英语议论文写作理论.ppt

Argumentative Writing,Writing Assignment: Is Jogging the Best Way to Keep Fit?,Overall Structure,Introduction Body Conclusion,段落的层次性,Topic sentence,Supporting sentences,Supporting sentences,Details,Details,Details,Details,层次性,Introduction,The introductory part of an argumentative essay contains a brief description of the topic, including different opinions about it, and a clear statement of the writers stand (thesis statement).,When writing an argumentative composition, you must:,Let readers know the main idea of your composition. Answer the question: “What am I trying to prove?” Remember a thesis statement is not a factual statement, but a claim that has to be proved throughout your writing.,Body,This part of the argumentative essay is built upon the debatable thesis statement made in the introductory paragraph and provides support for the thesis statement. The debatable statements are not statements of facts but ones with which others may or may not agree. What you need to do is persuade others to agree.,To attack our opponents argument,we can adopt one of the following methods:,Demonstrate that our opponents argument is completely wrong. Show that our opponents argument is weak (because it is based on insufficient, outdated,misinterpreted or biased information). Agree that our opponents argument is valid but show our points are more compelling (有说服力的).,Conclusion,Conclusion contains the last words that a writer will present to the audience. Therefore, it should emphasize the main point and should have a strong impact. The aim is to convince the reader that the essay has all the important arguments about the issue and that your main idea is the best position on the issue. You shouldnt present any new arguments in your conclusion.,Useful expressions about personal ideas:,1. I think / believe 2. In my opinion 3. I am for the opinion that 4. As I see it 5. For my part 6. My opinion is that 7. As for me 8. As far as I am concerned,9. In my point of view 10. I consider 11. I hold (the opnion) that 12. I maintain that 13. Id like to point out that,You may use these words or phrases when you make a conclusion:,1. all in all 2. as a result 3. consequently 4. eventually 5. finally 6. to end with,7. in brief 8. generally 9. in general 10. in conclusion 11. to sum up 12. in summary,Complementary Connectives,1. Enumeration（列举） to begin with; first(ly), second(ly), third(ly); for one thing, for another; next, then; finally, last, lastly; for a start, in the first place, in the second place, to start with, to conclude 2. Addition (附加): whats more, moreover, furthermore, in addition 3. Transition (过渡): by the way, as for,4. summary (概述,总结) In a word, (all) in all, to sum up, in short, in conclusion 5. apposition (同位， 解释) namely, i.e. (that is to say), for example, for instance, in other words 6. result: therefore, and, as a result, and thus, and so,7. inference(推测) If so, if not, in that case 8. contrast(比较) Instead, on the contrary, by comparison, by contrast concession(让步) though, anyhow, anyway, in any case, at any rate, in spite of that, after all, nevertheless,Some frequently used transitional words:,1. accordingly 2. additionally 3. also 4. besides 5. alternatively 6. furthermore 7. however 8. in addition 9. moreover 10. nevertheless,11. on the contrary 12. so 13. therefore 14. thus 15. whats more 16. yet 17. despite 18. in spite of 19. otherwise 20. instead of,Useful expessions on time sequece:,1.first / second / third/ fourth 2.first of all 3.firstly / secondly / thirdly/ fourthly 4.for one thing / for another 5.in the first /