词汇学unit1Introdu.ppt

A Survey of English Lexicology,英语词汇学教程,Unit 1,Introduction,Questions for discussion: What do you expect to learn in this course? 2. As foreign language learners, how would you define “language”? 3. What is your understanding of the name of this course “lexicology”? 4. What do you think is the good way to learn the vocabulary in a language?,Requirements of the course: attendance assignments final (70%),1. Introduction 2. Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary,1. Introduction,1.1 Language, Linguistics and Lexicology 1.2 Aims and Significance of the Course,1.1 Language, Linguistics and Lexicology,What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information. “ Language is mans way of communication with his fellow man and It is language alone which separate him from the lower animals”,What is linguistics? Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication.,What is lexicology? Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.,1.2 Aims and Significance of the Course,The nature of the course theoretically-oriented: English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. a practical course: However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study many usage examples. Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved.,The role of vocabulary in the language system Vocabulary is the building material of the language system. It is one of the three essential elements of language: speech sounds, grammar and vocabulary.,“Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”,“there is a sense in which learning a foreign language is basically a matter of learning the vocabulary of that language. Not being able to find the words to express yourself is the most frustrating experience in speaking another language.”,Aims of the course Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations.,The significance of the course Develop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power (active vocabulary). Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words more effectively. Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately and appropriately. Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenomena in your learning experiences. Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.,2. Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary,2.1 What Is a Word? 2.2 Word, lexical Item, Vocabulary 2.3 Classification of Words 2.4 The structure of words,2.1 What Is a Word?,The definition of a word A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. A word is a combination of form (phonological) and meaning (lexical and grammatical),A word acts as a structural unit of a sentence. 词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。,To sum up, the definition of a word comprises the following points: A minimal free form of a language A sound unity A unit of meaning A form that can function alone in a sentence,Sound and Meaning There is no logical or intrinsic connection between a sound and what it refers to. The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary or conventional. The same language can use the same sound to mean different things and the different languages use different sounds to refer to the same thing.,Sound and Form The written form of English is not an accurate representation of the spoken form. There are different causes of the differences between sounds and forms in the English language. 1)The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not employ the system of one single letter to stand for one sound. 2)The early scribes deliberately changed spelling of words to make a line even or for easier recognition. 3) Dictionaries help to fix the spelling of words 4) English has borrowed many words from other languages, which may not have been assimilated .,Lexical item (词项) A unit of vocabulary is generally referred to as a lexical item. A complete inventory of the lexical items of a language constitutes that languages dictionary. 词是构成词汇的基本要素，词项是词典的组成单位，词用word来表示，词项用lexical item 来表示。词典中每个词项包含读音、词性、词义等内容。,2.2 Word, lexical Item, Vocabulary,Vocabulary All the words in a language are termed as vocabulary. The term vocabulary usually refers to a complete inventory of the words in a language. However, vocabulary can also be used to refer to all the words in a book, or in a particular historical period of time, or in a dialect, or in a particular discipline, or even to all the words that a person possesses.,2.3 Classification of Words,three main criteria of classification By origin By level of usage By notion,By origin,Native words,Loan words,Native words Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native words. They form the great majority of the basic word stock of the English language. The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs.,Common words,Literary words,Colloquial words,Slang words,Technical words,By level of usage,Common words Common words are connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. The core of the common words is the basic word stock. They are stylistically neutral, hence they are appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech.,Literary words Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. For example, cast (throw), endeavor (try), purchase (buy), etc,Colloquial words In contrast with literary words, colloquial words or expressions are used mainly in spoken English, as in conversation among friends and colleagues. Such as: kid, guy, fellow,Compare: Feeling fatigued, Tom retired early. (literary) Tom felt so dog-tired he hit the sack early. (colloquial) John was dismissed for petty thieving. (common) John was fired for petty thieving. (colloquial) Penalties for overdue books will be strictly enforced (literary) You have got to pay fines for overdue books. (colloquial) They approved of the plan. (literary) They agreed to the plan. (common),Slang words Slang is defined as language, words or phrases of a colorful, facetious (playfully jocular; humorous), or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. Elevated, merry, jolly, comfortable, boiled, tight, blue-eyed, stiff (drunk),Technical words Technical or special words refer to those words used in particular disciplines and academic areas. They are also called terminologies or technical terms. In biology: clone, cell , organism, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), gene,By notion,Content words,Function words,Function words Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and so forth.,Content words Content words have independent lexical meanings. Content words belong to an open list. New lexical items are constantly being created, and no one could make a complete list of all the content words in English.,2.4 The structure of words,The component parts of a word morpheme ： the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language The term morpheme is derived from Greek morphe and French eme, the former means form, while the latter the smallest unit. Chinese equivalents of morpheme ：-语素；-词素；-形位,Words are formed by morphemes. Analyze the composition of the following words: - house - guns - unacceptable - lighthouse,Classification of morphemes (1) Free morphemes and bound morphemes Free morphemes, also called content morphemes, may constitute words by themselves. (eg. Book, walk, table, bad, lamp, elephant) 自由词素 Bound morphemes, known as grammatical morphemes, must appear with at least one other morpheme, either free or bound. (eg. toler-, -ish, in-) 粘着词素,(2) roots (or root morphemes) and affixes (or affixational morphemes) roots: book, case, toler-, tele-, -scope, -phone, -gram, communic- 词根 affixes: -s, -ed, -ish, -dom 词缀,The relationship between two classifications of morphemes,morpheme,root,affix,Free root,Bound root,Derivational affixes,Inflectional affixes,prefix,suffix,Free form morpheme,Bound form morpheme,Examples:,Free root: bed, green, good, etc. Bound root: toler- (忍受，容忍tolerate)， cred- (信任，credit, incredible) dur- (持续，during, duration, durable, endure) Derivational affixes: prefix: in-, bi-, semi-, suffix: -ish, -er, -dom Inflectional affixes (grammatical affixes) 只有语法意义，没有词汇意义的词缀 -s, -ed, -est, -er,Assignments：,Ex.1 on p. 22 2. Ex.2 on p. 22 (3 out of 20),英语中的缩略语 英语新词新意探究 中英文中动物词汇的文化差异 英语颜色词的词义及文化内涵对比 英语对汉语词汇的影响 美国英语的特色 英语网络新词以及和汉语的相互影响 广告英语的词汇特点 英语语言中的汉语借用词 浅谈英语委婉语,Exercises,I. Multiple choices 1. A word is _ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. A. a minimal free form B. a smallest meaningful unit C. an element which can not be further analyzed D. a grammatically minimal form 2. Which of the following statements is Not correct? A. A word can be formed by two free morphemes B. A word can be formed by a free morpheme and a bound morpheme C. A word can be formed by two bound morphemes D. A word can be formed by any two affixes