《方法与语言》PPT课件.ppt

英汉翻译基础 王富,教学计划,第一讲 翻译方法与策略 第二讲 词语翻译 第三讲 词类转换 第四讲 其它转换（语序语式肯否正反） 第五讲 增减法 第六讲 长句复杂句翻译 第七讲 从句翻译 第八讲八级翻译专题,第九讲文学翻译 第十讲 论说文翻译 第十一讲 新闻翻译 第十二讲 科技翻译 第十三 讲 应用文（广告）翻译 第十四讲 商务翻译 第十五讲 法律翻译 第十六讲 旅游翻译 第十七讲 考研翻译专题 第十八讲 复习课,Translation Methods and Strategies Language, Culture, Power,Linguistic turn Cultural turn Power turn,Translating methods are undoubtedly the core problems we are confronted with in translation. Language: word-for-word (literal) translation vs sense-for-sense (liberal) translation Culture: adapted vs alienated translation Power: domesticating vs foreignizing translation,Language,transliteration, literal translation（ word-for-word ）, liberal （free , sense-for-sense ） translation, the synthesis of the above,Transliteration,Translate the sound instead of the meaning; used in translating proper names & technical terms Titanic 泰坦尼克 radar 雷达 sonar /souna:/-声纳,Congo 刚果 Trust 托拉斯 Hamlet 哈姆雷特 Whisky 威士忌,engine 引擎 motor 马达 sofa 沙发 logic 逻辑,音译加注： Sauna 桑拿浴一种芬兰式的蒸汽浴 Internet 因特网国际互联电脑网络 AIDS 爱滋病一种获得性免疫缺损综合症 a Judas kiss 犹大之吻喻口蜜腹剑、阴险的背叛，源自圣经，指耶酥十二使徒之一犹大以接吻为暗号出卖耶酥，导致耶酥被钉死在十字架上,Literal translation, word-for-word translation, and direct translation are basically the same. Word-for -word : Translate each word based on the first definition of such word in a bilingual dictionary, keeping the original word order.,“直译”也就是“字面翻译”, 但并不是简单的字对字、词对词的翻译。否则就会闹出以下笑话: How are you? * 怎么是你? How old are you? * 怎么老是你? 同样, 将white wine( 白葡萄酒) 译作“白酒”, 将restroom( 公用厕所, 洗手间) 译作“休息室”,也不是直译, 而是误译, 就像将eggplant( 茄子) 译作“蛋植物”一样荒唐可笑。,所谓直译, 就是在译文语言条件许可的情况下, 使译文尽量保持原文的形式、比喻和民族文化色彩等。 be armed to teeth、crocodile tears、chain reaction、win-win 直译为 “武装到牙齿”、“鳄鱼的眼泪”、“连锁反应”、“双赢”, 既对应了原文的字面意义, 又保留了原文的生动形象。,Shuttle diplomacy 穿梭外交 Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水 To praise to the skies 捧上天去 To add fuel to the fire 火上加油 to show ones cards 摊牌,dark horse 黑马 flea market 跳蚤市场 a stick-and-carrot policy 大棒加胡萝卜政策,New wine in old bottles 旧瓶装新酒 gentlemans agreement 君子协定 the open door policy 门户开放政策,Freshman 新鲜男子 大学一年级学生 work farm 工作农场 劳改农场 bus girl 巴士女郎 餐馆侍者/女助手,Pigtail 猪尾巴 辫子 Childbed 儿童床产褥、 分娩,goose step 鹅步 正步（走） black sheep 黑羊 败类、恶棍,criminal lawyer 犯罪的律师 刑事律师 riot police 暴乱警察 防暴警察 Dutch wife 荷兰老婆 藤制睡具,bulls eye 公牛的眼睛 靶心 hen party 母鸡派对 妇女聚会 Miss American 美国靓女 红蔷薇,mad doctor 发狂的医生 精神病医生 flood light 洪水灯 探照灯 book bank 图书银行 旧书店,night cart 夜车 粪车 lady bird 女士鸟 瓢虫 French chalk 法国粉笔 滑石粉,old girl 老姑娘 女校友 dog days 狗日 三伏天 at the eleventh hour 11点钟 在危急时刻,a castle in Spain 西班牙城堡 空中楼阁 rabbit fish 兔子鱼 河豚 cultural hero 文化英雄 神话中的人物,Adams apple 喉结 at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟 It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱 Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌 以上各例若按原文字面意义直接译出就会令人感到莫名其妙、不知所云。 爱我爱狗，才是朋友,直译意译皆可 To kill two birds with one stone 直译：一石二鸟 意译：一箭双雕；一举两得 To flog a dead horse 直译：鞭打死马 意译：白费力；徒劳；白搭；枉然；事后再做无益的议论,A drop in the bucket 直译：一桶水中的一滴 意译：沧海一粟；太仓一粟；九牛一毛；微不足道；微乎其微；不足挂齿；不值一提；不起眼；非常渺小,Shed crocodiles tears 直译：掉鳄鱼眼泪 意译：猫哭老鼠；假慈悲 competitive products 直译：具有竞争力的产品 意译：拳头产品 The worst wheel of a cart creaks most. 直译：最坏的车轮最会嘎吱响。 意译：才学最浅，叫得最响；出力最少，抱怨最忙；能猫不叫，叫猫不能,She liked to be with him better than with others. 直1 她喜欢和他在一起，并不那样喜欢和别人在一起。 直2 她喜欢和他在一起，胜过和别人在一起。 直3 和他在一起，比和别人在一起，是她更加喜欢的。 意1 她觉得跟他比跟别人在一起更开心。 意2 她觉得跟他在一起比跟谁都开心。,意3 她觉得跟他在一起最开心了。 意4 她觉得最开心的事，就是跟他在一起。 意5 她喜欢跟他在一起,（因为）那是最开心的事。 上面的直译都不是“明白易懂的中国话”，因为原句的语内翻译本来是：She liked to be with him，which is better than with others 。,I talked to him with brutal frankness. （1）我同他谈话用粗暴的坦率。（逐词翻译） （2）我同他谈话时，使用了令人不快的真诚的语言。（直译） （3）我对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言。（意译） 或：我同他谈话，粗暴但坦率。,2. His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night. （1）他的烦恼不能承受夜晚宁静的美丽。（逐词翻译） （2）他的烦恼经不起这宁静的良宵美景的感染。（直译） （3）面对这宁静的良宵美景，他的烦恼不禁涣然冰释了。（意译）,I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man. 我读过你的文章，我期望见到一位更老的人。 我读过你的文章，想不到你这么年轻。,Summary:word-for-word translation Literal translation Word-for-word translation frequently spoils the original. But one can never go to extreme in employing literal translation.,Nothing could be done. 没有任何事情可以被做 无事可做。 We saw an acrobat standing on his head. 我们看见一个杂技演员正站在他的头上 正倒立着。,The teacher thanked her pupils because they are very cooperative. 译文：老师感谢她的学生，因为他们是非常合作的。 汉语信息传递遵循论理原则，前提在前，结论在后，因在前，果在后 改译：学生们配合得很好，老师向他们表示感谢。,Literal translation is to preserve the content and the form of the source language, keeps the original message form, including construction of sentence, meaning of the original words, the figures, metaphor, images, and national, local coloring in the original.,He was in his birthday suit. 直译：他穿上了生日礼服。 意译：他一丝不挂。 It was an old and ragged moon. 直译：那是一个又老又破的月亮。 意译：这是一弯下弦残月。 She wears her years well. 直译：她年年穿得都挺好。 意译：她一点不见老。,Clinton has a clever tongue. 直译：克林顿有一个聪明的舌头。 意译：克林顿能言善辩。 Give me liberty, or give me death. 直译：给我自由或者给我死亡。 意译：不自由，毋宁死。 I did not marry her because I loved her. 直译：我没有和她结婚，因为我爱她。 意译：我并不是因为爱她才和她结婚的。,There is nothing like leather for shoes. 直译：没有什么东西像皮革一样能做鞋子。 意译：用皮革做鞋子再好不过了。 It is better for the doer to undo what he has done. 直译：做事的人能取消做过的事情是再好不过的了。 意译：解铃还须系铃人。,to hold a candle to the evil 直译：给魔鬼举着蜡烛。 意译：助纣为虐、为虎作伥、帮恶人干坏事。 The novel “The Making of a Hero” impressed me deeply. 直译：一个英雄的成功之路这部小说给我留下了深刻的印象。 意译：钢铁是怎样炼成的这部小说给我留下了深刻的印象。,Dont pull my leg. 直译：别拉我的大腿。（误译） 意译：别逗我了。（或： 别跟我开玩笑了。） Dick can be relied. He eats no fish and plays the game. 直译：迪克为人可靠，他平时不吃鱼而且爱做游戏。（误译） 意译：迪克为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。,It is a long lane that has no turning. 直译：这是一条不转弯的长长的小道。（误译） 意译：世上没有一条不转弯的路。 Richard was a soldier of fortune. 直译：理查德是一个幸运的军人。（误译） 意译：理查德是一个冒险家。,He is a man of family. 直译：他是一个有家室的人。（误译） 意译：他出身名门。 They sent him to Coventry. 直译：他们把他送到了考文垂。(误） 考文垂(英格兰中部的城市) 放逐;受排斥的状态 意译：他们拒绝和他交往。,Oliver always robs Peter to pay Paul. 直：奥利弗总是抢彼得的钱来支付给保罗。 意：奥利弗总是借钱还债。 It is the last straw that breaks the camels back. 直：最后的一根稻草压断了骆驼的背。 意：实在是让人受不了啦！ Jane could face the music in the earthquake. 直：在那次地震中，简能够面对音乐。(误) 意：在那次地震中，简能够临危不惧。,Liberal translation helps to preserve the original flavor, i.e. the exotic (ethnical, national) flavor or foreign flavor. Furthermore, it assists to continuously introduce some new words, vivid expression and fresh syntax to enrich, perfect and refine the TL. “translate literally, if possible.“,A literal translation stresses fidelity to the linguistic form while a liberal translation focuses on the meaning but changes the form of the source language.,Liberal translation is to preserve the content and the main language functions, having to give up the literal meaning of the source language.,Liberal translation must be based on the faithful reproduction of the original meaning, intention and beauty (artistic effect), paying close attention to the details.,He was seized with the despairing sense of helplessness. 他被束手无策的绝望感抓住了。 他忽然产生了束手无策的绝望感。,1) Dont lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen. 直: 不要等马被盗后,才去锁厩门. 意: 不要贼走关门. 2) Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor it is a way to make social problem evaporate. 直: 砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消云散. 意: 砸镜子并不能解决实际问题.,From example 1), free translation is better than literal translation. From example 2), literal translation is better than free translation.,3) For my father knows and I know that if you only dig enough a pasture can be made free. Literal: 因为我父亲知道,我也知道,只要挖到一定程度,早晚可以在这里辟出个牧场的. Liberal: 因为我父亲知道,我也知道,功到自然成.,4) For Kino and Juana this was the meaning of morning of their lives, comparable only to the day when the baby had been born. Literal: 在Kino和Juana看来,这是他们一生中最了不起的早晨,只有宝宝出生的那一天,才可以与之媲美. Liberal: Kino和Juana以为,这一天非常重要.,Liberal translation of examples 3) and 4), only express the general idea of the original sentences. It is too simple. Metaphor dissappeared. It is inferior and dull. So it is undesirable. But the literal translation of example 3) and 4) is clearer than the free translation.,11) I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave her ( my wife ) my old age. Literal: 我把青春献给海洋，我回家的时候便把老年给了我的妻子. Liberal: 我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里见到妻子的时候，已经是白发苍苍了.,12) Maybe Kino has cut off his own head and destroyed himself. Literal: 也许Kino会割掉自己的脑袋，把自己毁了. Liberal: 也许Kino走了绝路，自己毁了自己.,From the example 12), the original “cut off his head“ means having done something badly, falling into predicament. If a translator translated the original literally, his translating would make target language readers confused, after reading, target language readers would feel unacceptable. So translators should use Liberal translation in the example 11) and 12).,13) Cast pearls before swine. Literal: 把珍珠扔到猪面前. Liberal: 对牛弹琴. 14) Barbara was born with a silver spoon in her mouth. Literal : Barbara嘴里叼着银调羹出生的. Liberal: Barbara出生最富贵人家.,Example 13) and 14) are metaphor, having deep moral. If translated literally, translations are fluent and natural, but it can not express the deep meaning of the original, so it is unadvisable.,The communiqu stirred a belated reaction. 公报引起了过晚的反应。 公报发表后迟迟才有反应。 The thought that Thomas might have failed was intolerable, agonizing. 托马斯可能已经失败的想法是令人不可忍受的，痛苦的。 他一想到托马斯可能已经失败，就感到难以忍受的痛心。,Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. 到了桥边才过桥 不要担心太早 不必自寻烦恼 Do you see any green in my eye? 你从我眼里看见绿色了吗？ 你以为我是好欺骗的吗？,If you ever think he is lazy, think again. 如果你认为他懒的话, 再想一想吧. 从表面上看十分忠实原文, 但由于忽略了特定环境下英语习惯表达的特点, 实际上完全没有将原文的真正意思译出来. 如果你认为他懒的话, 那你就错了.,I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin (river) and then lead his troops after it. throw his hat over: in bullfight, the fighter throws his cap aside in the arena to show his determination 我需要的是这样一个人，他决心在钦敦江破釜沉舟，然后率领部队前进。,Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard. (a secret of which a family or person is ashamed). 据说家家户户至少有一桩家丑。 俗话说，衣柜里面藏骷髅，见不得人的事家家有。,You cant make an omelette (煎蛋) without breaking eggs. 不打破鸡蛋，就做不成蛋卷。 有所失才有所得。 Spare the rod and spoil the child. 小孩不打不成器。 省了棍棒惯了娃。,Watch out for Harlow, hes full of mickey mouse ideas. 要小心哈洛，他满脑子都是米老鼠的想法。 要提防着点哈洛，他满脑子歪门邪道。（下流、不高明的看法） Her father was very fond of Hughie, but would not hear of any engagement. 她的父亲很喜欢休希，但不愿意听到任何订婚的事。 她的父亲很喜欢休希，但一提到订婚的事他就不干。,A good teacher should have his head in the clouds sometimes, but his feet always on the ground. 一个好老师的头有时要放在云层中，但他的脚应该永远站在地上。 好老师有时应该富于幻想，但时时刻刻必须从实际出发。,Dont take the low-fat label as a license to eat. 不能因为食品标明低脂肪，而敞开食用。 别把标有“低脂肪”的标签看成是可“敞开食用”的许可证。,原句精彩诙谐，主要体现在label和license两个词的使用。这两个词，一大一小，一轻一重，前呼后应，幽默风趣，更兼有头韵之美。第一种译法，原句文采顿失！首先，祈使语气不见了，且口吻也与原句大相径庭，使人联想到一副板着面孔的形象。这是因为第一种译法只注重了翻译的内容，忽略了翻译的形式，将label和license这两个全句的中心，最具有神韵的词统统丢弃，使得原句中诙谐幽默的口吻荡然无存！当然，第二种译法也有遗憾，比如，原句中的精彩头韵low/label/license实在无法译出。,In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say,“United we stand, divided we fall.”(2005 考研题) 此句中的stand 和fall 分别直译为“站立”和“跌倒”, 在翻译时我们可以以此为依据, 稍加调整即可形成如下译文: 在应对如此大规模挑战时, 可以毫不夸张地说:“联合, 我们就能挺住; 分裂, 我们就会倒下”。,也可以跳出“站立”和“跌倒”的圈子, 将stand 理解为“生存”, 将fall 理解为“灭亡”。 意译A: 在应对如此规模的挑战时, 可以毫不夸张地说:“联合, 我们就生存; 分裂, 我们就灭亡”。 意译B: 面对一场如此严峻的挑战, 我们可以毫不夸张地说:“合则生; 分则亡”。,Creating a“European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. (2005 考研题) “European identity”、fabric 和the Old Continent 都不宜照字面直译为“欧洲的身份”、 “织物”和“旧大陆”, 需相应的调整。 不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体, 要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事, 需要人们做出战略性的选择。,Both methods are always used simultaneously, and quickly shifting from one to another according to the nature of the text being translated. It is beyond imagination that only one method is used throughout the course of translating. They are not contradictory and even compatible with each other.,A too literal translation will have a poor readability, while a too liberal translation will be a random one which may be far from the original both in content and in form.,Literal translation and liberal translation can be understood as two artistic methods. As Lu Xun put it, “In the process of translation, two sides must be taken into consideration, good readability and the original flavour.” “凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然为求其解，一则保存着原作的丰姿。”,Oh, Captain! My Captain! - Walt Whitman 哦，船长，我的船长！ 瓦尔特惠特曼 江枫 译 Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done, 船长,我的船长!我们险恶的航程已经告终, The ship has weatherd every rack, the prize we sought is won, 我们的船安渡过惊涛骇浪,我们寻求的奖赏已赢得手中。,The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, 港口已经不远，钟声我已听见，万千人众在欢呼呐喊， While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; 目迎着我们的船从容返航，我们的船威严而且勇敢。,But O heart! heart! heart! 可是，哦心啊！心啊！心啊！ O the bleeding drops of red! 哦殷红的血滴流泻， Where on the deck my Captain lies, 在甲板上，那里躺着我的船长， Fallen cold and dead. 他已倒下，已死去，已冷却。,In a Station of the Metro Ezra Pound 地铁车站 埃兹拉庞德 The apparition of these faces in the crowd; 人群中这些面容的忽现； Petals on a wet, black bough. 潮湿的，黑色树枝上的花瓣。 人群 面孔 出现 黑湿 树枝 花瓣,1. Every life has its roses and thorns. 2. He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time. 3. After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery ground. 4. He carried his age astonishingly well. 5. Shed never a