文化与翻译英本081吴婧希12.ppt

文化与翻译,英本081 吴婧希 12号,Contents,背景,文化的普同性和差异性,文化的可译性和不可译性,翻译原则,4,1,2,3,5,学习心得,1.1 前言,对于翻译，传统观点认为，它仅是两种语言间的转换，忽视了翻译中的文化问题。事实上，译者在翻译过程中遇到的最大困难不是语言，恰恰是文化。翻译本身就是不同文化间交流的产物。因此，不断培养译者的跨文化意识，树立文化翻译观对翻译理论和实践都有极其重要的意义和实用价值。,1.2 语言与文化,语言,文化,take root in,carrier,definition,category,Culture are the material wealth and spiritual wealth of humanity which is created during the historical and social development process.,material culture,institutional culture,mental culture,中文“红”的引申意义： 象征喜庆的红布（披红、挂红） 象征顺利、成功或受人重视、欢迎（红运、开门红、满堂红、他唱戏唱 红了） 象征革命或政治觉悟高（红军、红五月、又红又专） 象征红利（分红）,英文“red”的引申意义： 沾有鲜红的（red hands 沾血的双手） 赤热的，炽红的。烧红的（a red battle 血战， red vengeance 血腥复仇，a red ruin 火烧场） 赤化的，左派的，常作R-共产党领导的（a red revolution 赤色革命，African nations going red 赤化中的非洲各国，red activities左派活动，Red China红色中国） 显示亏欠的，赤字的（a red month 赤字月）,奈达（Eugene A.Nida）的翻译定义： Tanslating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message.(1969:12),1.3 翻译与文化,翻译与文化的关系：翻译是一种跨文化的交际活动，是一种文化创造。同时，由于翻译是一种双向的文化交流过程，它必然受到原语和译语文化的影响，翻译与文化互相制约、互相促进。,2.1 文化的普同性,奈达（Eugene A.Nida） Languages and cultures all over the world are amazingly similar. 1.人类居住的星球上有许多相同特质 2.人类的生活经验彼此极为相似 3.基本的人性是一样的 4.现代化的发展，增强了普同性,心 感情、爱情 英语： break ones heart 使人伤心 declare ones heart 表白爱慕之心 lose ones heart 爱上，倾心于 win ones heart 赢得某人的喜爱 wear ones heart 流露自己的感情 a conflict between heart and head 感 情与理智的冲突 汉语：爱心、变心、负心、心爱、心肝、一见倾心,2.2 文化的差异性,生活环境 生物生产 思维方式 风俗习惯 宗教信仰 哲学思想 价值观 社会制度 对客观事物的认识 - 产生社会文化差异的原因是多方面的，但 追根寻可以从奈达的所生态学乃至物质文 化上找到原因。,“狮子”和“老虎”,the lions share（最大或最好的一份） beard the lion in his den（入狮穴捋狮 须，太岁头上动土） a lion in the way（拦路虎） the lions mouth （虎口，虎穴） 生龙活虎、 虎背熊腰、 虎踞龙盘、 虎视眈眈 、 虎头蛇尾、 虎口、 虎将、 老虎钳、 不入虎 穴焉得虎子、虎落平阳被犬欺,3.1 语言文字本身成 为叙述对象,A: Why is the letter D like a bad boy? B: Because it makes ma mad.,A: What words may be pronounced quicker and shorter by adding syllables to them? B: Quick and short. 甲：哪两个词各加上一个音节分别 读成quicker和shorter？ 乙：Quick和short。,3.2与语言文字的形式特点有关的不可译现象,（1）Glorious profits allow glamorous pleasures. 丰盈的利润带来增添魅力的享受。 （2）Professor of physics: What is matter? Student: Never mind. Professor：Then what is mind? Student: It doesnt matter. 物理老师：“什么事物质？”（你怎么啦？） 学生：“它不是精神。”（不要紧。） 物理老师：“那什么是精神？”（那你介意什么？） 学生：“它不是物质。”（不介意什么。）,3.3 没有上下文就会产生歧义,(1)Blair wrote a poem on a tombstone. a.布莱尔写了一首关于墓碑的诗。 b.布莱尔把一首诗写在了墓碑上。 (2)The man looked harder than his wife. a.丈夫比妻子看得更仔细。 b.丈夫看起来比妻子更凶。 (3)Write and tell me if you can come. a.写信告诉我你是否能来。 b.如果你能来，写信告诉我。,4.1 翻译中处理文化 差异的原则,求同存异原则,找出共同点,保存异国情调,在忠实地传达原文语言意义的同时保存原语国文化特色。,Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. 我可否把你比做美丽的夏天？ 你比夏天更可爱，也更加温善。,你这样做真有点班门弄斧了。 What youre doing is something like wielding an axe at the door of the master carpenter Lu Ban.,“存异”的可取之处,1.帮助扩大视野，获得知识和启迪。 (1)Bad workmen often blame their tools. 拙匠常怪工具差。 (2)Better an egg today than a hen tomorrow. 今天一个蛋，胜过明天一只鸡。 (3)When the cats away, the mice will play. 猫儿不再，老鼠玩的自在。 - (1)狗嘴吐不出象牙。 One doesnt expect ivory from a dogs mouth. (2)识时务者为俊杰 He is wise who understands the times. (3)舍得一身剐敢把皇帝拉下马 One who will risk being sliced to pieces dare unsaddle the Emperor.,2.帮助读者更好地比较两国文化，增强对原语文化的理解与交流。 （1）沧海一粟-a drop in the ocean(沧海一滴 水) （2）从铁公鸡上拔毛-get blood from a stone (石中取血) （3）虎口拔牙-beard the lion (捋狮须) （4）猫哭老鼠-shed crocodile tears(鳄鱼掉眼 泪) （5）五十步笑百步-The pot calls the kettle blacks. (锅说瓦壶黑),3.丰富译语国语言。 horse-黑马 cold war-冷战 lame duck-跛鸭 iron curtain-铁幕 remote control-遥控 test-tube-试管婴儿 a stick-and-carrot policy-大棒加胡萝卜政策 hold out an olive branch-伸出橄榄枝 被牵着鼻子走-be led by the nose 处女作-maiden works 王牌-a trump card 公开的秘密-open secret 黑名单-black list,(1)Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such a regimen; and how much more this poor old nervous victim? 按照这样的养生之道，别说这可怜的心惊胆战的老太太了，就连哈奇亚也会害病。 (2)He moved in the direction of his desire, chanting Apache scalp-music. 他唱着阿帕奇切头皮曲朝他理想的方向走去了。 (3)Oh!I could wish to be buried by the wayside, or in the lonely valley, that the priest and Levite might cross themselves as they passed by the stone which marked the spot, and Samaritan shed a tear. 嗷！那么我宁愿葬在路边或寂寞的山谷，牧师和利威特人经过墓碑可能划个十字，而莎玛利人会流泪。 (4)武行者心中要吃，哪里听他分说，一片喝道：“放屁！放屁！” Now Wu the priest longed much in his heart to eat, and so how could he be willing to listen to his explanation? He belowed forth,“Pass your wind,pass your wind!“ (5)三回五次，留得宋江，就山寨里吃了一日酒。 Three times and five times, they did try to stay Sung Chiang and so he feasted for a day in the lair.,4.2 翻译中处理文化 差异的方法,1.直译法 (1)中国有句老话：“不入虎穴，焉得虎子。”这句话对于人们的实践是真理，对于认识也是真理。 There is an old Chinese saying,“How can you catch tiger cubs without entering the tigers lair?“ This saying also holds true for the theory of knowledge.,(2)“你难道没听见人家说嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随 狗，.” “Surely you know the saying,Marry a cock and follow the cock, marry a dog and follow the dog.“ (3)Hitler was armed to teeth when he launched the Second World War. 希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到了牙齿的。,2.音译法 陈原语言与社会生活 “五四”前后，关于柏理玺天德说的不多，倒是人们整天嚷着欢迎德先生和赛先生那就是德谟克拉西和赛恩斯。主义学说、纷义学说纷至沓来，什么安那其，什么康敏尼，不一而足。当时有个尖头鳗提倡费厄泼赖，而另一位蜜司脱则以为爱斯不难读可以代替汉字。布尔什维克的胜利带来了新的启示：社会要发生奥伏赫变，特别是要传播普罗列塔利亚特意德沃罗基。但有些小布尔乔亚印贴利更追亚，却带着生的门脱儿，倾听白提火粉的生风尼和朔拿大，悠然产生了烟士披里纯，写下了一首首商籁，预祝英德耐雄纳尔的实现（1980：65）,3.注释法,4.增译法 (1)Out came the chaise-in went the horse-on sprang the boys-in got the travellor. 立刻推出了马车-一瞬间就套好了马-车夫迅速地跳上车-乘客们急忙各就各位。 (2)良问曰：“大王来何操？”曰：“我持白璧一双，欲献项王。玉斗一对，欲与亚父。会其怒，不敢献，公为我献之。” “What did you bring as gifts?“asked Chang Ling. “I have a pair of white jade discs which I intend to give Hsian Yu,“replied the governor, “and a pair of white dippers for Fang Tseng, but when I found that they were angry I did not dare to present them, you must present them for me.“,5.意译法 (1)When the naughty boy saw his father, he ran away like ones oclock. 调皮的小孩看到他的父亲，就飞快地跑掉了。 (2)He did not actually suggest that she should come home. Evidently it was still necessary that she should remain out of sight and out of minda skeketon in a distant and well-locked cupboard. 他实际上并未提出要她回家。显然仍旧还有必要不见她的面也不要想起她来家丑还是锁严了放得远远的好。,6.直译意译结合 6.1直译意译的结合，最简单的莫如英语拟声词的汉译 (1)Fallen leaves rustled under his feet; the wind sighed among the leaves; butterflies fluttered here and there; beetles and insects droned while bees buzzed; and the woodpecker pecked. 落叶在他的脚下沙沙地响着；风儿在树间飒飒地吹着；蝴蝶到处飞着；蜜蜂嘤嘤地哼着；甲虫嗡嗡地叫着；啄木鸟笃笃地敲着。,6.2利用形象作比喻的词，可采用直译意译结合 法将形象和含义一并译出。 (1)be like a bull in a china shop 像头闯进瓷器店的公牛，动不动就惹祸。 (2)get into somebodys hair 像虱子钻进头发一样惹某人心烦。,6.3有些习语可以采取部