2018_2019学年高中英语Unit20NewFrontiersSectionⅧGrammar学案（含解析）.docx

Section Grammar单元语法项目(一)将来完成时和将来进行时 语法图解探究发现By the year 2030, development in biochemistry and medical science will have made it theoretically possible for us to live for at least 150 years.At nine oclock on Saturday morning, Ill be sitting in the front row and listening to the great Professor Willard talking about the future of my brain.By the year 2015, the clothing industry will have produced new types of material that will remain stainless no matter what you spill on them. We will be linking our brains to these computers and a huge database.我的发现(1)句和句为将来完成时，其基本结构为：will/shall_have过去分词，表示将来某个特定时间之前完成的动作。(2)句和句为将来进行时，其基本结构为：will/shall_be现在分词，表示将来某个特定时间正在进行的动作。一、将来完成时1构成形式：shall/will have done sth.2用法：将来完成时表示未来的某个日期或某个动作之前将要完成的动作，也可用来表示一种假设。常与“before将来时间”或“by将来时间”连用，也可与before, by the time或when引导的从句(从句用一般现在时)连用。I shall have finished this composition before 9 oclock.九点之前我将已经完成这篇作文了。When we get to the railway station, the train will probably have left.当我们到达火车站时，火车可能已经开走了。3类型(1)系表型：shall/will have been表语表示某事继续到将来某一时间为止一直存在的状态。The old couple will have been married for 40 years by the end of the month.到这个月末这对老夫妇结婚就有40年了。 (2)动词型：shall/will have过去分词表示到将来某一时刻已经完成的动作。By the end of this month, we shall have completed the project.我们将在本月月底前完成这项工程。(3)被动结构：shall/will have been过去分词表示到将来某一时刻已经被完成的动作。The bridge will have been finished by the end of 2018.到2018年末这座桥就竣工了。名师点津by the time/by the end接将来时间，主句就用将来完成时；若接过去时间，主句就用过去完成时。在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。The children will do their homework by the time they have arrived back from school.孩子们放学后回到家就开始做作业。即时演练1用所给词的适当形式填空(天津高考改编)On her next birthday, Ann will_have_been married for twenty years.I intend to go to college after I have_completed (complete) my high school.The film will_have_been (be) on for nearly an hour when you get to the cinema.I am sure he will_have_left (leave) Paris by this time tomorrow.I hope we will_have_got (get) all the information before you come tomorrow.二、将来进行时1构成形式：肯定句：主语will/shall (shall用于第一人称)be现在分词 .否定句：主语will/shallnotbe现在分词 .一般疑问句：Will/Shall主语be现在分词 .?特殊疑问句：疑问代词/疑问副词will/shall主语be现在分词 .?2用法(1)在将来某时刻或某段时间内，某一动作正在进行。Ill be doing my homework at 9 oclock tonight.今晚9点钟我将会在做作业。Paula says that she will be working late every evening next week.保拉说下周每天晚上她都将工作到很晚。When you arrive at the meeting room, the chairman will be waiting for you by the door.你到达会议室时，主席将会在门口等你。(2)表示某一动作或状态在将来时间的延续。How long will he be staying at his uncles?他将在他叔叔家待多久？Ive stayed in this hotel for 2 days and I will be staying here for another 2 days.我已经在该宾馆住了两天，我还要在这里再住两天。(3)将来进行时也可以表示纯粹的将来，或表示一种礼貌地询问和请求。You neednt cook supper, Mum. I shall be cooking dinner tonight.妈妈，你不用做晚饭了。今晚的饭我来做。What will you be doing tomorrow?明天你干什么？ 名师点津将来进行时与一般将来时的区别：一般将来时中的助动词will与shall有一种意图、意愿或者请求等情感色彩，而将来进行时却表示“纯粹”的将来。现在英语中还常用将来进行时表示一种礼貌地询问和请求等。即时演练2(1)用所给词的适当形式填空(2015天津高考改编)Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she will_be_teaching (teach) a class at that time.(辽宁高考改编)I feel so excited! At this time tomorrow morning, I will_be_flying (fly) to Shanghai. Dont phone me between 8：00 and 10：00. We will_be_having (have) classes then.Please ring me up at six tomorrow morning, will you?Why that early? I will_be_sleeping (sleep)The president will_be_meeting (meet) the foreign delegation at the airport then tomorrow.(2)单句改错They have planted all the trees by five this afternoon.have前加willDaniels family will enjoying their holiday in New York this time next week.will后加be.用所给词的适当形式填空1With the countrys population reaching 1.6 billion in the middle of this century, most of Chinas rivers, including the Yellow River, will_be_drying (dry) up.2By the time he gets to school, the lecture will_have_been (be) on for 30 minutes.3May I speak to your manager Tom at 3 oclock this afternoon?Im sorry. Tom will_have_gone (go) to a conference long before then.4By the end of this year, I will_have_saved (save) enough money for a holiday.5I will/shall_be_doing (do) my homework this time tomorrow.6I will_have_finished (finish) all the work by the time you are back this evening.7I am sure he will_have_updated (update) his computer software system by this time tomorrow.8At 7：00 this evening I will_be_downloading (download) some important information for my essay.9Im afraid I wont be available. I will_be_seeing (see) a friend off at three oclock tomorrow afternoon.10On next Friday, I will have_finished (finish) the job.完成句子1I will_be_attending_a_conference (在参加一个会议) at 3 oclock this afternoon.2Before long he will_have_forgotten_all (就会全然忘记) about the matter.3The weather report says that it will_be_raining_when_we_arrive_in_London (我们到达伦敦时将会下雨)4Ill go and see the exhibition as_soon_as_I_have_finished_my_homework (我一做完作业)5I hope you will_have_learned_all_the_French_words (学会所有的法语单词) before you go abroad next month.单元语法项目(二)代词 语法图解探究发现They are amongst the scores of castles in the area.Three restaurants hold the famous Michelin star, which is really quite surprising when you think that there are only several of them in the whole country. I have something important to consult you.There are plenty of good hotels and restaurants in Ludlow and their food has an excellent reputation. As the wellknown local historian, David Lloyd, has said, “there are few towns like ours in Britain with such fine architecture.”These are just some of the things that make Ludlow a very special town.There are also plenty of things to do for those who like the outdoors. You will find yourself in Broad Street with its impressive 18th century houses.If you have children, drop in to The Secret Hills Discovery Centre in Craven Arms where they can learn all about the area and enjoy themselves at the same time. 我的发现(1)句中的they，句中的you, them，句中的you, they为人称代词。(2)句中的something为不定代词。(3)句中的their和句中的ours为物主代词。(4)句中的these和句中的those为指示代词。(5)句中的yourself和句中的themselves为反身代词。(6)句中的which和句中的who为关系代词。代词分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。一、人称代词1人称代词的形式数与人称人称代词单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称主格Iyouhe/she/itweyouthey宾格meyouhim/her/itusyouthem2人称代词的作用人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下四种情况：(1)作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。Does any of you know where Tom lives?Me.你们谁知道汤姆住哪儿吗？我。What! Me (to) play him at chess? No!什么！要我去和他下棋？不！(2)句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格的意义上一般要保持前后一致。The thief was thought to be he. (the thief是主语，故用he代替)他被认为是个小偷。They took me to be her.(me是宾格，故用her替代)他们误以为我是她。(3)作宾语的人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的主宾格不变。I met her in the hospital.It was her who I met in the hospital.(4)在比较级的句子中than, as后用主格、宾格都可以。例如：He is taller than me (I)但在下列句中有区别。I like Jack as much as her.I like both Jack and her.I like Jack as much as she.I like Jack and she likes him, too.3人称代词的排列两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：(1)在并列主语中，“I”总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二三一(人称)。宾格me也一样。You, she and I will be in charge of the case.我，你，她将要负责这桩案子。Mr Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.张先生要求我和李华去帮他。(2)第三人称，男女两性并用，男先女后。He and she still dont agree to the plan.他俩都不赞同这个计划。4几个人称代词的特殊用法(1)we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。(2)she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。The “Titanic” was the largest, wasnt she?泰坦尼克号是最大的船，对吗？二、物主代词1物主代词的分类物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，是人称代词的属格形式。物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。2与人称代词一样，物主代词也分第一人称、第二人称和第三人称，每个人称分单数和复数。词义类型我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshersoursyourstheirs即时演练1用适当的代词填空Whos knocking at the door?Its me.It was he who helped me out. So Im grateful to him.My flat is small, but hers is large, for she is richer than I.Theirs are the children with very fair hair.My hair is very fine. Yours is much thicker.三、反身代词反身代词指动作反身到动作执行者本身或进行强调。数人称单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself/herself/itselfthemselves1反身代词可作宾语、同位语、表语或主语。但反身代词不能单独作主语，只能在并列主语中作第二或第三主语。Toms mother and himself came together. (主语)汤姆和他妈妈一块来的。He isnt quite himself today. (表语)他今天不舒服。He himself finished the work. (同位语)他自己完成的这项工作。They enjoyed themselves at the party. (宾语)晚会上他们玩得很高兴。2带有反身代词的习惯用语by oneself“独自”； of oneself“自动地”； enjoy oneself“过得愉快”； help oneself to“随便”； teach oneself“自学”； say to oneself“自言自语”； make oneself at home“别客气”； make oneself heard/understood“使自己的话被听到/理解”。He said he would go to see the Great Wall of China by himself.他说他要独自去看中国长城。即时演练2用反身代词完成句子We enjoyed_ourselves (玩得很愉快) on the seashore yesterday.Please make_yourself_at_home (别拘束) and sit down.He spoke in a high voice so as to make_himself_heard (使自己的话被听到)I must teach_myself (自学，教会自己) what I need to know.I get up every morning and say_to_myself (自言自语): What can I do differently?四、指示代词指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词，表示“这个(些)”、“那个(些)”。常用的指示代词有this, that, these, those。(1)this与these常指下文要提到的事物；that与those多指上文提到的事物。What I want to say is this: he is right.我想说的是：他对了。He was ill.Thats why he didnt come.他病了。那就是他没来的原因。(2)that与those可作替代词，替代上文出现过的名词，以避免重复。这时它们后面常有介词短语或定语从句。This novel is more interesting than that you read a few days ago.这部小说比你前几天读的那一部更有趣。(3)打电话时，this表示自己；that表示对方。Whos that?This is Mary.你是哪位？我是玛丽。即时演练3选词填空： this, that, these, those, it(2015浙江高考改编)How would you like it if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?(2015天津高考改编)The quality of education in this small school is better than that in some larger schools.(2014浙江高考改编)An average of just 18.75 cm of rain fell last year, making it the driest year since California became a state in 1850.The boys parents cant afford to pay for his schooling. That/It was why he dropped out.The top of this tree is above those of all the rest.Whos that speaking?This is Jane.五、不定代词1不定代词主要有：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no等。还有由some, any, no和every构成的合成代词。不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语等(every, no只能作定语)。2几组不定代词的比较(1)none, no one, neithernone既可指人，也可指物。常用于回答由how many引导的问句。How many of you have read the novel?None (of us)你们中有多少人看过这部小说？一个也没有。no one只指人。常用于回答由who引导的问句。Who will answer my question?No one.谁将回答我的问题？没人。none指三者或三者以上的全部否定；neither指“两者都不”。None of them are students.他们都不是学生。Neither of you has met me before.以前你们俩人都没见过我。(2)another, other, the other, others, the othersanother指三者或三者以上中的“另一；再一；任何一个”，可作代词或形容词。other泛指“另外的”，只作定语，修饰不可数名词或可数名词复数。前面有some, any, each, every等以及形容词性物主代词时，可与单数名词连用。Would you please make it some other day(another day)?能否改在另一天呢？the other指“两者中的另一个”，常与one连用，构成one . the other“一个另一个”。作定语修饰复数名词时，表示“其余全部的”，此时等同于the others。There are two pens on the desk. One is red; the other is blue.桌上有两支钢笔，一支是红色的，另一支是蓝色的。Some students are from China; the other students (the others) are from America.一些学生来自中国，其余的来自美国。others泛指“别的人或物”，但不是全部。Some people like to stay at home on Sunday, but others like to go to the cinema.星期天一些人喜欢待在家里，另一些则喜欢去看电影。即时演练4选词填空(2015四川高考改编)Niki is always full of ideas, but none is useful to my knowledge.(2015福建高考改编)The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but neither contained any useful suggestions.(2014江西高考改编)When shall I call, in the morning or afternoon?Either. Ill be in all day.Whats that in your pocket?Oh, nothing.Can you tell me who is in the classroom now?No_one/Nobody.(安徽高考改编)You can ask anyone for help. Everyone here is willing to lend you a hand.六、相互代词表示相互关系的代词有each other和one another两组，它们的所有格形式是each others和one anothers。We have lived together for a long time and know quite well each others weak points and strong points.我们生活在一起很久了，对彼此的优缺点了如指掌。七、疑问代词疑问代词有who (谁), whom (谁), whose (谁的), what (什么)和which (哪一个)等。在句中引导特殊疑问句，常作主语、宾语、表语或定语。Who do you think he is?你认为他是谁？八、关系代词关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中充当一定的句子成分。关系代词有主格、宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。指人：who, whom, whose指物：which, of which/whose指人或指物：that, whoseHe was one of the students who were praised in the meeting.他是会上得到表扬的学生之一。This is the pen that/which he bought yesterday.这就是他昨天买的那支钢笔。The girl whose father is a teacher has got the first place.父亲是个老师的那个女孩得了第一名。九、连接代词连接代词引导名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。连接代词有what, that, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever。I dont know what was the matter with you.我不知道当时你怎么了。Whoever breaks the law will be punished.不论谁触犯了法律都要受到惩罚。即时演练5(1)用适当的关系代词填空This is the pencil whose point is broken.He came back for the book which/that he had forgotten.She is the same person that came here last Sunday.(2)用适当的连接词填空We are discussing what we shall do to help the poor.It depends on whether you can do the work well.I wonder how you are getting on