从句类型-定语从句.ppt

从句类型定语从句,定语从句,在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫定语从句。它的作用是限制、描绘或说明、补充主句中的某一单词、短语、另一从句或整个主句。,.限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句,定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。两者之间有以下几个方面的区别。 1.一般情况下，限定性定语从句紧接先行项，中间没有逗号，口语中没有停顿。而非限定性定语从句则有逗号隔开，口语中有停顿。这是限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句表面结构上的区别。 Examples: A man who doesnt learn from others cant hope to achieve much. This book was written by Xu Wu, who wrote many books and articles on the subject. 2.限定性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果将它省略，主句意思将不完整。而非限定性定语从句的修饰作用减弱，而主要对主句中某个词、词组或整句进一步补足说明，如果省略该从句，也不致影响主句的完整性。 Examples: The microorganisms which cause disease are pathogenic. The microorganisms causing disease are pathogenic, which means disease-producing.,3. 同一个句子带有限定性定语从句或非限定性定语从句在意义上有细微区别。 Examples: I have two sisters who are still at school. I have two sisters, who are still at school. 4. 限制性定语从句所修饰的词也就是先行词通常为名词或代词，但不包括专有名词；非限制性定语从句所修饰的可以是名词（包括专有名词）、短语、另一从句或整个句子。 Examples: Is that the woman who wants to buy your car? Ive just met that Mrs.Smith-Perkis, who wants to buy your car. She said that her son would become an artist, which I thought possible. Tom is very active in sports, which his sister rarely is. He wore his swimming things in the office, which shocked his boss a great deal.,5. 限制性定语从句的主要作用是修饰其先行词；而非限定性定语从句除了可以起修饰作用外，它还可以起延续叙述作用和明确，注释作用。 Examples: The human body is composed of many organs, each of which has a special job to do. The process is called phagocytosis, by which is meant the ability to destroy the invading bacteria by engulfing them. 6. 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的另一区另在于前者的关系代词有时可以省略，而后者的关系代词无论作从句的主语还是宾语都不能省略。 Examples: The speech which had been given by him was a great success. The speech which he made was a great success. The Victoria Line, which was opened in 1969, was Londons first complete new tube for 60 years. The Victoria Line, which the Queen opened in 1969, was Londons first complete new tube for 60 years.,.关系词的运用与选择,连接和引导定语从句的关系词有：which, who, that, whom, whose, when, where, why, how. 还有可以当作关系代词使用的准关系代词 as, but, than 1.常规关系词的使用与选择 先行词是人时，关系代词用 who 表示主格，whose 表示所有格，whom表示受格。先行词是人以外之事物时，关系代词用which表示主格和受格，whose表示所有格。 Examples: I am looking for a foreign specialist whose name is George Brown. The doctor whom you consulted is a heart specialist 2.关系代词 that 的使用 在限制性定语从句中，一般情况下，that可以代替关系代词who, whom, 和which. 在下列情形下则必须用that代替who，whom或which. 先行词前面有最高级形容词或序数词时： Examples: He is the first person that has climbed to the top of the mountain. The first thing that we should do now is to fulfill the task as early as possible.,先行词前面有the only, the very, the same及no, all, every等形容词修饰时： The only ticket that may be available now has been booked. No animals and practically no plants that are not green would have the food they need if it were not for green plants. 当先行词all, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, best时: Examples: There is something that I should like to call your attention to. There was little that he could do for us.,.准关系代词as, but和than,1.准关系代词as 用作关系代词的as 通常要与such, the same, as 一起连用，如： I will take the same bus as you have. He spoke in such an angry tone as everybody was annoyed. Such points as he stressed in his speech are to be discussed at the next meeting. As much money as is necessary must be collected. 在same之后的关系代词可以接as， 也可以接 that, 接that时通常指同一物，而接as时则指同一类。 This is the same house that I have sold out. This is the same house as I have sold out. As还可以单独使用，此时as代表主句的整个概念，例如： All living things are made of cells, as we have learnt before. Are pure and applied science two totally different activities, having little or no interconnection, as is often implied?,As 与 which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别 1 在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。 2 在意义上，as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如”，“就像”，而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，which可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which。 Examples: 1He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. 正如我们所料，他又迟到了。/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。 2 The street hasnt been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. 街道好多星期没有打扫了，因此整条街很脏。（不用as） 3The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful. 那年轻人诈骗了他朋友许多钱财，这是不光彩的。（不 用as） 4He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health. 他每天运动，这对他的身体很有好处。（不用as） 5As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner. 正如已经指出的那样，英语对于初学者说，是相当难学的。在suchas、the sameas、 as、 as many/much as等结构中,as不能用which代替。,3. 准关系代词but 用作关系代词的but含有否定的意思，相当于thatnot的意思，而且通常与含否定意义的主句连用，如： There is no rule but has exceptions. There is no one in our class but knows Professor Wang. There was no one present but knows the secret already. 4. 准关系代词than 用作关系代词的than前面通常有比较级的字或词，如： He achieved much better result than was expected. There may be more importance in it than would seem.,Excises: 1.In front of the engine is a fan, the purpose of _ is to draw air through the radiator to cool the water. 2.Alexander performed such deeds _ had never been seen in the world before. 3.When the weary little army saw that the enemy were beginning to retreat, they raised such a cheer _ made their wounded general weep with joy. 4.Modern statesmen are often faced with the same problems _ the ancient Romans. 5.None came to him _ were treated. =who were not treated) 6.The class, _is in the charge of Mr. Li . is going to win the game, I think. 7.The class, _have just gone through their annual physical examination, turn out quite healthy.,.非限制性定语从句中关系代词的选择,1.一般来说，非限定定语从句的关系词由which, who, whom, whose来充当，例如： My brother stayed in Beijing for two months, during which time I wrote him a letter. We came within the sight of the mountain, whose summit has attracted so many climbers. Tom, who is said to have fallen ill, wont come to join us in the chorus. The damaged ship, whose crew had been saved, was completely drowned.,2.关系副词where和when也能引导非限定性定语从句： On earth, where fog or rain would interfere with transmission, lasers would have to be beamed through evacuated pipelines to prevent power loss. I am seeing the manager on Monday, when he will be back from Shanghai. 准关系代词也可以引导非限定性定语从句，这种定语从句可以位于句首、句中、句尾，例： It was a stupid thing to do, as he latter admitted.,.先行词为集体名词时关系词的选择,定语从句中先行词如果是既可表示团体又可表示个人的集体名词时，关系代词的选择应根据该集体名词的意义而定。当该集体名词指整个群体时，用which；而当其强调个体成员时用who或whom，例如： Our Association, which has consistently pressed for greater employment opportunities for the disabled, will publish its proposals in the near future. Englands team, who are now superbly fit, will be doing their best next week to revenge themselves for last years defeat. 诸如此类的集体名词还有：class, club, committee, company, government, group, society等。,.带介词的定语从句,1.关系代词which, whom和that 都可作介词宾语，但关系代词that 作介词宾语时，介词一般不要放在之前。 如： In the attempt to control inflation by eliminating social programs, there are ethical limits beyond which many economists and politicians are reluctant to go. Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other. 2.通常情况下，在正式文体中，介词位于关系代词之前，在非正式文体或口语中，介词位于句尾。 Partly because of his influence in politics, Konald is a man with whom you will be glad to be acquainted. I have read the poem which she is speaking of. 3.但是当介词与从句中的动词没有依赖关系时，无论在何种文体中，介词都必须于关系代词之前。例如： Sir Winston Churchill was British Prime Minister from 1940 to 1945, during which time he played a decisive role in the conduct of the Second World War.,4.在非限制定语从句中，介词通常位于关系代词之前。并且介词后的关系代词which可以指代整个主句或主句的一部分，例如： She was treated with antibiotics, after which her temperature returned to normal. He may have an acute infection, in which case he will have to be treated with antibiotics.,.关系词的省略,关系代词或关系副词的省略仅限于限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系词不能省略。关系词的省略通常有下列几种情况： 1.当关系代词在从句中作宾语、表语时；或者关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，介词又在句尾时，关系代词可省略。例如： Cathy arrived so late that she could not find anyone to carry the luggage that she brought. The friend who I was traveling with is a doctor. The earth that we live on is a big round ball. She is no longer the girl that she was when I saw her three years ago. China today is no longer the country that it was in the past. 2.当定语从句修饰的先行词是that, all, only, everything, something, nothing等代词，或者先行词是time, moment, way (anyway), direction, distance等名词时，关系代词也可以省略。 Is there anything that I can help with you? The accident took place at the exact moment when they were crossing the road. English words are not always spelled the way that they sound.,3.当定语从句修饰的先行词前有一个最高级的形容词修饰时，或先行词前有only, any, all, first, no, last等限定词修饰时，关系代词that也可省略。例如： Thats the only food they have left us. Alice was the first girl you talked to when you got here. 4.当定语从句为there be 句型时，作主语的that可省略。 She taught me the difference that there is between what is right and what is wrong. She has read all the books there are on the bookshelf. 5.在口语中常常省略关系副词when, why 和 that. That was the day when he received his first prize. Can you tall me the reason why/ that you were absent yesterday?,Of all the diseases _ beset the human race, leprosy is by far the hardest to bear. It is usually disfiguring, often crippling, and not uncommonly fatal. _ distinguishes leprosy from all other ailment is not the physiological dissolution that its victims must frequently endure, _ the fear, horror, and violent loathing it excites_ others. The belief _ leprosy makes its victims unfit for either the sympathy or the soci