Chapter2Connectionwithotherbranches笔记见教材上朱的讲义.ppt

Chapter 2,Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics,1. With Phonetics:,Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. Without sound, there is no word because every word is a unity of sound and meaning.,超音位特征对语义搭配的影响在英语中是司空见惯的。例如： He is a French teacher. 孤立地来看French teacher，我们很难判别French在与teacher搭配时是什么意思。,但是在特定超音位的语境中，当我们赋予French一个主重音，Teacher一个次重音，这时，He is a French teacher就有了明确的意义，即：他是一位法语教师。,A French ,teacher teaches French.,如果我们赋予French一个次重音，teacher一个主重音，这时He is a French teacher中的French表示法国国籍：,A ,French teacher is French.,Atoy ,factory produces toys. A ,toy factory is a model of a factory used as a toy.,my old ,friend (old: long known or long familiar) 不可以转换成 : *My friend is old. my new ,friend 不可以转换成 : *My friend is new. a pure ,scientist 不可以转换成 : * The scientist is pure.,超切分特征传达了说话人的态度，即使是一个词，当被赋予不同的语调时，也会折射出说话人不同的态度： No ( a matter-of-fact statement) No (questioning) No (doubtful but encouraging ) No (indignant; emphatic prohibition and scolding),2.With grammar: Vocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another. In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary. Grammar tells us how to form words into sentences.,The vocabulary of a language assumes tremendous importance when it comes under the control of grammar, which is concerned with the modification in form of words and the combination of words into sentences.,A bit, a little A bit 和 a little只能用在表语位置上，若与表示“令人不快”意思的形容词连用，则含有“过分”的意思： The weather is a bit (too) hot. *The weather is a bit lovely. *a bit hot weather,Find fault with: 有些成语可以进行某些转换，而不允许其他转换： He found fault with them. 这一短语可以进行被动转换： Fault was found with them.,但是，跟He sought help from them.不一样， “He found fault with them”中的名词是不可以变换为代名词的。以He sought help from them.为基础，我们可以转换出 “He didnt seek it from me,和 “What did he seek from you?;但是，根据He found fault with them ,我们不能转换出： *We didnt find it with me *What did he find with you.,Certainly certainly作为强调语不能用在否定结构之中，如： *Do they certainly want him to go?,Badly Badly常作方式附加状语使用。方式附加状语通常是信息的中心。如果方式附加状语是动词的必具性状语，它就只能处于句末的位置，如： They treated me very badly. *They very badly treated me. He put the point badly. *He badly put the point.,但是在被动语态中，badly既可以紧放在过去分词之前，也可以紧放在过去分词之后，如： They were badly treated. They were treated badly. Badly作为增强语通常和need,want连用,不和wish 连用,如: *I badly wished him to go.,able When “able” is used predicatively, or when it is used as a modifier of another noun,it can be collocated with “very, really, quite”,not the words “perfectly, well, totally”,e.g.,Mary is very (really, quite) able. Mary is a very (really, quite) able student. *Mary is perfectly (well, totally) able. *Mary is a perfectly (well, totally) able student.,But in the pattern,“be able to do sth.”, it can not be collocated with “very”. It can,however, collocate with the words “really, quite, perfectly, well, totally”, for example: *Mary is very able to give the lecture. Mary is really (quite, perfectly, well, totally) able to give the lecture.,3.With semantics:,Absolutely Absolutely作为强调语修饰动词时往往会受到限制。它常要求它的谓体具有某种夸张的含义，如： In her anger, she absolutely screamed at him. *In her anger, she absolutely spoke to him.,The donkey ate hay. *The donkey ate silence.,girl boy boy man woman car pretty flower handsome typewriter garden overcoat color airliner,pretty +delicacy, +superficial, -manliness, -big, -dignity handsome +vigor, +dignity, +big, +manliness,4.With Stylistics: Stylistics is the study of optional variations in the sounds, forms, or vocabulary of a language as characteristic of different uses of language, different situations of use, or different literary types.,Lexicology studies stylistic variants on the basis of meanings of words and their changes: synonyms, antonyms, figures of speech, etc. Only words with similar stylistic meanings can be used together.,Anglo-Saxon Norman French Latin/ Greek ask question interrogate thin spare emaciated folk people nation fair beautiful attractive hearty cordial cardiac,leech doctor physician rise mount ascend book volume text help aid assistance fear terror trepidation eat consume devour,In legal language: General Specia