计算机专业英语PPT.ppt

1,计算机专业英语,Computer science major course Computer English,2,Computer English,Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer English,Computer science major course,3,用以描述计算机领域各种技术概念及过程的英语词汇、表达方式和篇章的总称。,计算机英语,掌握计算机相应的英语术语、缩略语 能独立阅读和翻译计算机相关的科技文章,学习目的：,4,As a computer science students, we should study English hard This course is very important to everyone of us,5,一、专业英语的主要特点,词汇、句子方面： 新词多、术语多、长句多； 常出现缩略词； 常用虚拟语气表达假设或建议； 常用It句型结构；,6,语法方面：, 时态形式使用比较单一； 经常使用被动语态； 经常使用名词做定语； 经常使用复合句； 经常使用动名词、动词分词和不定式等非限定 性动词； 逻辑词语使用频繁，如：as a result, on the contrary, in short 等,7,二、翻译,内容客观准确，被动句使用普遍； 重在表述科学原理，技术流程，常有长句出现； 大量的术语出现。,8,Translation :,It is hard to say exactly when the modern computer was invented. Starting in the 1930s and through the 1940s, a number of machines were developed that were like computers. But most of these machines did not have all the characteristics that we associate with computers today. These characteristics are that the machine is electronic, that it has a stored program, and that it is general purpose.,9,译文：,很难确切地说现代计算机是什么时候发明的。从20世纪30年代到40年代，制造了许多类似计算机的机器。但是这些机器大部分没有今天我们所说的计算机的所有特征。这些特性是：机器是电子的，具有储存的程序, 而且是通用的。,10,三：专业英语的专业性与客观性,1.由于专业英语的客观性，所以在文章中常常使用被动语态。（占到3分之1到2分之一） 2.由于专业英语所涉及的内容没有特定的时间关系，所以大部分都使用一般现在时。 3.专业英语中用尽可能少的单词来表达愿意，所以常使用非限定动词、名词化单词或词组及其他简化形式。,11,Non-finite verb,非限定动词，也叫非谓语动词，在句中作谓语不能单独。其中包括： 不定式(infinitive) 动名词(gerund) 动词+ing构成，具有名词和动词的特性，在句中起名词的作用。 分词(participle) 分词为现在分词和过去分词。 现在分词有一般式和完成式。 一般式表示的动作和谓语的动作同时发生。 完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。,12,.,4.专业英语在用词上具有准确性，为了准确精细的描述事物过程，所以句子都比较长，有些甚至一段就是一句。 Eg.: After all, the purpose of education is not only to impart knowledge but to teach students to use the knowledge that they either have or will find, to teach them to ask and seek answers for important questions.,13,Translation :,Software also continued to develop during this time. Many new programming languages were designed, including COBOL in 1960. More and more businesses and organizations were beginning to use computers for their data processing needs.,14,译文：,在此期间软件也在继续发展。许多新的编程语言被发明,包括1960年发明的COBOL。越来越多的企业和组织开始使用计算机以满足他们的数据处理需要。,15,各种时态的被动语态： 1.一般现在时： 主语+be+过去分词+by 2.一般过去时： 主语+be+过去分词+by 3.一般将来时： 主语+will(shall)+be +过去分词 4.现在进行时： 主语+be(am is are)+being +过去分词 5.现在完成时： 主语+has/have+been+过去分词,16,6.过去进行时： 主语+was(were)+being+及物动词的过去分词 7.过去完成时： 主语+had been+及物动词的过去分词,17,英语的句子成分：,英语的句子成分一般包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语和同位语等。 一、主语（subject） 主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物，是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、从句等或相当于名词的词组或短语来充当。 1. David is an engineer. 2. The plan has just taken off. 3. To teach them English is my job. 4. It is my job to teach them English. 5. It is difficult to swim in the river. _is a fact that English is being accepted as an International language. A. There B. This C. That D. It 7. Going to the movies is a popular pastime. 8. Waiting for him in the rain make me ill. 9. What he said made her cry.,18,二、谓语,谓语是说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语是与主语密切相关的动作或状态，是对主语的叙述。谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须一致。谓语通常在主语后面。 (一)简单谓语： 凡是由一个动词构成，不管是什么状态、语气、都属于 简单谓语。 1.He practices running everyday. 2.She take good care of her little brother. 3.Shell be leaving for Hong Kong in the next Monday. (二)复合谓语： 1.情态动词+主要动词 Eg: She may be bringing some friend home. He must have arrived by air.,19,2.助动词+主要动词,帮助句子构成时态、语态、疑问句的词 Eg: She doesnt come. ( do, does, be going to, has, have) We were going to see him. He hasnt come back yet. 3. 系动词+表语（系表结构） 系动词亦称联系动词，作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 系动词可分为：1.状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be一词 2.持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand 3.表像系动词，用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look 4.感官系动词，感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste 5.变化系动词，这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run 6.终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, out, 表达“证实“，“变成“之意,20,1.It sound a good idea. 2.Im keeping in very good health. 3.Rose smell sweet. 4.He remained standing for nearly an hour. 5.His hair turned grey in a few weeks.,21,表语： 是用来说明主语的身份、状态，主要是说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词，代词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，从句等及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。表语放在系动词之后。 E g: The weather has turned cold. You look younger than before. (adj.) We are friends. (n.) He isnt in. (adv.) The two countries are at war now .(介词短语) My job is to teach them English.(不定式短语),22,The speech is exciting.(现分) The teacher was pleased with my spoken English.（过分） Three times seven is twenty-one.（基数词） They are in the garden.（介词短语） What I want to know is when will have the sport meeting.,23,Translation :,Other software developments during the first computer generation include the design of the FORTRAN programming language in 1957. This language became the first widely used high-level language. Also, the first simple operating systems became available with first-generation computers.,24,译文：,在第一代计算机期间, 软件方面的其他的进展包括1957年FORTRAN语言的设计。这种语言成为第一种广泛使用的高级语言。同时, 第一个简单的操作系统随着第一代计算机而出现。,25,.,宾语： 宾语是动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。英语的及物动词后必须有宾语。宾语一般放及物动词之后，它和及物动词一起说明主语要做什么。除及物动词有宾语之外，英语介词后面也要有宾语。另外，某些形容词如worth, careful等后也可有宾语。 Eg: She is playing the piano now. (n.) He often helps me.(代) We should learn from him. He enjoys making friends.(动词ing形式) I started to talk with the other students. (不定式) His daughter is sixteen next month.(数词) I dont understand what you mean.(从句) Who put forward the suggestion?,26,宾语的种类： 一、双宾语： 英语中，有些及物动词可接两个宾语（双宾语），直接宾语是谓语动词的承受者，间接宾语表示谓语动作的方向（对谁做）或动作的目标（为谁做），间接宾语紧接在谓语动词后，但它不能单独存在, 它和直接宾语组成双宾语。即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。常用句型为：主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语。 Eg: Give me a cup of tea, please . Could tell me the way to the railway station ? Lend me your dictionary. They told us an interesting story.,27,二、复合宾语： 在英语中，有些动词接了一个宾语后句子意思仍不完整，还需要再加上一个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作，这种“宾语宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语. 宾语补足语通常位于宾语之后。 Eg: We call him Jack. We found Li Ming out when we arrived. (adv.) The manager asked him to wait. (不定式) He often asked me to help him with English. I think the question easy. (adj.) He heard the girl laughing in the classroom.(现分),28,Translation :,The third computer generation was also the time when minicomputers became widespread. The most popular minicomputer was the PDP-8, manufactured by DEC. Other companies, including Data General Corporation and Hewlett-Packard Company, introduced minicomputers during the third generation.,29,译文：,计算机的第三代也是小型计算机普及的时代。最流行的小型机是由DEC制造的PDP-8。其他公司,包括数据通用公司和惠普(Hewlett-Packard)公司,在第三代期间开发了小型计算机。,30,定语： 定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征。 主要有形容词,此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。 汉语中常用的表示。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。在汉语中，中心语与定语二者之间有的需要用结构助词“的”，有的不需要，有的可要可不要。 “的”是定语的标志。 Eg: The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的笔。 (little修饰名词boy；blue修饰 名词pen.） Tom is a handsome boy. There is a good boy. 数词作定语相当于形容词： Two boys need two pens. / 两个男孩需要两支钢笔。 The two boys are students. / 这两个男孩是学生。 There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。,31,代词或名词所有格作定语： His boy needs Toms pen. / 他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。 His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。 There are two boys of Toms there. / 那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。 介词短语作定语: The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。 The boy in blue is Tom. 名词作定语: The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。 They made paper flowers.,32,副词作定语: The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The best boy here is Tom. 分词作定语： Its a rather boring book. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. 不定式作定语: The boy to write this letter needs a pen. There is nothing to do today . I have tons of letters to answer.,33,定语从句 The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。 The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。 There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。 名词作定语构成固定搭配或词组，甚至构成合成词： information desk 问讯处 test paper 考卷 health centre 医疗中心 football match 足球赛 tennis player 网球手 generation gap 代沟 合成名词做定语： a long-distance call 长途电话 one-way traffic 单向交通 third-world countries 第三世界国家 day-to-day teaching 日常教学,34,Translation :,Many companies that had not previously sold computer entered the industry with the second generation. One of these companies that still makes computers is Control Data Corporation (CDC). They were noted for making high-speed computers for scientific work.,35,译文：,许多先前不经销计算机的公司随着第二代计算机的出现进入计算机行业，其中今天仍然制造计算机的公司之一是控制数据公司(CDC),他们以制造用于科学工作的高速计算机而著名。,36,状语： 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等意义。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。 副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念,副词的主要作用就是作状语。 1.副词一般在句子中做状语 He speaks English very well. very是程度副词，用来修饰well。very well是修饰speak的程度状语。 She kindly waited for me. Ive seen that man somewhere. She is living abroad. 2. 不定式(短语)在句子中可以作目的状语。 I come specially to see you.我专门来看你. She had suffered so much to bring up the children.,37,Youre far too clever to have done that. What has happened to make you so sad? 3.介词短语 Without his help, we couldnt work out the problem in time.(条件) He swims every day during the summer.（时间） English is being spoken all over the world.(地点) Im so sorry for what I said to you.(原因) 4.从句作状语 When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. Ill show you so you can see how its done. Since I havent got her address, I cant write to her. You can go anywhere you want. She was going to be a singer no matter what difficulties she met.,38,5.分词作状语 Being a poor worker, he cant afford to buy a car.(原因) She went out of the room ,taking the flowers with her.(伴随) 6.形容词 The company laughed, friendly and pleased. Barbary lay still and happy. 7.词组 I shall stay another five months.,39,Translation : Software development during the fourth computer generation started off with little change from the third generation. Operating systems were gradually improved, and new languages were designed. Database software became widely used during this time. The most important trend, however, resulted from the microcomputer revolution. Packaged software became widely available for microcomputers so that today most software is purchased, not developed from scratch.,40,同位语： 一个名词对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词就是同位语。同位语用来对一个词或词组的内容加以补充或说明，同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。 用法1： 由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语。 Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. 我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。 （our new teacher是主词Mr. Smith的同位语,指同一人 ） Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers. 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。 a friend of my brothers是主词Tom的同位语,指同一人。,41,用法2： 如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。 He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor. 他本人对我讲,他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。 （brother和John都是单一的字作同位语,与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。） Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James. 昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。 （同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。） 用法3： 同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。 We Chinese people are brave and hardworking. 我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 He is interested in sports, especially ball games. 他喜欢运动,特别是球类运动。,42,Translation : One of the first computer like devices was developed in Germany by Konrad Zuse in 1941. Called the Z3, it was general-purpose, stored-program machine with many electronic parts, but it had a mechanical memory. Another electromechanical computing machine was developed by Howard Aiken, with financial assistance from IBM, at Harvard University in 1943. It was called the Automatic Sequence Control Calculator Mark I, or simply the Harvard Mark I. Neither of these machines was a true computer, however, because they were not entirely electronic.,43,插入语： 在一个句子中间插入一个成分,它不作句子的何种成分,也不和句子的何种成分发生结构关系,同时既不起连接作用,也不表示语气,这个成分称之插入语。插入语通常用于对一句话作一些附加的解释。 一、形容词（短语）作插入语 能用作插入语的形容词（短语）常见的有：true，wonderful，excellent，strange to say，most important of all， sure enough等。 E g: 1.True，it would be too bad. 2. Wonderful，we have won again. 3.Strange to say，he hasnt got my letter up to now. 4. Most important of all，we must learn all the skills. 二、副词（短语）作插入语 能用作插入语的副词（短语）有：indeed，surely，still，otherwise，certainly，however，generally， luckily，besides，perhaps，maybe，frankly，or rather等。,44,Eg: 1.When he got there，he found，however，that the weather was too bad. 2.Seize the chance, otherwise youll regret it. 三、介词短语作插入语 能用作插入语的介词短语有：in fact，in ones opinion，in general，in a word，in other words，in a few words，of course，by the way，as a result，for example，on the contrary，on the other hand，to ones surprise，in short，as a matter of fact，等. Eg: 1.You cant wait anymore, in other words，you should start at once. 2.On the contrary，we should strengthen our corporation with them.,45,四、V-ing（短语）作插入语。 能用作插入语的V-ing（短语）常见的有：generally speaking，strictly speaking，judging by ,talking of， considering等。 Eg：1.Generally speaking，the weather there is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer. 2.Judging by his clothes，he may be an artist.,46,一.翻译（15分钟） Software development during the fourth computer generation started off with little change from the third generation. Operating systems were gradually improved, and new languages were designed. Database software became widely used during this time. The most important trend, however, resulted from the microcomputer revolution. Packaged software became widely available for microcomputers so that today most software is purchased, not developed from scratch.,47,二.找出其句子成分（10分钟） 1.My job is to teach them English.(表语) 2.She went out of the room ,taking the flowers with her.（状语） 3.He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.（同位语） 4. When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Guiyang. （状语） 5. I dont understand what you mean.（宾语）,48,三. 写出缩略词的全称并翻译(15分钟),1. IT 2. CPU 3. ROM 4. DOS 5.WWW 6. BIOS,49,计算机专业英语词汇 构成： 随着计算机和网络技术的发展，关于计算机英语的词汇在不断的增多。这些新词汇都来源于普通的10000英语词汇。计算机专业本身并没有特殊的词汇，只有在翻译成汉语的时候才有了不同的汉语表达方式。纵观计算机英语词汇，我们可以对这些词汇进行分析并找出规律。这样有利于计算机使用者更好地理解词义和识记计算机英语词汇。 例如我们在给普通的词汇以计算机科学的含义，于是旧词就有了新的释义。被赋予了新的词汇由于拼写不变，又以旧义为基础进行新义扩充。这样便于人们识记，而且使用起来也相当的容易。比如：mouse 老鼠 鼠标，printer 印刷工 打印机，memory记忆 存储器。这些都能让我们在计算机词汇的构成中去寻找规律并进行归纳。,50,计算机专业英语词汇分类： 1.技术词汇(technical words) 特点：意义狭窄，单一，只使用在各自的专业领域，且专业性很强，词较长，含义狭窄，出现的频率不高。 Eg: bandwidth flip-flop amplifier 2.准技术词汇(sub-technical words) 特点：不受上下文限制，各专业中出现频率较高，不同专业具有不同含义。 Eg: register 3.特用词(big words) 4.功能词(function words) 特点：出现频率较高，在句中为结构关系提供了十分重要的结构信号，对于理解其内容十分重要。包括：介词，连词，冠词，代词等。 在专业英语中出现频率最高的10个功能词依次为：the of in and to is that for are be.,51,计算机专业英语词汇的特征 计算机英语中的词汇构成主要是通过词义转移、引申、词类的转换、词语的复合、缩略、词语的裁剪、拼合和词缀构词法等方式来形成计算机英语词汇特殊的词汇体系。 1.词义转移、引申 许多计算机英语词汇从普通英语中转移过来，词义转移或引申是构建计算机英语词汇的一种常见的方法，于是这一类旧词有了新释义。被赋予新义的词汇由于拼写不变，又以旧义为基础扩充新义，所以便于人们识记。例如, wake up (叫醒某人)现引申为“激活”的意思，比如 wake up the system（激活系统）。Bridge 原意为桥，现引申为“网桥”。此外还有很多的例子： mouse 老鼠 鼠标 virus 病毒,毒素 计算机病毒 drive 驾车 驱动器 memory 记忆 存储器 windows 窗户 视窗 explorer 探索者 浏览器 2.词语的复合 复合构词方式较多,可以由介词，动词短语转换而成,也可能形容词加名词, 名词加名词，名词加动名词，过去分词等方式构成。例如： backup (备份)； sign-on（登录）； upkeep (维护)； online (网上的)； backspace (退格)； disk copy (全盘拷贝)； read me (自述文件)； interface (接口)； time-consuming operation（耗时操作）；plug-and-play（即插即用）,52,3.词语的缩略 词语的缩略是将较长的英语单词取其首部或者主干构成与原词同义的短单词,或者将成词汇短语的各个单词的首字母拼接为一个大写字母的字符串。这种构词法主要有两种方式： （1）首字母缩略 这种方法是取词组中每个词的第一个字母代表这个词组构成新词，各字母分别发音，称为abbreviation。例如： Information TechnologyIT(信息技术) World Wide WebWWW(万维网) Central Processing UnitCPU(中央处理器) Plug & PlayPNP(即插即用) Computer Assisted InstructionCAI(计算机辅助教学) Internet Service ProviderISP(因特网服务提供者) （2）首字母拼写法 此类词的构词方法同“首字母缩略词”，但成词后拼读成一个词。例如： ROM(只读存储器)Read-Only Memory BIOS(基本输入/输出系统)Basic Input/Output System DOS(磁盘操作系统)Disk Operating System BASIC(初学者通用指令码)Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code COBOL(通用商业语言)Common Business Oriented Language AT(文件分配表)File Allocation Table,53,4.词语的裁剪、拼合 这种方法指对原有的词语进行裁剪，取其中的一部分，经过重新的拼合形成新的词语。例如： E-mail: E(lectronic) + Mail Numlock:Num (ber) + Lock Pgup: P(a)g(e)+up PCtool: P(ersonal)C(omputer)+tool 5.词缀构词法 （1）前缀 例如：electr- electro- electric （2）后缀 例如：-ion -tion -ation transportion NEW WORDS: 1、explorer ikspl:r n.探测者;（计）浏览器 2、consume knsju:m v.消耗,消费,饮食;毁灭；消磨；枯萎 3、interface int(:).feis n.界面,接触面；计算机 界面,接口 4、processing prusesi n.数据处理(整理,配制,工艺设计) 5、symbolic simblik n.代号；a.象征的,符号的,54,55,56,常用后缀表,57,Translation : The CPU controls the computer. It fetches instructions from memory, supplying the address and control signals needed by memory. The CPU decodes the instruction and controls the execution process. It performs some operations internally, and supplies the address, data, and control signals needed by memory and I/O devices to execute the instruction. Nothing happens in the computer unless the CPU causes it to happen.,58,Translation : The principal software development during the third computer generation was the increased sophistication of operating systems. Although simple operating systems were developed for first-and second-generat