阅解理解题型分析及解题策略.ppt

Reading makes a full man, so enjoy reading!,Welcome to our class,阅读理解题型 分析及解题策略,2012年考试大纲对英语阅读理解部分的要求,要求考生读懂公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章,并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：,理解主旨和要义 根据上下文推断生词的词义 理解文章的基本结构,理解文中具体信息 作出简单判断和推理 理解作者的意图、观点和态度,高考方案的制定，突出“平稳过渡、无缝对接”的要求,阅读理解题型,主旨大意题,推理判断题,细节理解题,词/句义猜测题,阅读推理判断和细节题,专题指导,一。推理判断题要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定的推理和判断，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。这类题主要考查考生透过词语的表面意义理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属深层次理解题。此类试题的设计常常包括 infer，imply , suggest，conclude等词。,阅读推理判断题,推断题分类,1. Question forms: It can be inferred from the text that . From the text we know that is most likely . When the writer talks about , what the writer really means is . The writer suggests that . The story implies that . We can infer conclude/learn from the passage that . 这类题干中通常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude等标志性词语。,一、如何推断隐含意义,2.技巧点拨 1).全面分析 2).忠实原文3).不要选择表层信息,1. ( 湖北 )It is fun to turn over a big rock on the beach. Make sure you turn the rock back to the position it was in after you moved it. If you dont turn it back over, all the sea animals under it or clinging to（依附）the underside will die. （1.5分钟） You can tell that rocks _. A. hurt sea animals B. protect sea animals C. wont be found on beaches D. cant be found on beaches,2. Humans have a very varied diet. We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us. In countries such as France and Britain, people eat foods with too much sugar. This makes them overweight, which is bad for their health. Eating too much red meat and animal products, such as butter, can also be bad for the health. Choosing the right food, therefore, has become an area of study in modern life.,Q: We can learn from the paragraph that_. food is chosen for a good reason B. French and British food is good C. some people have few choices of food D. some people care little about healthy diet,二、如何推断作者观点和态度：,1. Question forms: The writers attitude toward is_. The writer thought that_. According to the author _.,2.技巧点拨 注意作者表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。 肯定：certainly, no doubt, surely, 不太肯定：possibly，maybe, it is said that 情感色彩：great, terrific, wonderfully, sadly, shame,4.We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue(收益）. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmers is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!,Q: The attitude of the author toward advertisers is A. appreciative. B. trustworthy. C. critical. D. dissatisfactory.,5.（ 湖南 09）Why isnt your newspaper reporting any good news？All I read about is murder, bribery(行贿)，and death. Frankly，Im sick of all the bad news. This authors attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to _. A. complain B. apologize C. amuse D. inform,表达作者态度常用词汇小结：,approving 赞成的 critical 批评的 neutral 中立的 suspicious 怀疑的 worried 担忧的 depressed 沮丧的 subjective 主观的 objective 客观的 confident 有信心的 optimistic 乐观的 hostile 敌对的 pessimistic悲观的,negative 否定的，反对的 impressed 有深刻印象的 doubtful 不敢肯定的 indifferent漠不关心的persuasive 说服人的 interested 感兴趣的 factual 实事求是的 questioning 质问的 disapproval不赞成的 ironic讽刺的,三、如何推断写作目的,1. Question forms: (1) 考查整篇文章的写作目的 A. The writers purpose of writing this passage is to _. B. What is the purpose of writing this article? C. In writing the passage, the author intends to _.,主要考查整篇文章的写作目的和某处细节的写作意图,(2) 考查某处细节的写作意图 A. The writer uses the example ofto show that _. B. The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _. C. are mentioned in the first paragraph to _.,2. 常见的写作目的归纳 不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的, 但写作目的通常有以下三种： (1) to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑） (2) to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点） (3) to inform readers（告知读者某些信息）,常见于故事类的文章。to make people laugh; to tell an interesting experience,常见于广告类的文章。to sell a product or a service; to attract more visitors / readers / audience,多见于科普类新闻报道类文化类或社会类的文章.,6. （湖北 10）“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,” he said. （1.5分钟） The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _. A. test the readers knowledge about waves B. draw the readers attention to the topic C. show Jamie Taylors importance D. invite the readers to answer them,7.Honesty, my mum always used to tell me, is the best policy. Of course, this didint include her when she told me that if I didnt eat all my vegetables Father Christmas would find out and wouldnt give me any presents. But when it comes to medicine, I had assumed it was important to always be honest with my patients. After all, the doctor patient relationship is based on trust, and therefore honesty is essential, Or so I thought .,51.The purpose of the first two paragraphs is to show that the author . A. misunderstood the doctor-patient relationship B. was anxious to receive Christmas gifts C. regarded honesty as the best policy D. had an unhealthy eating habit,1. Question forms: The passage is most likely to be taken from_. Where would this passage most probably appear? The passage is most likely a part of _.,四、如何推断文章出处,2. 解题技巧 这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：(1)报纸 ：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称 (2)广告 ：因其格式特殊，容易辨认 (3)产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等,8. More than 30,000 drivers and front seat passengers are killed or seriously injured（受伤）each year. At a speed of only 30 miles per hour it is the same as falling from a third floor window. Wearing a seat belt（安全带）saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half. Therefore drivers or front seat passengers over 14 in most vehicles must wear a seat belt. If you do not, you could be fined up to $ 50. It will not be up to the drivers to make sure you wear your belt. But it will be the drivers responsibility（责任）to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing seat belt of some kind. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing（倒退）your vehicle or you are making a local delivery（发送）or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. Make sure these circumstances（情形）apply to you before you decide not to wear your seat belt. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it. （3分钟）（北京 10） This text is taken from _. A. a medical magazine B. a police report C. an advertisement（广告） D. a government information booklet （小册子）,More than 30,000 are killed or seriously injured（受伤）each year.,you could be fined up to $ 50,Remember you may be taken to court you may be fined ,解题技巧： 推测下文的内容：根据作者的思路进行推理 推测上文的内容：关注第一段，特别是文段 -开始的几句话。,五推断文脉逻辑关系,1)推断上下文内容 1. Question forms: The next paragraph would most probably deal with _ The paragraph preceding this one would most likely discuss _.,（主要包括推断上下文内容和推断篇章组织结构）,We have saved as a final set of emotions the two most important emotions (情感) towards other people: love and its opposite, hate. Love can be seen everywhere. Yet surprisingly, love has been the subject of less scientific research than other emotions, such as anger and fear. The reason for this may be two fold. First, love is a very complex (复杂的) emotion, difficult to describe and measure. Secondly, unlike many extreme emotions, extreme love is generally not a problem; thus less medical attention has been paid to it.,Q: In previous passage, the author has probably been discussing _. A. the two most important human emotions-love and hate B. some emotions that are only produced by animals C. some other sets of human emotions than of love and hate D. why love has been the subject of less scientific research,9（湖北 10） When early humans hunted and gathered food, they were not in control of their environment. They could only interact with their surroundings as lower organisms did. When humans learned to make fire, however, they became capable of altering their environment. To provide themselves with fuel they stripped bark from trees, causing the trees to die. Clearings were burned in forests to increase the growth of grass and to provide a greater grazing area for the wild animals that humans fed upon. This development led to farming and the domestication （驯服）of animals. Fire also provided the means for cooking plants which had previously been inedible不能吃的 . Only when the process of meeting the basic need for food reached a certain level of sophistication was it possible for humans to follow other pursuits such as the founding of cities. （3分钟） The paragraph following this passage would most likely be about _. A. fire B. hunting C. farming D. urbanization （城市化）,1.推断隐含意义,必须吃透相关文段的意思。 2.推断作者的写作意图，应当关注主题句,同时把握文章的体裁也可以推断作者的写作目的。 3.推断作者的观点，应当全面理解文章的内容及文章的中心思想。 4.推断文脉逻辑，必须特别关注作者的思路和段落组织方法，推断下文要注意最后一段的内容,尤其是最后的两三句话。,总结,误区警示：,选择文章中直接陈述的内容； 2. 凭空猜测； 3. 以自己的观点代替作者的想法； 4. 脱离原文主观臆断。,细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种： 1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? 2) The author mentions all of the following except . . . 3)Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 4)The writer mentions all of the items listed below except _. 5) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? 6) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage? 7) The reason for . . .is . . . 8) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) . 9)From the passage we know that _. 10)In the passage, the author states that _.,细节理解题： 细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-题，它们大多是根据 文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。这类题主要测试学生获取信息的能力及对文章提供的信息的理解能力。做这类题要求找出事实与特定细节，但文章的细节并不是孤立的，它们是服务于主题思想并相互联系的。需要注意的是题干和选项的表达一般都不采用语篇中的原话，而使用同义的词语,有时选项会原封不动地取自文章的某一部分，但可能由于语境不同或因其修饰词不同而产生不同涵义，致使考生理解错误。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关的部分进行细读，找出正确答案。,10. One theory is that wolves howl to bond better together. Its almost as if howling together helps the pack stay together. Perhaps something similar to people feeling a sense of involvement with each other when singing a song together . But this theory may be wrong, explains Fred H. Harington, a professor who studies wolf behavior.,What the possible similarity between wolves howling together and humans singing in chorus? A. The act of calling each other. B. The sense of accomplishment. C. The act of hunting for something. D. The sense of belonging to a group.,Recently. Edinburgh is faced with the problem of disposing of(处理)about 250,000 million tons of waster a year . Despite different ways to dispose of much of it in a green manner-largely through encouraging recycling-its aging facilities such as the Powderhall landfill do not have the ability to deal with it.,59. The main way of handling waste in a green manner in Edinburgh is . A. recycling B. restoring C. burying D. burning,My earliest memories of my father are of a tall , han-dsome , successful man devoted to his work and family but uncomfortable with his children . As a child I loved him , as a school girl and young adult I feared him and f