《研究生英语熟谙》PPT课件.ppt

2019/7/23,1,Pre-reading Exercises,2019/7/23,2,1. What is competence ? 2. What is commitment? 3. Please explain the meaning of the title.,2019/7/23,3,Discussion,-What have you achieved from your collegiate experience in any aspects?,2019/7/23,4,The Author,Ernest L. Boyer （1928-1995） was an American educator. .,2019/7/23,5,Boyer served as Chancellor (headmaster) of the State University of New York from 1970-1977.,2019/7/23,6,Boyer served as United States Commissioner (Minister) of Education from 1977-1979, President (Chairman) of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (卡内基教学促进会)from 1979 to his death in 1995. Boyer was recipient of numerous awards, including over140 honorary doctorates.,2019/7/23,7,In the article, Ernest Boyer discusses a lot of problems about higher education in the US and he also tells us how to solve these problems. He is sure that undergraduate education can make a difference in the intellectual and personal lives of its students.,2019/7/23,8,ambiguous adj. = 意义含糊的, 有歧义的， e.g.: - He kept making ambiguous remarks instead of straightforward yes-or-no replies. ambiguity n.,2019/7/23,9,pursuit n. in of sb. sth in hot pursue v.,2019/7/23,10,imperative adj. It is that (should) do,2019/7/23,11,rigorous adj. tests rules scholarship,2019/7/23,12,From Competence to Commitment Warm-up questions:,1. What do you think is the competence university students should possess? 2. What kind of commitment should the students of today fulfill?,2019/7/23,13,All these are the questions todays students must answer. Please study the following text and give your answers.,2019/7/23,14,argumentation: 1. argument 2. reasons of argument 3. proof of argument,2019/7/23,15,establish themselves (in sth /as sth) place sb/oneself in a position, office, etc, usu. on a permanent basis. 使某人任职，使某人成为，安顿 e.g.: -He has established himself as the leading candidate in the election. - He has now comfortably established in his new house. - The manager established (安排) his relatives in the best jobs.,2019/7/23,16,admit to: confess; recognize or acknowledge sth as true, often reluctantly: 承认、坦白 e.g.: -He admitted to the murder. -He admitted to having taken the money. On the one hand, and on the other hand,2019/7/23,17,Para-1,What is the topic sentence of this paragraph? How does the author develop the main idea?,2019/7/23,18,Para-1 Paraphrase,Undergraduates are searching to identity and meaning - Undergraduates are trying to make clear what kind of individuals they actually are and what values they are going to realize. 努力寻找自己的人生价值和意义,2019/7/23,19,Para-1 Tr.,be torn by idealism of service /the temptation to retreat into a world,2019/7/23,20,be torn by：1) be tortured and puzzle by sth.折磨 e.g.: -There are still quite a few nations torn by civil war or riots.,2019/7/23,21,2) feel very worried, guilty, anxious, etc. because one is affected by a strong emotion or feeling.（感情上）感到担心、内疚、焦虑 e.g.: -Her heart was torn by anxiety.,2019/7/23,22,They are torn by idealism of service on the one hand, and on the other, the temptation of retreat into a world that never rises above self-interest = Ideally, they would like jobs which serve other people, but on the other hand they are also attracted by careers which will serve their own interest. 一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地:一方面，他们在乐于奉献的理想主义中挣扎；另一方面，高于一切的自身利益对他们又充满了无限的诱惑。,2019/7/23,23,rise above 超出.之上，克服（缺点、困难)：succeed in what you are doing without being affected by it e.g.: -Mary rose above all the trouble at home and did well in her classes. -Mike had risen above his limiting social position and made it as a successful businessman. - A woman who can rise above such disadvantages is clearly exceptional,2019/7/23,24,Para-2 Structure,1. argument 2. authoritative words 3. authors viewpoint 4. two questions,2019/7/23,25,Para-2 1)- Paraphrase,the willingness of graduates to be socially and civically engaged. -whether the graduates are willing to be working for the society and civic obligations. cf. the willingness of graduates to engage in the society and the duty. （平淡） e.g. a powerful and globally engaged nation - G. Bush 一个强大的参与全球性事务的国家,2019/7/23,26,Para-2 2)- Tr.1,归根结底，评价大学教育是否成功的标准就是看毕业生是否愿意参与到社会和公民的事务中去（以社会贡献为己任）。,2019/7/23,27,Para-2 Paraph. Tr.2,Man cannot behold except he be committed. -People cannot realize their own potential unless they devote themselves to society. “一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜能。一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我而永远发现不到自己的价值。 ”,2019/7/23,28,Para-2 Tr.3,这种本科大学教育的观念必须反映在超越自我的决心上。在这样一个充满竞争的时代，每一名大学毕业生需要诚实、礼貌而又不乏同情心。,2019/7/23,29,The main idea of Part 1 (Para 12),Where should todays university students put their faith in this uncertain age? -The contradiction between the present situation of education and idealism of the undergraduate experience,2019/7/23,30,Para-3 Tr.1,There is (an)urgent need （in ）to do closegap betweenand 在美国的教育过程中迫切需要解决公共政策和人民意愿之间的鸿沟，这种危机在不断地扩大。 There is (an) urgent need to build up students capacity rather than book learning.,2019/7/23,31,Para-3 Tr.2,The information requiredbeyond our grasp. 为政府的议程提供建设性意见所必备的知识似乎越来越超出了我们的理解能力。所以，好多人认为想通过公民的参与来解决一些复杂的社会问题已经是不可能的了。设想，非专业人士在不懂得专业语言的情况下，怎么能探讨重大政策的抉择呢?,2019/7/23,32,Para-5 Tr.1,像地方的区域规划、废除校园歧视、污水问题、公共交通的治理、以及有线电视公司相互竞争申请许可证等，仅仅是一些地方性事务的事情，现在也需要专家来解决。这些专家充满技术术语的解释，不但没有使这些问题清晰明了，反而使这些问题变得混淆不清。,2019/7/23,33,Para-4,atmospheric adj. atmospheric pressure 气压 atmosphere n. semi-metaphysical adj. partially based on abstract reasoning 近乎玄乎的,2019/7/23,34,Para-5 Tr.2,因而，正是社会生活的复杂性要求提供更多的，而不是较少的信息资料；要求更多的，而不是较少的公民参与。,2019/7/23,35,Para-6 Tr.,作为公民，我们只有找到更好的教育方法，只有提出更棘手的问题并得到满意的答案，才能在关键的决策时刻承当风险，运用我们所学的知识做出重大决定，否则，我们只能盲目地相信一个或几个所谓的专家做出决策。,2019/7/23,36,“Government by the people” - Abraham Lincoln,It is cited from Gettysburg Address given by Abraham Lincoln (1809 -1865), the sixteenth president of the USA. The Address was made at the dedication of the national cemetery on the battlefield of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA, on November 19, 1863. He made the culminating, the supreme statement, concluding with the words: that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Back,2019/7/23,37,Para-7,8,9,What three “needs” does the author mention in paragraph7, 8 and 9? We need 1. Groups of well-informed, caring individuals. 2. Concerned people 3. Students with a perspective which is both national and global.,2019/7/23,38,Why does the author mention the three needs?,Because the obligation of the undergraduate college is to provide the enlightened leadership, our nation urgently requires if government by the people is to endure.,2019/7/23,39,Para-9,Why does the author think we need a special way to consider things which is not only national but also global? Human beings are all custodians of a single planet. Our planet has become more crowded, more interdependent and more unstable. Let the students see beyond themselves , understand their place in complex world and strengthen their ability to live responsibly.,2019/7/23,40,Which “need” does the author discuss most? The third need. How many paragraphs does the discussion of the third need cover? It covers 6 paragraphs(para.9-para.14),2019/7/23,41,Para-8 Tr.,if government by the people is to endure: if government by the people is to continue to exist. 但我们深信，如果“民治政府”要有生命力的话，大学相对于其他机构来说，更有责任去培养我们国家所急需的具有宏韬伟略的领导人(enlightened leadership)。,2019/7/23,42,endure,1) vi. continue to exist for a long time; continue -The policy of “One Country, Two System” has been ensured by the Constitution to endure at least 50 years in China. -These traditions have endured throughout the ages. 这些传统世代相传 。 2) vt. bear (sth. unpleasant) calmly for a long time; suffer patiently 忍耐,2019/7/23,43,Para-8,enduring adj. 持久的, e.g.: enduring memories, an enduring peace endurable adj. 可忍受的 endurance n. U 忍受力,2019/7/23,44,Para-9 Tr.,other than 1) except ; 2) different from e.g.: We cannot pretend to be other than who we are. other than = different from We missed the last bus, so there was no choice other than to walk home. other than = except 现在的学生不但要对本国的人民与文化了如指掌，而且也应该熟知国外的人民与文化。,2019/7/23,45,Para-10 Tr.1,neithernor 我们的同情心、我们善于分析的智慧都不再受限于地图上的政治分界线。,2019/7/23,46,Para-10 Tr.2,asas 我们开始知道，饥荒与人权如同武器与条约一样，对人类团结起着决定性的影响。,2019/7/23,47,Para-10 Tr.3,Dwarfing: cause to appear small by contrast Dwarfing all other concerns = Being the biggest concern,/ Making all other concerns less important, 最令人担心的是，蘑菇云那不祥的阴影已笼罩在人类的脑海里。,2019/7/23,48,Para-11,disturbing lack of knowledge and even at times a climate of indifference about our world = a lack of knowledge which is worrying, and sometimes an uncaring attitude about our world, which sometimes worries us even more,2019/7/23,49,Para-13 Paraphrase Tr.,“The trouble with many colleges is that they indulge the nesting instinct by building protected little communities inside their great walls.” =The problem with many colleges is that the colleges allow students to form communities inside the school which do not deal with the realities of life. nesting instinct: natural tendency without training “许多大学教育问题就在于学校放任学生们本能地在校园内自筑围墙，自我封闭，构筑自己小范围的社交圈，而不去接触校园外的现实社会。”,2019/7/23,50,Para-14 Tr.,to live confidently and responsibly = to live with confidence and responsibility. 他们生活的信心及生活的责任感将慢慢被消磨殆尽，及至危险的地步。,2019/7/23,51,The main idea of Part 2 (PP3 to PP14),The collage graduate has civic obligations to fulfill and to fulfill this urgent obligation, the perspective needed is not only national, but also global.,2019/7/23,52,para. 15,What is the problem with todays college education according to the author ? Students have competence only in Please read para. 15 1. Meeting schedules; 2. Gathering information; 3. Responding well on tests; 4. Mastering the details of specific field; 5. Being concerned about their credits and courses.,2019/7/23,53,Para-16,The most creative moments were pushed to the fringes of our institutional life = the time just for creation is put to a less important position in college life. be pushed to the fringes (edge) of fringe n. = edge / (fig) monumental adj. = huge, very great (作定语): -a monumental achievement /success, blunder, failure, etc. = 有纪念意义的： -a monumental sculpture / figure, etc.,2019/7/23,54,para.16,What are the results of this college education? The most deeply felt issues, the most haunting questions and the most creative moments are reduced to becoming less important (are pushed to the fringes).,2019/7/23,55,Para. 16,Main Idea: Education for what purpose? Competence to what end?,2019/7/23,56,Para-16 Tr.,这一时期，人们对一些问题的感触最深，对一些悬而未决的疑难问题最感兴趣，创造力最活跃。如果人生的这一黄金时期被置于无人问津的次要地位，那将是人生的悲剧。,2019/7/23,57,Para-16 Tr.2,在大学教育阶段，如果学生们习惯于墨守成规，陷入学术界有时过分倡导的条条框框的束缚之中，那将是人生的一大遗憾。,2019/7/23,58,Para-17 Tr.1,然而，他们往往却由此而陷入陈规陋习之中，变得死气沉沉、心不在焉。,2019/7/23,59,Para-17 Tr.2,当我们与师生交谈时，常常会感到丝丝不安：人类生存必须要关注的最重要的问题，即社会的自然属性、社会不平等的根源、人类生存的前景等，大学教育几乎没有培养学生应对这些问题的能力。,2019/7/23,60,Main Idea of Part 3 (para.1517),What is the purpose of education? To what end is competence?,2019/7/23,61,para.18-21,Education for what purpose? Competence to what end? How to assess the college education? The author assumes that the experience of undergraduates should cover the following three aspects:,2019/7/23,62,Aspect 1: The students should become proficient in the use of knowledge, acquire a solid basic education and become competent in a specific field. How to measure the ability of aspect 1? By measuring the students performance in the classroom, and also the performance of the graduate in the workplace and further education.,2019/7/23,63,Aspect 2: The students must be inspired by a large view of future, using the knowledge they have acquired to devote themselves to the society, the country and the world. (para.19-20) Aspect 3: The students should be encouraged to develop the capacity to judge wisely in matters of life and personal conduct.,2019/7/23,64,Para-18 Tr.,Further, 另外，大学教育的价值将通过毕业生在工作岗位上的表现及其接受继续教育的情况而体现出来。,2019/7/23,65,Para-19,at its best = at ones highest level of skill; in as good a state as possible 处于最佳状态 / e.g.: -At his best, Baker is one of the most exciting tennis players in the world to watch. -The cherry blossoms are now at their best. c.f.: at best = taking the most hopeful view 充其量： -We cant arrive before Friday at best. 我们无论如何也无法在星期五前到达。 （反义词是）at its worst,2019/7/23,66,para-20 Tr.,is our highest value 如果我们连奉献于他人的精神都缺失的话，那就更不用说会去为了一套抽象的价值观做奉献了，那么，很难想象我们的民族将会是一个什么样子的民族？如果说追求自身利益是我们崇尚的最高价值观念，而人性也只是一件无利可图的商品，那么我们将会选出什么样的政府官员呢？,2019/7/23,67,Para-21 Tr.1,for exploring ambiguities reflect on: think deeply 无论是在教室里，还是在酒吧里，或是在侃大山的聚会中，鼓励他们将时间花在探索和思考未知的世界上。,2019/7/23,68,Para-21 Tr.2,而是要解除对他们思想的禁锢，为他们提供一个良好的氛围，将他们培养成具有正确的伦理道德观和坚定信念的人才。,2019/7/23,69,Para-22 Tr.,而专业学习也不应成为他们停止接受明辨事理能力培养的理由，也不应成为他们动摇探求人生目标的坚定的理由。,2019/7/23,70,Para-23,impact n. = effect; influence have / make an impact on / upon sb/sth e.g.: -His speech make a tremendous impact on everyone. -Warnings about the dangers of smoking seem to have little impact on this age group. impact v. e.g.: -How will this program impact on the local community? intangible n. U, C sth that cannot be touched or grasped adj. - intangible c.f.: invisible (that cannot be seen). intangible assets 无形资产 Ant. tangible,2019/7/23,71,Para-23 Tr.1,我们深刻地意识到，我们这个时代所发生的一些事情对当今年轻的学子以及他们所生活的大学的影响是有限的。,2019/7/23,72,Para-23 Tr.2,但我们永远希望，大学教育应坚忍不拔地努力使毕业生在智力水平及社会生活中成为智慧显赫的人，在他们所乐于承担的社会职责及公民的责任方面能够做到与众不同，最终使他们具有出类拔萃的世界观。,2019/7/23,73,The main idea of Part 4(Para.1823),The undergraduate experience at its best will move the student from competence to commitment. But our abiding (=eternal) hope is with determination and effort that the college can make a difference in the intellectual and personal life of its graduates, in the social and civic responsibilities they are willing to assume, and ultimately in their world perspective.,2019/7/23,74,The Organization of the Text,Part One Para.1 Para.2 Main idea: Where should todays university students put their faith in this uncertain age? Part two Para.3 Para. 14 Main idea: The college graduate has civic obligations to fulfill and to fulfill this urgent obligation, the perspective needed is not only national, but also global.,2019/7/23,75,The Organization of the Text,Part Three Para.15 Para. 17 Main idea: Education for what purpose? Competence to what end? Part Four Para. 18 Para. 23 Main idea: The undergraduate education at its best will move the students from competence to commitment.,2019/7/23,76,Sum-up-1,Part1(para.1-2) The contradiction in education Part2(para3-14)The college graduates obligation and three needs Part3(para15-17)The main trouble with most universities Part4(para.18-23)Making a difference in education,2019/7/23,77,Sum-up 1,This essay mainly discusses the purpose of education. The college education at its best should move the student from competence to commitment.,2019/7/23,78,Sum up- 2,Ernest Boyer argues