日产逍客的无级变速器设计【毕业说明书论文CAD图车辆结构】
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日产逍客的无级变速器设计【毕业说明书论文CAD图车辆结构】,毕业说明书论文CAD图车辆结构
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参考文献1. 阮忠唐.机械无级变速器设计与选用指南，北京，化学工业出版社，1999.2. 邓正思.自动变速器行星齿轮机构的速比计算J；汽车维修；20123.程乃士.汽车金属带式无级变速器CVT原理和设计，北京，机械工业出版社，2008.4.黄智明.金属带式无级变速器电子控制装置设计方法研究J. 湖南大学,20075.阮忠唐.机械无级变速器,北京，机械工业出版社，1983.6.刘汉涛.汽车自动变速器精品学习教程M；北京：机械工业出版社；2013-077.濮良贵.机械设计M；北京：高等教育出版社；2006-058.王衍军. 双离合器式自动变速器起步控制研究及试验系统开发J. 上海交通大学,20099.春香，程乃士.金属带式无级变速器传动的原理及理论分析.包头钢铁学院报，1996(1):536310张飚. 金属带式无级变速器夹紧力控制策略的研究J. 江苏大学,200911.余志生.汽车理论M（第三版）；北京：机械工业出版社，2000-1012王望予.汽车设计M（第四版），北京：机械工业出版社，2004-0813.田晋跃.车辆自动变速器构造原理与设计方法，北京大学出版社14王吉会.材料力学性能,天津：天津大学出版社，2006(9):8013015冯樱等.CVT-无级变速器的发展综述J.湖北汽车工业学院学报.1999,13(4):1518. 16彭文生. 机械设计 M . 武汉: 华中理工大学出版社,1996. 119- 12217.尹万建.轿车自动变速器结构原理与检修M，人民交通出版社，2001-0918葛安林.车辆自动变速器理论与设计M，北京：机械工业出版社，199319孙明飞.自动变速器行星齿轮机构构型与性能分析D；辽宁工业大学，2013-03-01附件1：外文资料翻译译文自动（AT）和手动（MT）汽车之间的对比研究Mayur R. Mogre摘要：近些年来，哪种汽车更好：哪款车更适合我的需要；哪款车燃烧效率更高；等等，是每个想买车的人最最关心的问题。不管是自动变速器汽车，还是手动变速器汽车，燃料消耗和制造成本都是主要问题。离合器在手动变速器中是十分重要的，而在自动变速器中却没有。本研究试图解决自动和手动变速器汽车对传输的一系列问题，通过分析手动和自动变速器汽车的优缺点，对自动和手动变速器车的维护和制造成本给出更深的研究。最后希望其他相关研究可以解决关于自动和手动汽车的所有问题。 关键词：离合器；自动变速器；手动变速器一、引言图1：变速器模型最近一段时间，自动变速器汽车的热潮有很大程度的增加。许多人被自动变速器的汽车所吸引。但这并没有减少手动变速器的汽车销售量。许多汽车公司自动和手动变速器汽车都生产。变速器是一个将动力从发动机传动到驱动轮的装置，主要功用是把动力从汽车发动机传递到驱动轴和车轮。变速器内部的齿轮可以根据发动机的转速和牵引力改变驱动轮的转速和转矩。较低的齿轮速比可以让发动机有足够的动力来保证汽车平稳起步。汽车发动机必须运行在一个确定的转速范围内，变速器通过不同的齿轮组合将动力传递到车轮。在一档发动机转速要比驱动轮快很多,然而在高档位时，变速器会使车速超过每小时70英里。除了各种前进档齿轮，变速器还也有一个空挡来断开发动机与驱动轮之间的动力传递；一个倒档来使驱动轮反向转动让车后退。最后,还有一个驻车档位，在这个位置,有个锁止装置可以阻止驱动轮转动,从而防止车辆滑动。接下来让我们分别学习手动和自动变速器，如图1。二、手动变速器正如它的名字，手动变速器中司机可以通过使用一个坚实的离合器片，按照驾驶需求手动移动齿轮。毫无疑问,只要你驾驶熟练，驾驶手动变速器是非常有乐趣的。各种类型的齿轮变速操作系统如图2，变速器中的行星齿轮系统如图4。在城市里,特别是像印度那样有庞大的交通堵塞的城市里,驾驶手动变速器汽车是十分烦人的。 图2：变速杆档位图 图3行星轮系操作性:尤其是新手，驾驶手动变速器汽车会觉得手忙脚乱，但是有兴趣的话不需要多长时间就可以熟练的操作了。燃油的效率:对于燃料的消耗来说，手动变速器要少于自动变速器，手动变速器是一个理想的选择。然而,如今随着技术的提高，,在手动和自动变速箱之间燃料效率的差距越来越小。维护与保养：对于汽车的维护，手动变速器汽车要比自动变速器汽车便宜。由于其工作过程不是那么复杂，因此在维修或购买的时候花费也较少。优点:燃油效率高、有驾驶乐趣、维护保养便宜缺点：新手驾驶难于上手、驱动系统不能平稳接入、驾驶时需要经常手脚配合，比较累印度汽车的手动变速箱：以下是印度汽车经常配备的手动变速箱，他们大多数人都在用手动变速箱。掀背车：塔塔Nano四速手动变速器玛鲁蒂Alto 五速手动变速器菲亚特Grande Punto 五速手动变速器初级轿车：马鲁蒂迅速dZire5速手动变速器塔塔靛蓝Manza 5速手动变速器雷诺Logan 5速手动变速器豪华轿车：本田思域5速手动变速器斯柯达劳拉5速手动变速器雪佛兰科鲁兹5速手动变速器SUV：马辛德拉Scorpio5速手动变速器日产X-Trial 6速手动变速器本田CR-V6速手动变速器三、离合器图4：离合器现在几乎所有所有手动变速箱汽车都装有离合器，其主要是用于必要时分离发动机和变速器之间的动力传递。尽管现在一些自动变速器汽车可以关闭引擎，但是在遇到红灯的时候，发动机必须继续运行而使汽车停止前进。手动变速器的离合器实物如图4。没有离合器，发动机和轮胎之间将无法终止动力传动,在任何时候车辆都将无法停止。如果没有离合器，即使车辆已经移动，要想换挡改变齿轮的传动是非常困难的：在如此大的负载下要想换挡需要施加很大的力，同时对变速齿轮的损害也是非常大的。同时发动机齿轮的转速必须是一个非常精确的值，因为所需车速和齿轮的转速必须匹配。汽车的离合器通常是一个踏板，而摩托车的是一个位于左车把的车闸。u 当踩下离合器踏板时，离合器分离，终止发动机与驱动轮之间的转矩传递。 在这个没有接合的状态下可以让发动机继续工作而使汽车停车。u 当离合器踏板完全释放时，离合器接合，发动机开始向驱动轮传递扭矩。在这中状态下，离合器不会打滑而是作为变速器中的刚性零件一同传递扭矩。u 在介于完全结合和完全分离之间，离合器会有不同程度的打滑。尽管离合器打滑，它仍可以传递扭矩，但是发动机曲轴与变速器输入轴之间的转速会不同。由于这种扭矩的传递是通过摩擦而不是直接的机械传动，因此相当大的一部分能量以热能形式通过离合器散出。因此要正确使用离合器，让车辆平稳的起步。u 要想高效率的使用离合器必须要身体各个部分协调配合。u 在驾驶的时候必须把离合器调节到合适的高度，以便让发动机与变速器实时恰当的分离接合。四、自动变速器图5：自动变速器自动变速器与手动变速器的工作原理有很大的区别，自动变速器动力不会频繁中断，这对于驾驶员来说是十分方便的，如图5。自动变速器主要根据转速来改变速比，用液力变矩器代替了机械的离合器，解除了频繁踩离合的麻烦。自动变速器的主要档位如图6。图6：自动变速器档位图 驻车档（P） 倒车档（R） 空挡（N） 前进挡（D） 低速前进挡（S或2）操作性:自动档汽车操作简单而且容易，但是必须要有一定的基础知识才可以更好的操作它，比如其基本的档位。燃油的效率:在节约能源这个时代背景下，自动变速器可能不是最好的选择，因为自动变速器的汽车要比手动汽车消耗更多的燃料，而且自动挡的汽车价格比较贵，因此在印度，人们还不愿接受自动挡汽车，自动挡汽车在那里并不是很流行。维护与保养：自动变速器汽车的确驾驶比较轻松，但是维修费用和其制造、购买成本成正比，维修费用是比较高的。优点:使用方便、设计比较人性化、容易操作缺点：花费较高、燃料消耗较多、对齿轮比率有一定限制5、 印度的自动变速器汽车虽然在印度自动挡汽车不是很广泛，但是自动挡汽车的普及程度已经开始增加，因此一些汽车制造商正在考虑引入自动变速器汽车到印度。掀背车：现代i10 4速自动变速器现代i20 4速自动变速器轿车：Maruti SX4 4速自动变速器本田城市5速自动变速器本田思域5速自动变速器斯柯达劳拉6速自动变速器奔驰E -类7速自动变速器运动型多功能车：马辛德拉Scorpio6速自动变速器马鲁蒂大Vitara 4速自动变速器奥迪Q5 7速自动变速器手动和自动之间各个方面的比较如下表:六、结论通过表格中的比较，人们可以根据燃料的消耗、维修费用、舒适度等来选择一款适合自己的车。如果你是一个新手，或者生活在一个交通压力很大的城市里，那么自动变速器汽车可能更适合你。但是自动变速器比手动变速器汽车消耗的燃料要多。如果你不想花费更多的维修保养费用,支持“节省燃料”,那么手动变速箱是最好的。7、 参考文献1欧洲近80%的手动变速箱乘用车销售；2006-09-122试验台生产传输控制软件质量验证,SAE技术论文,2007-01-0502号,2007年。3“西南研究所格伦万德尔西南研究所”自动手动变速箱控制系统的开发改造”4“自动变速器离合器的建模”,上海交通大学。5参考网站：/wiki/Automatic_transmission；/forms/AT21.pdf； Abstract “Which transmission car is better?” is the most commonly raising question in every persons mind while buying a car in recent times. Which is followed by questions like “which is suitable for my need?”, “Which is more efficient?”, etc. Main thing that arises is about the fuel consumption and initial cost for automatic and manual transmission car. The presence of the clutch pedal plays an important role in manual transmission, which is absent in automatic transmission. This study tries to answer many questions that aeries for both transmission. It gives study about the comfort level in automatic and manual transmission car. Also gives deep study for the maintenance and initial cost of automatic and manual transmission car. Also deals with the advantages and disadvantages of both the automatic and manual transmission car. At the end of this study one can get all the answers related to the automatic and manual transmission. Keywords Clutch, Automatic Gearbox, Manual Gearbox I.INTRODUCTION N the recent times the craze for automatic transmission car has increased to great extent. Many people are attracted towards automatic transmission car. But it didnt decrease the sale of manual transmission car. Many companies of car manufacturing has manufactured both automatic and manual transmission car. A transmission basically transfers the power from a cars engine to drive shaft and the wheels. The gears present inside the transmission change the drive wheel speed and torque in relation to the engine speed and torque (pulling power), Lower gear ratios helps the engine to build up enough of power so that the car can easily accelerate from a halt. The transmission is a device that is connected to the back of the engine and sends the power from the engine to the drive wheels. An automobile engine runs at its best at a certain RPM (Revolutions per Minute) range and it is the transmissions job to make sure that the power is delivered to the wheels while keeping the engine within that range. It does this through various gear combinations. In first gear, the engine turns much faster in relation to the drive wheels, while in high gear the engine is loafing even though the car may be going in excess of 70 MPH. In addition to the various forward gears, a transmission also has a neutral position which disconnects the engine from the drive wheels, and reverse, which causes the drive wheels to turn in the opposite direction allowing you to back up. Finally, there is the Park position. Mayur R. Mogre is Undergraduate Student in Mech. Engg. Dept. at Jawaharlal Darda Inst. of Engg. And Tech. Yavatmal, (M.S) India. (phone: 917232242396, Cell: 918149999624 e-mail: mayurmogre yahoo.in In this position, a latch mechanism (not unlike a deadbolt lock on a door) is inserted into a slot in the output shaft to lock the drive wheels and keep them from turning, thereby preventing the vehicle from rolling. Let us study manual and automatic transmission individually. For transmission mode refer Fig. 1. Fig. 1 Transmission Model II.MANUAL TRANSMISSION As the name itself indicates, A Manual Transmission enables the driver to shift the gears manually as per the driving requirements and a manual clutch is pressed while shifting the gear from one to another, which uses a solid clutch plate. There is no doubt that a Manual adds the fun in driving due to the changing of gears but as long as you are driving on a clean empty stretch. There are various types of gear system refer to Fig. 2 which shows simple gear system that is the method for shifting the gear. And also there is column type of gear shifting ref. Fig 3. Also there is planetary gear system ref. Fig 4 which shows side view of it.1 . In city driving, especially like of India where there are mammoth traffic jams, A Manual gearbox could prove to be tiresome to shift in every next moment. Easiness: Speaking particularly about the person who is new to driving may find manual gearbox to be messy and confusing to operate but its all about interest and doesnt takes much time to get familiar with its functioning.2. Fuel Efficiency: For Fuel Efficiency conscious, Manual makes an ideal choice over an Automatic gearbox due to its less consumption of fuel by which your car runs on. However, nowadays with Mayur R. Mogre Comparative Study between Automatic and Manual Transmission Car I International Conference on Mechanical, Automobile and Biodiesel Engineering (ICMABE2012) Oct. 6-7, 2012 Dubai (UAE)308the rapid increase in technology, the gap of fuel efficiency is being gradually filled between manual and automatic gearbox. Maintenance: Manual Transmission cars are much cheaper than their counterparts having automatic gearbox, so is their maintenance.3 The vehicles engaged with a Manual Gear box prove to be much lighter on your pocket when it comes to maintenance or purchase simply because of their not-so-complex working. Positives: Fuel Efficient Adds Fun to drive Low on Maintenance Negatives: Not User Friendly Lacks Smoothness to Drive Require Frequent Movement of Hand Indian Cars with Manual Gearbox: If I start writing, there will be an un-ending list of Indian cars, as most of them are available in manual transmission only. Below is a list of popular Indian cars fitted with a Manual Gearbox in each segment Hatchbacks - Tata Nano 4 Speed Manual - Maruti Alto 5 Speed Manual - Fiat Grande Punto 5 Speed Manual Entry Level Sedans - Maruti Swift dZire 5 Speed Manual - Tata Indigo Manza 5 Speed Manual - Renault Logan 5 Speed Manual Luxury Sedans - Honda Civic 5 Speed Manual - Skoda Laura 5 Speed Manual - Chevrolet Cruze 5 Speed Manual Sports Utility Vehicles - Mahindra Scorpio 5 Speed Manual - Nissan X-Trial 6 Speed Manual - Honda CR-V 6 Speed Manual Fig. 2 Simple Gear System Fig.3 Column Gear System Fig. 4 Planetary Gear System Side View III. CLUTCH In all vehicles using a manual transmission (virtually all modern vehicles), a coupling device is used to separate the engine and transmission when necessary. This is because an internal-combustion engine must continue to run when in use, although a few modern cars with automatic transmissions shut off the engine at a stoplight. The clutch accomplishes this in manual transmissions ref fig. 5. Without it, the engine and tires would at all times be inextricably linked, and any time the vehicle stopped the engine would stall. Without the clutch, changing gears would be very difficult, even with the vehicle moving already: deselecting a gear while the transmission is under load requires considerable force (and risks significant damage).6 As well, selecting a gear requires the revolution speed of the engine to be held at a very precise value which depends on the vehicle speed and desired gear the speeds inside the transmission have to match. In a car the clutch is usually operated by a pedal; on a motorcycle, a lever on the left handlebar serves the purpose. When the clutch pedal is fully depressed, the clutch is fully disengaged, and no torque is transferred from the engine to the transmission (and by extension to the drive wheels). In this uncoupled state it is possible to select gears or to stop the car without stopping the engine. When the clutch pedal is fully released, the clutch is fully engaged and all of the engines torque is transferred. In this coupled state, the clutch does not slip, but rather acts as rigid coupling to transmit power to gearbox. Between these extremes of engagement and disengagement the clutch slips to varying degrees. When slipping it still transmits torque despite the difference in speeds between the engine crankshaft and the transmission input.4 Because this torque is transmitted by means of friction rather than direct mechanical contact, considerable power is wasted as heat (which is dissipated by the clutch). Properly applied, slip allows the vehicle to be started from a standstill, and when it is already International Conference on Mechanical, Automobile and Biodiesel Engineering (ICMABE2012) Oct. 6-7, 2012 Dubai (UAE)309moving, allows the engine rotation to gradually adjust to a newly selected gear ratio.5 Learning to use the clutch efficiently requires the development of muscle memory and a level of coordination. A rider of a highly tuned motocross or off-road motorcycle may hit or fan the clutch when exiting corners to assist the engine in revving to the point where it delivers the most power. The clutch is typically disengaged by a thrust bearing that makes contact with pressure petals on the clutch ring plate and pushes them inward to release the clutch pad friction. Normally the bearing remains retracted away from the petals and does not spin. However, the bearing can be burned out and damaged by using the clutch pedal as a foot rest, which causes the bearing to spin continuously from touching the clutch plates. Fig. 5 Clutch IV. AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION: Automatic transmission works exactly opposite to manual transmission. Yes, as it says “Automatic”, this transmission works independently without a frequent interruption, resulting in the convenience of driver. With reference to fig 7, The Automatic Transmission performs the job automatically depending upon the speed and here a hydraulic torque converter takes the place of clutch plate mechanism saving you from the hassle of pressing a clutch. Ref fig 6, The Automatic Gearbox has mostly the pre-defined gear ratios, which are as follows: Park (P) Reverse (R) Neutral (N) Drive (D) Second (S or 2) Fig 6. Automatic transmission system Easiness: Auto Gearbox is one of the easiest to operate and user friendly but a first timer would at least require having basic knowledge (such as pre-defined ratios mentioned above) before trying to lay the hands on it.6 Fuel Efficiency: In this fuel conscious world, Auto Gearbox wont to be your best friend, because of their complex mechanism, Automatic Transmissions consume more fuel than the Manual counterparts and the cars available with auto box are expensive too. Perhaps, this is the reasons why they are not yet easily accepted or much popular on lower car segment, in India. Maintenance: Like the buying cost of Automatic cars, these transmissions are not so light to maintain, quite simply because of the mechanism which goes down into them to work. On the concluding part, An Automatic Gearbox is definitely friendly with user but with the wallet? Certainly not. Positives: Offer Convenience User Friendly Easy to Operate Negatives: Not-so-wallet Friendly Helps the car drink more It has restricted gear ratios International Conference on Mechanical, Automobile and Biodiesel Engineering (ICMABE2012) Oct. 6-7, 2012 Dubai (UAE)310V. INDIAN CARS WITH AUTOMATIC GEARBOX: Though there is not so wide range of automatic cars available in small segment but lately, the popularity of Automatic Transmission cars has started increasing among public, therefore few of the manufacturers are considering to introduce auto-box cars on our land.8 Fig. 7 Automatic Transmission(Sectional View) Hatchbacks - Hyundai i10 4 Speed Automatic - Hyundai i20 4 Speed Automatic Sedans - Maruti SX4 4 Speed Automatic - Honda City 5 Speed Automatic - Honda Civic 5 Speed Automatic - Skoda Laura 6 Speed Automatic - Mercedes E- Class 7 Speed Automatic Sports Utility Vehicles - Mahindra Scorpio 6 Speed Automatic - Maruti Grand Vitara 4 Speed Automatic - Audi Q5 7 Speed Automati COMPARISION: The comparison between manual and automatic transmission with respect to different factors has been discuss in Table I.6 TABLE I. COMPARISON BETWEEN MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION. Factors Manual Transmission Automatic Transmission Initial Cost Initial cost of manual transmission cars is low Initial cost of similar automatic transmission car is higher Fuel Efficiency Fuel Efficiency of Manual transmission is higher because of low energy loss of a clutch plate based system Fuel Efficiency of Automatic transmission car is lower compared to manual transmission because of energy losses in hydraulic torque converter are higher Preventive Maintenance Cost Preventive maintenance cost for Manual transmission is slightly lower. Preventive maintenance cost for automatic transmission car is slightly higher. Breakdown Maintenance Cost Breakdown maintenance cost of manual transmission car due to transmission related failures is lower compared to automatic transmission because of lesser complexity of manual transmission Breakdown maintenance cost of automatic transmission car due to transmission related failures is higher compared to manual transmission because of more complexity of automatic transmission Sporty Thrill Manual transmission is usually more sporty compared to automatic transmission because the choice of changing the gears lies with the driver so he/she can choose whether to drive with more acceleration or more fuel efficiency based on the driving style Automatic transmission decides the gear changing speeds and changes it automatically, so the driver does not have full liberty to choose what gears he/she wants to drive in, thus it is less sporty as compared to the manual transmission Comfort and Convenience Manual transmission is less comfortable as the driver has to operate clutch to change gears and it can be lot of inconvenience in congested city traffic with stop and go type of situation. Automatic transmission is very comfortable as the driver needs not worry about the clutch and there is no need to manually change the gears with changing speeds. This adds lots of convenience in city traffic where we have lots of frequent stop and go conditions. Driving Skill It requires more skills to drive a manual transmission car as there has to be coordination between speed and gears. Also driver needs to operate clutch whenever moving from a stopped position and while changing gears. It takes more time to be habitual of smoothly driving a manual transmission car It requires lesser skills to drive an automatic transmission car compared to manual transmission car as the gears are changed automatically by the transmission system of the car so the driver needs to operate just the accelerator, brake and steering. The driver need not coordinate for the gears as per speed and does not need to operate the clutch pedal. Thus it takes less time to be habitual to drive an automatic transmission car smoothly compared to manual transmission car. VI. CONCLUSION As per comparison chart it is clear which car is better. As per consumption of fuel, maintaince cost, comfort level, etc. one can get their car. If you are a back seat driver and prefe
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