settle (settle), the new manager works far into the night every day. 由于有很多难题要解决，新经理每天工作到深夜。With his mother helping (help) him, he is getting along well with his work. 在妈妈的帮助下，他的工作进展良好。With the key lost (lose), he had to wait for his mother outside the door.钥匙丢了，他不得不在门外等妈妈。.单句语法填空1Mary was_rejected (reject) by the company she applied to last year.2Apart from its low price, the advantage of this car lies in its good quality.3He has made an important contribution (contribute) to the companys success.4We explained our plans and he was very enthusiastic (enthusiasm) about them.5Ive always been very cautious about/of giving my address and telephone number to strangers.6With a lot of homework to_finish (finish), I cant go skating with you.7We must be strict with our students while we should give them love and care as well.补全句子1We contributed_a_lot_of_money_to the earthquake fund last year.去年我们向地震基金会捐赠了很多钱。2Can you make_sense_of what the foreigner said just now?你能理解这位外国人刚才说的话吗？3Only_if_you_study_hard_will_you pass the final examination. 只有努力学习，你才能通过期末考试。4He lay on the grass with his_eyes_looking_at_the_sky. 他躺在草地上，眼望天空。5All the staff are_enthusiastic_about the project which will benefit them greatly.所有员工都很热衷于这个会给他们带来巨大利益的项目。6The new suspension bridge designed by the famous architect is under_construction/being_constructed now.这位著名的建筑师设计的新悬浮桥正在建设之中。一、全练语言点，基稳才能楼高本课语言点针对练习.单词拼写1These are the people that have contributed (贡献) more to the development of the Internet.2(2016江苏高考)Moreover, wider and better social benefits can be reached with the positive (积极的) social images built. 3Be cautious (小心的) when climbing the mountain.4He was rejected (拒绝) by all the employers and he felt quite upset.5His grandmother used to make a living by spinning (纺) thread.6He walked backward (向后) before turning and ran away.7Constructing (建造) the new building cost him great money and energy.8The audience was enthusiastic (热情的) on the opening night of the play.9(2017全国卷)Both the hand movements (运动) and the very idea of communicating without speaking attracted me. 10As can be seen from the chart (图表), more and more people own mobile phones in China now.单句改错1Getting up early will contribute to improve your health.improveimproving2Read this and tell me if it makes a sense.去掉a3I expected to see Lang Lang at the concert but he did not turn up.I后加had4With all the work finish, they hurried back home for lunch.finishfinished5The bridge under the construction will be open to public next year.去掉the6He was very strict in himself when he was young.inwith7Apart his nose, he is goodlooking.Apart后加from8He said that he had rejected by his ideal university.had后加been.选词填空reject， with， contribute . to .， with caution， only if， make sense， be strict with， under construction， apart from， be enthusiastic about1Apart_from being an expert on DNA, Professor Wang is also carrying out research on medicine.2If you are a teacher, you should be_strict_with every student.3Most of the factories under_construction have been designed by Chinese engineers.4Though too old to work much, the retired worker is_enthusiastic_about neighborhood affairs.5He thought he would be_rejected from the factory because of poor health.6My father contributed a lot of books to the Hope Project.7Only_if I get a job will I have enough money to go to school.8We live in a house with many flowers around it.9It makes_sense to take care of your health, for it is the most important.10The old man stepped down the stairs with_caution. 本单元语言点温故练习.单句语法填空1To her, money spent (spend) is more than money earned (earn)2Once the fall comes, there will be many fallen (fall) leaves in the wood.3Absorbed (absorb) in his study, Tom simply forgot food and sleep.4He is a pleasant fellow to_work (work) with.5.Everyone present was amused (amuse) at the story told (tell) by the young man.6.They looked disappointed (disappoint) on hearing the result of the game.7.We all became inspired by his inspiring life story.(inspire)8Regular air traffic links the city to the rest of the country.补