论文写作及定义定理.ppt

1、明确并重点阐述所探讨的问题、意义和结论，避免过多的细节和不必要的内容 2、选题要有独创性，不重复发表或发表salami slicing（香肠论文） 3、结论的可靠性程度如何，最好与本领域的有经验的科研人员进行讨论 4、避免剽窃行为,一.论题的选择和论证,二.写作前的准备工作与写作程序,1.作者必须问以下四个基本问题： Why do you start? What do you do? What do you find? What does it mean?,2.素材的收集和论文结构的组织,在着手撰写论文的初稿前，需要准备： 1)拟定论文的试用题名和摘要 2)整理、分析研究结果 3)检索并查阅参考文献 4)组织论文,论文的撰写和修改,文法方面：英文表达，人称、时态和语态等； 一致性方面：量和单位、术语缩写、单词拼写、文献引用等是否一致，正文和图表中的数据是否一致； 论文的结构和各部分表达方面：题名、摘要、参考文献等是否准确,论文的基本结构：IMRD结构 Title+ Abstract+ Key words+ IMRD结构 + Acknowledgement + Reference,Introduction,Discussion,Methods and techniques,Results,论文的基本结构：IMRD结构 Title+ Abstract+ Key words+ IMRD结构 + Acknowledgement + Reference,Introduction,论文的基本结构：IMRD结构 Title+ Abstract+ Key words+ IMRD结构 + Acknowledgement + Reference,Introduction,论文的基本结构：IMRD结构 Title+ Abstract+ Key words+ IMRD结构 + Acknowledgement + Reference,Introduction,论文的基本结构：IMRD结构 Title+ Abstract+ Key words+ IMRD结构 + Acknowledgement + Reference,Introduction,论文的基本结构：IMRD结构 Title+ Abstract+ Key words+ IMRD结构 + Acknowledgement + Reference,Introduction,I-引言。介绍研究背景，提出研究问题，阐述研究目的； M-方法和技巧。如果采用的方法已经公开发表过，引用相关的文献即可。 R-结果。叙述研究或实验的发现。 D-讨论。分析结果的意义，包括对结果的解释和推断。,我国部分科学基金的英文表达,1)国家高技术研究发展计划：National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China(863计划)； 2)国家科技攻关计划：National Key Technologies R,7)海外及香港、澳门青年学者合作研究基金：Joint Research Fund for Overseas Chinese, Hong Kong and Macao Young Scholars; 8)中科院知识创新项目：Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; 9)中科院“九五”重大项目：Major Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period; 10)中科院重点资助项目：Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; 11)国家教育部博士点基金资助项目：Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China.,数学术语的定义和定理的叙述，其基本格式可归纳为 “ifthen”，其他的格式一般可视为这一格式的延伸或变形: 1.如用定语短语或定语从句，以界定被定义的词，所得定义表面上看虽不是“Ifthen”的句型，而实际上是用定语部分代替了“If”句，因此我们可以把“定语部分”写成If句，从而又回到“Ifthen”的句型。 2.如“Letifthen”，“Let and assume, If then” 等句型其实质也是“Ifthen”的延伸。 3.有时在定义或定理中，需要附加说明某些成分，我们还可以在“Ifthen”句中插入如“where”等的句子，加以延伸。,How to define a mathematical term and state a theorem?,How to define a mathematical term? 1. Something is defined (is called) as something The union of A and B is defined as the set of those elements which are in A, in B or in both. The mapping is called a Mobius transformation. 2. Something is defined to be (is said to be) something (or adjective) The difference A-B is defined to be the set of all elements of A which are not in B. A real number that can not be expressed as the ratio of two integers is said to be an irrational number. Real numbers which are greater than zero are said to be positive. 3. We define (call) something to be something We define the intersection of A and B to be the set of those elements common to both A and B. We call real numbers that are less than zero (to be) negative numbers.,4. 如果在定义某一术语之前，需要先交代某些东西（前提），可用如下形式： Let. Then is called (is said to be, is defined to be, is defined as) Let be an n-tuple of real numbers. Then the set of all such n-tuples is defined as Euclidean n-space. Let d(x,y) denote the distance between two points x and y of a set A. Then the number D=Sup d(x,y) is called the diameter of A. 5.如果被定义术语，需要满足某些条件，则可用以下形式： If, then is called (is said to be, is defined as, is defined to be) If the number of rows of a matrix A equals the number of its columns, then A is called a square matrix. If a function f is differentiable at every point of a domain D, then it is said to be analytic in D.,6、如果需要说明被定义术语应在什么前提下，满足什么条件，则可用以下形式 Let (Suppose) . If then is called (is said to be) Let f(z) be an analytic function defined on a domain D (前提条件). If for every pair of points z1 and z2 in D with z1z2, we have f(z1) f(z2) (直接条件), then f(z) is called a schlicht function or is said to be schlicht in D. 7、如果被定义术语需要满足几个条件（大前提，小前提，直接条件）则可用如下形式 Letand suppose (assume). If thenis called Let D be a domain and suppose that f(z) is analytic in D. If for every pair of points z1 and z2 in D with z1z2, we have f(z1) f(z2), then f(z) is called a schlicht function.,How to state a theorem? 定理叙述的格式，基本上与数学术语的定义一样，只不过在术语的定义中，“then”句有比较固定的格式，而定理的“then”句则随结果而变。 1、某些定理可用简单句叙述。 The union of a finite number of closed sets is still a closed set. 2、如果定理的结论是在一定前提下得到的，则可用以下形式：“SupposeThen” or “Let.Then” Let f(x) be a continuous function defined on a, b. Then f(x) attains its maximum and minimum on a, b. Suppose that f(z) is analytic in a simply connected domain D, then for any closed simple curve C lying within D, we have f(z)dz=0.,3、如果定理的结论在一定假设条件下成立，则可用： “If then” If P(z) is a non-constant polynomial then there is a complex number c with P(c)=0. 4、如果定理的结论除了在一定条件下，还需在一定前提下才成立，这时可用：“Let ( or Suppose) If, then” Let z1,z2,z3,z4 be four distinct points. If all these four points lie on a circle, then the cross-ratio (z1,z2;z3,z4