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AUTOMATED PARKING: STATUS IN THE UNITED STATES ADVANTAGES AND CRITERIA RICHARD S. BEEBE, DIRECTOR PARKING AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING CONSULTING ENGINEERS GROUP, INC. 55 E. EUCLID AVE., MT. PROSPECT, IL 60056 USA PRESENTED AT WORLD PARKING SYMPOSIUM III ST. ANDREWS, SCOTLAND: JUNE 25, 2001AUTOMATED PARKING THE ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTION TO THE URBAN PARKING SHORTAGE ADVANTAGES AND CRITERIA GUIDELINES TO AUTOMATED GARAGE DEVELOPMENT The current state-of-the-art automated parking systems Types Capacities Operating Systems Site Area Criteria Financial/Operating Advantages Land Area and Savings Operations Savings Cost Features of Vehicle/Patron Security Time and Motion Environmental Advantages Reduced Miles of Interior Travel Reduced Emissions Production Reduced Noise Generation Reduced Construction Products and Impacts of Construction Activity System Applications Location Freestanding or Inside Buildings Capacity and Structure Design User Populations and Specific Needs Traffic and Exterior Conditions Typical Installations Above Ground Below Ground Site and Operating Statistics Movement Toward System Recognition/Criteria for Development Parking Interests Potential User Interests International Media Attention Product PromotionHISTORY OF MECHANICAL PARKING IN THE U.S. AND ITS STATUS IN 2001 INTRODUCTION Mechanical parking systems were first introduced in the U.S. using freight elevators about the time of World War I. During the 1920s and 1930s a series of other patents were granted but it was not until the late 1940s that the Bowser, Pigeon Hole and Roto Park systems became operational and installed in numerous locations. Some of these early systems were vertical elevator lift modules that placed cars on upper levels of a structure to be moved by attendant and others mechanical devices that could move vehicles into “slots” in a framework built around a central corridor. Capacities ranged typically from less than 100 spaces to more than 600. All of these “early days” systems shared common characteristicthe use of a site area much smaller than the area needed for a conventional garage. During the next twenty-five years many of these systems operated for up to twenty years or soa few remain in operation today. Problems related to the timely delivery of patron vehicles due largely to inoperative elevator and mechanical systems caused many units to be dismantled. For the next twenty-years there was some discussion of “advanced” mechanical garage systems appearing in Europe and Asia, but no major projects which were planned on were constructed in the U.S. During the past decade the constant demand for parking, especially in large urban centers, created a new U.S. interest in these high technology foreign systemsautomated, computer-based systems that added speed, reliability and safety to the basic garage types invented fifty years earlier. European and Asian manufacturers have begun to market their systems and establish offices in the U.S. Several U.S. firms also have entered the marketplace and created greater local interest in Automated Parking. System manufacturers or marketers now include such names as TREVI, Klaus, KRUPS, WOHR, Robotic, APS, HK Systems, Stokes, Auto Space, Sky Parking America and others. Some 100 of these projects are now in the planning stage. SYSTEM ADVANTAGES There are obvious advantages for automated parking facilities in almost any urban location. Significant reduction in land area requirements means conservation of land resources and smaller building bulk cubes and costs. Automated garage operation results in far lower vehicle miles of travel, emission volumes and utility services. Reduced personnel and maintenance costs help to offset any higher per-space cost of automated systems. These advantages have created a large scale market potential in the U.S. which needs to be satisfied as quickly as possible. The following basic elements of automated structure construction point out some of these advantages: A. Developmental 1) An important consideration of automated/mechanical parking has always been project cost. For comparison purposes costs must reflect total cost, including land. The higher cost of construction of an automated system can usually be offset by the value of the smaller land area required for automated construction. For example, a site area roughly 100 feet x 120 feet (12,000 square feet) could support a 400 space automated garage. A conventional ramp garage would require a site area at least 120 x 280 (or 33,600 square feet). The cost of land, at $100 per square foot, would equal $1,200,000 for the automated site versus $3,600,000 for the conventional garage. This differential translates into a per space allowance of $5,500 for the automated facility. This is usually the primary factor in establishing the need for, and interest in, an automated garage. In densely developed urban areas the availability of large sites for garage construction has become the number one problem. 2) In addition to the land area/cost factor there are other important reasons to consider an automated structure. These include the provision of unusual levels of patron and vehicle security: (This item is particularly appealing to owners of expensive vehicles wishing to protect their investment). Depending upon location, security issues where patrons do not move inside a garage can be a very important consideration to both owners and users. Negative noise and visual impacts of conventional garages are also eliminated. 3) Automated structures can be built into larger buildings, either above ground or below ground, in significantly less floor area and within a structural framework compatible with that of the primary use. Since there is no need for open areas along perimeter walls to achieve ventilation requirements the parking facility can be enclosed by an architectural faade on those exposures visible to the public, eliminating the negative visual characteristics of a standard garage building. 4) These new systems offer another great benefit to owners and operators. Because of computerized control and report elements complete garage diagnostic review and warning is always on-line. Any potential problem is reported at once to a central control station where attention can be directed at once to the problem. B. Financial 1) The primary financial benefit of automated parking is usually the reduction in land cost. On the theory that an automated structure uses about one-half the land area, the cost savings in land can range from 100 percent to 400 or 500 percent depending upon the value of adjacent property. 2) Owner or operator savings may well be significant since many of these facilities can operate without any staff or with a single attendant. 3) Security aspects of the facility tend to lower insurance costs and maintenance, except for the automated system components, is also reduced. 4) In some locations there may be an added financial incentive. This is the classification of the automated system as machinery and not as structure which can materially reduce property tax burdens. C. Environmental 1) There is a keen awareness developing in the U.S. of environmental hazard created by vehicle operation in congested areas. Vehicle-generated solution can be significantly reduced by reducing miles of travel in the garage. In a typical 600 space conventional garage with twice daily turnover up to 300 miles to travel are eliminated every day. 2) Reduction in miles of travel equals reduction in emissions such as carbon monoxide and nitrates and oxides of nitrogen which are considered major problems in most urban places. 3) Less disruptive but equally important environmental issues, especially in any densely developed area, include light and noise created by vehicles moving into, through and out of a conventional garage. These elements are almost totally removed by use of an automated structure. 4) Another element here is the reduction in the amount of construction activity and disruption due to the reduction in site area and construction volume. CURRENT CONDITIONS IN THE U.S. An Automated Parking Garage was started in the City of Hoboken, New Jersey in January of 1999. This 320 space project was regarded as the first in a long series of new automated garages to be built across the country. At least 40 to 50 garages were “on the list” for construction and Hoboken was considered the beginning of a new era in parkingcatching up to the technology in use in Europe and Asia. More than a dozen U.S. and foreign manufacturers have been ready to sell their products and construct facilities. A series of delays and project completion problems have stopped work on the Hoboken garage for the past year. At this time it appears that this garage will not be completed until spring of 2002. The complex series of delays and problems has generated considerable adverse publicity and apprehension on the part of many possible clients. Nevertheless, there is still great interest in these automated garages throughout the U.S. The advantages of automated parking will overcome the problems now occurring in the Hoboken garage.The experience gained in Europe and Asia by major system manufacturers will be the important factor in starting new projects in the U.S. this year and next. We welcome the entrance to our mark of the European and Asian manufacturers. The international automated parking industry, although small in number and without demonstrable U.S. projects, needs to overcome the current conditions and forge a new understanding of the advantages of automated systems and the broad advantages and practicalities of their use. The objective today is to outline application options and to establish basic project criteria by which clients and manufacturers can assure the adequacy and functionality of the parking system when installed. Understanding of these new systems from several viewpoints is the essential key to expanding acceptance and installation. Public and private agencies need to become aware of performance, reliability, operation and maintenance cost considerations and patron acceptance. The automated parking industry has formed a trade group known as the Automated/Mechanical Parking Association to promote the benefits of these new systems. The subject of automated parking has not been widely recognized in this country for many years, even within parking and development industries. But the new systems are technologically and operationally far superior to the units built in previous decades. Owners, builders, agencies and patrons can be assured of cost-effective, reliable, safe and efficient services at competitive rates. A significant response to the benefits of these new systems is already forming, and use will accelerate rapidly as national awareness of the compelling reasons for the use of automated/mechanical parking systems gains momentum. We need to explore and expand the increased construction of automated parking facilities in the U.S. The advantages of this technology are just too significant to permit further delay in their development and construction. However, a number of important lessons have been learned that need to be addressed by any automated system manufacturer.APPLICATIONS In order to properly plan, design, construct, manage and operate an automated facility in the U.S. a number of vital issues must be considered. There follows a summary of these particular items: 1. Theoretically, automated parking requires about one-half the land area of a conventional garage to serve the same number of vehicles. However, this theory has several variables such as: The required capacity of the garage Availability of additional land for conventional garage construction Cost of additional land to facilitate conventional garage construction Garage user populations, turnover, rates, access patterns Parking rates and anticipated revenue compared to costs of garage construction and operation. Project costs of the automated facility versus the conventional facility, given the total cost comparison package. The simple fact that adequate land area is not available to construct a conventional garage does not, in any way, mean an automated facility will prove economically feasible in a particular location. 2. Details of the potential site can be very critical. For an automated facility good street access is essential and, in some cases, multiple frontages can be the difference between feasibility and failure. If primary ingress is from a major street, garage vehicle acceptance rates can be very important. Long queue lines awaiting entry affect the acceptance and use of the facilitymore importantly, local police may prohibit vehicles standing in the street to gain access. There are standard ratios of entry/exit portals to garage capacity with a sub-set of determinants based on street traffic patterns and interior garage space layouts and vehicle acceptance/delivery times. Project feasibility can be affected by street traffic operations and other external factors adjacent to the garage site. It is, therefore, essential to fully understand the impacts of these conditions on the design of the facility. 3. The true and total cost of the parking facilityboth the automated system and any shell enclosure buildingmust be properly defined. This leads to a number of questions concerning the project, the project team and the project proposal. For example: Is the automated system manufacturer the contractor or a sub-contractor. If the system manufacturer is the contractor (bidder) he/she must submit all required data and bid realistic costs to include the total price of bid package requirements. If the manufacturer is a sub-contractor will he/she provide project cost data to more than one prime contractor. In most instances the cost of the system and the cost of the shell building should be separated with individual unit costs and payment schedules. Details of the owners project bid announcement should describe all project components and cost issues, as well as the total package of compliance items necessary for project acceptance. Bidders should review all background information and particularly the project planning or feasibility studies, to understand the required revenue stream necessary to fund the project and cover potential costs, and then to submit realistic bid data that can ensure feasibility of the completed garage. TYPICAL INSTALLATIONS Within the U.S. there are a wide variety of locations and parking facility needs that will attract the installation of automated parking structures. This variety of project types is one of the principal reasons why the market is strong for a number of different system manufactures. Some of the projects now being studied for automated parking facilities provide an interesting directory of potential developments: A 400 space garage on an L-shaped site. The garage will support a ten story residential building (120 units) above. A 164 space garage to be built underground as part of the foundation for a twelve story residence towers. An 800 space garage on the main shopping street in a large cityhalf of the spaces are to be for short-term parking. Two 75 space garages to be constructed in a five building apartment complex to reduce the amount of parking inside residence building. A 3,000 space garage as part of a large, mixed-use development with long-term and short-term parking requirements. A 56 space garage to serve a small resort hotel. A 4,000 space garage to provide on-site storage for rental car facility at a large airport. A 130 space garage to store new vehicle in a vehicle sales agency. SYSTEM CRITERIA There are two distinct sets of project criteria to be considered in the process of constructing an automated parking facility. The first Criteria Package is directed to ensuring that Manufacturers address all critical compliance issues and define system characteristics as required by the project plans and specifications. The second Criteria Package is directed to potential Owners as a means of ensuring that contractor bid submissions comply fully with project requirements. These criteria are very important in establishing the detail of the project; how it will be designed and constructed; how much it will cost; how it will be operated and if it will produce revenue to retire its debt.MANUFACTURER CRITERIA PACKAGE A. System Definition and Operating Characteristics Type of system pallet, comb, plate or other. Type of frame/slot arrangement and frame connection to building shell details Basic operating features of the system technology description Basic operating speeds for vehicle intake and delivery; elapsed time in seconds System use of turntable or vehicle thru in/out movement patterns Entry/exit bay details Singing, signals, vehicle/pedestrian controls and alarms Capacity Design formats Pallet, plate or comb movement throughout the garage Elapsed time of vehicle intake movement from bay to carrier to slot/from slot to carrier to bay for retrieval Average cycle time in/out per vehicle Control system functions via sensors, cameras or other devices and oversight of actual internal parking maneuvers Testing schedules and maintenance/warranty assumptions. B. System Design Features Redundancies Security systems Stand-by power Sensors-motion detection Weather conditioning Component cleaning methods and frequency Diagnostics and form of response to service/repair orders and alarms Spare parts inventory, location, re-order details Maintenance inspection program-schedules, procedures, reports Major component replacement program Life-cycle data and costs C. System Performance Standards Define system development, prior testing, patients, etc. and current status Describe completed system installations with detail of type, size, exact location, operating features and owner/operator references Describe the system warranty to be provided with purchase Describe subsequent system maintenance agreements and terms (one-year to multi-year) Describe typical operating and maintenance costs for system and for per-space cost comparison analysis Describe system-wide performance testing and acceptance at completion Describe system training program and training manuals Describe system operations manuals and patron use instruction materials Describe patron access control systems and total system (patron use) report formats and detail or report transfer to owner Describe administration, marketing and activity/revenue/customer use assistance; reportingformats, responsibilities, techniques, final forms. OWNERS CRITERIA PACKAGE A. Contractural Items Check plans against all applicable codes and utility services requirements. Check plans for shell building and erection details, system and sub-system interface, functional operation of the total system as a unified facility. Check overall schedule, task completion dates and sign-off requirements. Check all contractor references, sub-contractor references, equipment suppliers and major parts descriptions and availability. Check bonds, insurance coverages, contract language amendments or exceptions re: claims, performance standards, auditing, payouts, etc. Check provision for full-scale warranty, maintenance, training services for minimum multi-year period. Check provision for periodic owner inspections and subsequent pay request authorizations based on certified percentage of completion by outside experts. Require computer software escrow. Check provision for all system operation, maintenance, performance, training and other manuals and practices. Check system activity records production, operational audits, management coordination with manufacturer. B. Systems Operations Check utility service requirements, permits, connections, charges for service. Review computer program performance and operating mode control. Check entry/exit plaza access, queue space provisions, patron control features and pedestrian safety issues. Check safety systems, sensors and alarms for notification and response. Review specifications for complete definition of all components, devices, connections, etc., standards for fit and finish and UL approvals. Review parking system and enclosure building construction coordination and anchorage of system framework. Review electrical system operation with local provider. Review stand-by power system and testing/activity functions. Review all interior cleaning methods and frequency. Establish testing procedures for system operation at 50%, 80%, 95% of completion and provide review of substantial completion and occupancy acceptance. Check that the system fully conforms to all specification requirements prior to acceptance. Filename: Beebe, Richard Directory: E:WPS IIIWPS III Presentations Template: C:Documents and Settingsbert_tangApplication DataMicrosoftTemplatesNormal.dot Title: AUTOMATED PARKING: Subject: Author: Bryan Schulz Keywords: Comments: Creation Date: 2001/4/16 12:06:00 PM Change Number: 43 Last Saved On: 2001/5/4 11:35:00 AM Last Saved By: Daniel G. Stevens Total Editing Time: 620 Minutes Last Printed On: 2005/12/14 11:57:00 AM As of Last Complete Printing Number of Pages: 14 Number of Words: 3,214 (approx.) Number of Characters: 17,903 (approx.)自动停车：在美国的地位李察S.毕比，主任停车和交通规划工程咨询集团，公司55如欧几里德大街，太前景，IL 60056美国在世界停车研讨会III提出了对城市停车场不足的解决方案圣安德鲁斯，苏格兰：2001年6月25日优标准自动车库的发展方针目前最先进的自动停车系统类型能力操作系统场地面积标准财务/经营优势土地面积和储蓄操作的储蓄车辆成本/顾客的安全功能时间和运动环境优势减少室内旅行英里减少排放的生产 减少噪音的产生降低建筑产品和建筑活动的影响系统应用独立或建筑物内的位置容量和结构设计用户群体和特殊需要交通和外部条件典型装置地面地下场地和使用统计走向系统识别/标准的发展停车利益潜在用户的利益国际媒体的关注产品推广在美国，机械式停车的历史和现状2001介绍机械停车系统首次在美国使用货运电梯对第一次世界大战时,在1920年和1930年的一系列的其他专利被授予但直到1940年末的水槽,鸽子洞和转筒式公园系统开始运作和安装在许多地方。其中一些早期系统垂直升降机模块,把车放在上层水平结构的感动服务员和其他机械设备,车辆进入“老虎机”框架建立在一个中央走廊。能力范围通常从不足100空间到超过600人。所有这些“早期”系统共同使用一个站点区域远小于所需的地区传统的车库。在接下来的25年里很多这样的系统经营二十年或因此一些至今仍在运行。问题的及时交付顾客车辆主要因为不起作用的电梯和机械系统导致许多单位拆除。在接下来的二十年,有一些“高级”的讨论机械车库系统出现在欧洲和亚洲,但没有重大项目计划在美国建立了在过去的十年里不断对停车的需求,尤其是在大型城市中心,创建了一个新的美国利益在这些外国systems-automated高新技术,以计算机为基础的系统,增加了速度、可靠性和安全性的基本车库类型五十年前发明的。欧洲和亚洲的制造商已经开始市场系统和建立办事处在美国几家美国公司也已经进入了市场,创造了更大的地方兴趣自动停车。系统现在包括制造商或销售商等名字许愿,克劳斯,一臂之力,WOHR,机器人,APS,香港系统、斯托克斯,汽车空间,天空停车美国和其他国家。这些项目现在的约100规划阶段。系统的优势自动停车设施有明显的优势几乎在任何城市的位置。显著减少意味着节约土地资源和土地面积需求较小的建筑大部分数据集和成本。自动化车库操作结果远远低于汽车英里的旅行,发射数量和公用事业服务。减少人员和维护成本有助于抵消per-space成本较高的自动化系统。这些优势已经创建了一个大规模的市场潜力在美国需要尽快得到满足。以下的基本要素结构自动化建设指出这些优点：A:发展1)自动化/机械的一个重要考虑停车一直是工程造价。用于比较的成本必须反映总成本,包括土地。建设的高成本的自动化系统通常可以抵消价值较小的自动化建设所需土地面积。例如,一个站点区域约100英尺120英尺(12000平方英尺)可以支持400空间自动车库。传统的坡道车库需要站点区域至少120280(或33600平方英尺)。土地的成本,每平方英尺100美元,相当于1200000美元用于自动化网站与传统车库3600000美元。这个微分空间转化为每5500美元的津贴自动化设施。这通常是主要因素建立的必要性,和兴趣,一个自动车库。在人口发达城市地区大型车库建设网站的可用性已经成为一个问题。2)除了土地面积/成本因素有其他重要原因考虑自动化结构。其中包括提供不同寻常的赞助人和车辆安全:(这一项尤为吸引昂贵的汽车的所有者希望保护他们的投资)。根据位置,安全问题,顾客不要移动在一个车库可以是一个非常重要的考虑业主和用户。负面的声音和视觉的影响传统车库也消除了。3)自动化结构可以构建成更大的建筑,地上或地下,在大大减少面积和结构框架内的主要使用的兼容。由于没有开放区域沿着城墙需要实现通风要求停车设施可以由一个封闭的建筑立面在那些向公众曝光可见,消除消极标准车库建筑的视觉特征。4)这些新系统为业主和运营商提供另一个好处。由于计算机控制和报表元素完成车库诊断评估和预警总是在线。任何潜在的问题是马上报告给一个中央控制站,人们可以注意这个问题。b .金融1)自动停车的主要经济利益通常是降低土地成本。一个自动化的理论结构使用大约一半土地面积、土地的节约成本的范围可以从100%至400或500%取决于相邻财产的价值。2)所有者或运营商储蓄很可能是重要的因为很多这些设施可以操作没有任何员工或一个服务员。3)安全方面的设施往往降低保险成本和维护,除了自动化系统组件,也减少了。4)在某些地方可能会有一个额外的财政激励。这是机械的自动化系统的分类,而不是结构可以明显降低房产税负担。c .环境1)有一个敏锐的意识在美国发展汽车所带来的环境危害操作在拥挤的地区。Vehicle-generated解决方案可以显著减少通过减少英里的旅行在车库里。每天两次在一个典型的600空间传统车库营业额300英里旅行每天都消除了。2)减少旅行英里等于减少排放的一氧化碳和硝酸盐等和氮的氧化物被认为主要问题在大多数城市的地方。3)破坏性更小的但同样重要的是环境问题,特别是在人口发展的区域,包括光和噪声由车辆进入,通过传统的车库。这些元素是几乎完全被使用一个自动化的结构。4)另一个元素是减少数量的建筑活动和破坏由于减少站点区域和建筑体积。当前的条件在美国自动车库成立于霍博肯市的新泽西1999年1月。这320空间项目被认为是第一个在一系列的新的自动车库在全国建成。至少有40到50车库被“上榜”建设和霍博肯被认为是一个新时代的开始在parking-catching技术使用在欧洲和亚洲。十几名美国和外国制造商已准备出售他们的产品和建造设施。一系列的延迟和项目完成的问题已经停止霍博肯车库过去一年的工作。此时看来,这个车库将无法完成,直到2002年春天。复杂的一系列延误和问题产生了相当大的负面宣传和理解的许多可能的客户。尽管如此,仍有极大的兴趣在这些自动化车库在美国自动停车的优势将克服问题现在发生在霍博肯车库。欧洲和亚洲的经验主要系统制造商将开始新项目的重要因素在美国今年和明年。我们欢迎的入口标志着欧洲和亚洲的制造商。国际自动化停车行业,虽然小的数量并没有明显的美国项目,需要克服目前的条件和建立一种新的理解自动化系统的优点和广泛使用的优点和实用性。今天的目的是概述应用程序选择和建立基本项目客户和制造商的标准可以保证安装时停车系统的充分性和功能。理解这些新系统从几个观点是扩张的基本关键验收和安装。公共和私人机构需要意识到性能、可靠性、操作和维护成本考虑和顾客接受。自动停车行业已经形成了一个贸易集团被称为自动化/机械停车协会推广这些新系统的好处。自动停车并没有被广泛认可的主题在这个国家多年来,即使在停车和发展产业。但是这个新系统在技术上和操作上远远优于单位建立在以前的几十年。所有者、建筑商、机构和顾客可以保证成本效益,以有竞争力的利率可靠、安全、高效的服务。重要应对这些新系统的好处已经形成,并使用快速将加速民族意识的令人信服的理由使用自动化/机械停车系统收益势头。我们需要探索和扩大自动化停车设施建设的增加在美国这一技术的优势太明显,允许进一步推迟他们的开发和建设。然而,一些重要的教训已经得知需要解决任何自动化系统制造商。应用程序为了正确规划、设计、建设、管理和运营一个自动化设备在美国许多重要问题必须考虑。