英语演讲PPT：Syntheticcell人造生命.ppt

The first synthetic cell,Lucifer,J. Craig Venter,On May 22nd 2010, J. Craig Venter announced the first synthetic cell, a cell made by starting with the digital code in the computer, building the chromosome from four bottles of chemicals, assembling that chromosome in yeast, transplanting it into a recipient bacterial cell and transforming that cell into a new bacterial species.,They thought if this is supposed to be the smallest genome of a self-replicating species, could there be even a smaller genome?,Could they understand the basis of cellular life at the genetic level?,It is been a 15 year quest just to get to the starting point now,to be able to answer those questions.,Before they did the first experiment, they actually asked Art Caplans team, then at the University of Pennsylvania, to undertake a review of what the risks, the challenges, the ethics around creating new species in the laboratory were because it hadnt been done before. They spent about two years reviewing that independently and published their results in Science in 1999.,Review,In 2002, they started a new institue, the Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives, where they set out two goals.,Their first task was a 5,000-letter code bacteriophage, a virus that attacks only E.coli. So that was the phage X174, which was chosen for historical reasons. It was the first DNA phage, DNA virus, DNA genome that was actually sequenced.,Choose the phage,They had to solve the chemistry for making large DNA molecules, and they had to solve the biological side of how, if they had this new chemical entity, how would they boot it up, activate it, in a recipient cell.,Two sides,In 2007, Carole Lartigne led the effort to actually transplant a bacterial chromosome from one bacteria to another.,Both sides were progressing, but part of the synthesis had to be accomplished or was able to be accomplished, using yeast, putting the fragments in yeast, and yeast would assemble these for them.,Their team developed new techniques for actually growing, cloning entire bacterial chromosome in yeast.,They found if they took the chromosome out of yeast and methylated it, they could then transplant it.,And, once theyve done that, they can take naked DNA out of yeast and transplant it.,It took about three months to find that error and repair it. And then, early one moring, at 6 a.m., they got a text from Dan saying that, the first blue colonies existed.,So, its been a long route to get here15 years from the beginning.,Synthetic,They develop the notion of putting in watermarks in the DNA to absolutely make clear that the DNA was synthetic.,One of the tenets of this field was to make absolutely certain they could distinguish synthetic DNA from natural DNA.,Special,See things, not as they are, but as they might be. from American Promethens,To live, to err, to fall, to triumph, and to recreate life out of life. James Joyee,What I cannot build, I cannot understand. Richard Feynman,46 names,a website address,three quo