课件：果品蔬菜采后病虫害.ppt

Review,减压贮藏,通风库贮藏,机械冷库贮藏,简易贮藏,辐照处理,臭氧,气候,电离,保藏,常温,Mechanical cold warehouse storage,Ventilating warehouse storage,Simple storage,Hyhobaric storage,Irradiation treatment,ozone,climate,ionization,preservation,Ambient temperature,2019,-,1,Review,制冷剂,硫磺熏蒸,消毒,绝缘系统,压缩机,冷凝器,蒸发器,膨胀阀,散热器,制冷循环,disinfection,Sulfur fumigation,Insulation system,refrigerant,compressor,condenser,evaporator,Expansion valve,radiator,Refrigeration cycle,2019,-,2,Review,氧气,气调贮藏,二氧化碳,卫生,氮气,乙烯,合成,微生物生长,叶绿素,分解、降解,Carbon dioxide,Controlled atmosphere storage,hygiene,Oxygen,nitrogen,ethyene,synthesis,Microbial growth,chlorophyll,decomposition,2019,-,3,Review,冷链,跃变型果实,非跃变型果实,抑制呼吸,风味,气味,发酵,自发气调贮藏,气密性,Non-climacteric fruits,Climacteric fruits,Inhibition of respiration,Cold/cool chain,metabolism,flavour,odour,fermentation,Modified atmosphere,Gas tightness,新陈代谢,2019,-,4,第七章 果蔬采后病害及其防治,Chapter 7 Disease control,2019,-,5,Postharvest loss of fruit and vegetables,According to statistics, the annual loss of fruit production accounted for 10 - 20% of total production , in some areas as high as 30 - 40%. What cause post-harvest loss of fruits and vegetables ?,2019,-,6,一.由于致病微生物的侵染导致的腐烂 Decay that infected by pathogenic microorganisms,Especially from the wound; Resistance to diseases deceases;,2019,-,7,二、自然损耗 Natural loss,由于本身的呼吸作用、蒸腾作用等，维持其采后生命活动大量地消耗了内含物质(其释放出的能量又可维持生命）导致衰败，失去使用价值。 Respiration, transpiration, etc. To maintain its postharvest life Consumption of its own nutrition Lead to decline and loss 贮藏可以减少消耗，以延迟衰败的到来，延长采后生命。 Storage can reduce the consumption, delay the arrival of the decline and extend the post-harvest life.,2019,-,8,三.贮藏环境不得当 Bad storage environment,Cold storage temperature the temperature should be appropriate to prevent chilling injury. Air composition Prevent high concentration of CO2 injury. Humidity Low RH wilting(萎蔫） physiological disorders decay,2019,-,9,Contents,7.1Pathological diseases (infectious diseases)病理病害（侵染性病害） 7.2 Physiological diseases (non- infectious diseases)生理病害（非侵染性病害） 7.3 Insects pest 虫害,2019,-,10,7.1Pathological diseases (infectious diseases) 病理病害（侵染性病害）,2019,-,11,Introduction,Postharvest diseases of fruit and vegetables are caused by infections with fungi and bacteria. Virus infections can cause diseases, which manifest(显示，出现） themselves postharvest, but these are rare.,2019,-,12,Introduction,Fungi and bacteria can exist as either parasites（寄生） or saprophytes（腐生）. The former feed from living matter and the latter from dead organic matter.,2019,-,13,Introduction,Parasites can be obligate （专性寄生的）or facultative(兼生的）. Obligate parasites can only survive on living hosts, generally only attack a limited rang of hosts and are very difficult or impossible to grow on artificial culture media.,2019,-,14,Introduction,Facultative parasites can adapt to live on dead organic matter, often have a wide host range and can easily be cultured on artificial media.,2019,-,15,Introduction,Most fungi require an acidic (pH 2.5-6) environment in whereas bacteria thrive best in neutral conditions and only a few species can grow at levels below pH 4.5. Bacteria therefore do not usually infect fruit, which are acidic, normally only vegetables and flower.,2019,-,16,7.1 侵染性病害 Infection Diseases,7.1.1 病源微生物(Pathogenic micoorganisms) 7.1.2 侵染过程(The infection process) 7.1.3 防治措施 ( Prevention methods),2019,-,17,Introduction,Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular in the case of yeasts, but most fungi are made up of hyphae（菌丝） that are multicellulars filamentous（细丝状的） thread-like structures, which can form a dense, fluffy（蓬松的） mass, called mycelium（菌丝）.,2019,-,18,7.1.1 病源微生物(Pathogenic micoorganisms),真菌 (Fungi) 细菌( Bacteria),2019,-,19,（一）真菌 (Fungi),1. 鞭毛菌亚门(Mastigomycotina) 2. 接合菌亚门(Zygomycotina) 3. 子囊菌亚门(Hscomycotina) 4. 半知菌亚门(Deuteromycoyina),2019,-,20,（一）真菌 (Fungi)-鞭毛菌亚门(Mastigomycotina),疫霉属(Phytophthora de Bary) 霜疫霉属(Peronophythora),2019,-,21,鞭毛菌亚门,(1)疫霉属(Phytophthora de Bary),特征 (characteristics)：土壤传染( Soil-borne) 症状(symptom)：产品病部开始出现水渍状， 局部变色，然后扩展使整个 瓜果腐烂，长出白霉状物。,2019,-,22,草莓皮状腐烂病(Pericarp rot in green strawberries ),疫霉属(Phytophthora de Bary) 采前侵染,2019,-,23,柑橘褐腐病 Citrus fruit brown rot),疫霉属(Phytophthora de Bary) 采前侵染,2019,-,24,番木瓜疫霉蒂腐(Phytophthora stem-end rot of papaya木瓜),ppai,疫霉属(Phytophthora de Bary) 采前侵染,2019,-,25,Bartlett 梨疫腐(Phytophthora in Bartlett pear ）,疫霉属(Phytophthora de Bary) 采前侵染,2019,-,26,马铃薯晚疫病(Late blight 枯萎病of potato) (external),疫霉属(Phytophthora de Bary) 采前侵染,2019,-,27,马铃薯晚疫病(Late blight of potato) (internal),疫霉属(Phytophthora de Bary) 采前侵染,2019,-,28,(2)霜疫霉属(Peronophythora),特征(characteristics)：土壤传染，高温高湿易发病，低温可控制发病。 Soil-borne, high temperature and humidity easily cause the disease; Low temperature can control the diseases. 症状(Symptoms)：果蒂开始出现不规则，无明显边缘的褐色 病斑，潮湿时长出白色霉层，病斑扩展迅速，全果变褐，果肉发酸成浆，溢出褐水。,2019,-,29,荔枝霜疫霉病Litchi Peronophythora,霜疫霉属(Peronophythora) 采前侵染,2019,-,30,接合菌亚门(Zygomycotina),根霉属 (Rhizopus) 毛霉属(Mucor Mich.Ex.Fr.),2019,-,31,(1) 根霉属(Rhizopus Ehrenb. Ex. Corda),特征(Characteristics)：病菌通过伤口或自然开孔入侵，低温可抑制病害发生。 症状(symptom)：开始表现为水渍状圆形小斑，逐渐变成褐色，病斑表面长出蓬松发达的灰白色菌丝体，有匍匐丝(stonlon)和假根(rhizoid)。病部组织软化，易破，有酸味。,2019,-,32,油桃(nectarine)软腐病Rhizopus rot in nectarine,根霉属(Rhizopus) 采收或采后侵染,2019,-,33,茄子软腐病Rhizopus rot in eggplant,根霉属(Rhizopus) 采收或采后侵染,2019,-,34,Nest of Rhizopus-infected peaches,根霉属(Rhizopus) 采收或采后侵染,2019,-,35,桃根霉腐病(Rhizopus rot in packed peaches),根霉属(Rhizopus) 采收或采后侵染,2019,-,36,草莓根霉腐病(Rhizopus rot of ripe or near-ripe strawberries),根霉属(Rhizopus) 采收或采后侵染,2019,-,37,哈密瓜根霉腐病(Rhizopus rot of cantaloupe),kntlu:p,2019,-,38,(2)毛霉属(Mucor Mich.Ex.Fr.),特征(characteristics)：病菌通过伤口入侵，低温下也可发生。 症状(symptoms)：病果表皮变成深褐色，焦干状，病斑下的果肉变成灰白或褐色，逐渐变软和水化，但没有臭味。,mju:k,2019,-,39,草莓毛霉病Mucor rot in strawberry,毛霉属(Mucor Mich.Ex.Fr.) 采收或采后侵染,2019,-,40,Mucor rot nesting in strawberry basket,毛霉属(Mucor Mich.Ex.Fr.) 采收或采后侵染,2019,-,41,子囊菌亚门(Hscomycotina),核盘菌属(Sclerotinia Fuck.) 链核盘菌属（Monilinia Honey）,2019,-,42,(1)核盘菌属(Sclerotinia Fuck.),特征：潜伏期长，低温下仍可发生，并可通过腐烂果实接触传染。 症状：病部组织出现水渍状褐色病斑，上面长出棉絮状的白色菌丝，并出现黑色的菌核，病部组织变软， 汁液外流，无臭味。,2019,-,43,黄瓜白霉病,核盘菌属(Sclerotinia Fuck.) 采前侵染,2019,-,44,辣椒白霉病Pepper white mold,核盘菌属(Sclerotinia） 采前侵染,2019,-,45,板栗黑腐病Black rot of chestnut,核盘菌属(Sclerotinia） 采前侵染,2019,-,46,柠檬核盘菌腐病(Sclerotinia rot of stored lemons),核盘菌属(Sclerotinia） 采前侵染,2019,-,47,胡萝卜白腐病(White rot of carrot),核盘菌属(Sclerotinia） 采前侵染,2019,-,48,芹菜红腐病(Pink rot of celery),核盘菌属(Sclerotinia） 采前侵染,2019,-,49,(2)链核盘菌属(Monilinia Honey),特征（Characteristics）：低温下仍可传染，并可通过腐烂果实接触传染。(采前侵染） 症状（Symptoms)：果实受害初期病部为浅褐色软腐状小斑，数日内迅速扩大及全果，果肉松软，病斑表面长出灰褐色绒状菌丝，上面产生褐色或灰白色孢子，呈同心圆的轮纹状排列。,2019,-,50,樱桃褐腐病Cherry brown rot,链核盘菌属(Monilinia Honey) 采前侵染 infection before harvest,2019,-,51,油桃褐腐病Nectarine brown rot,nektrin,链核盘菌属(Monilinia Honey) 采前侵染 infection before harvest,2019,-,52,采前油桃褐腐病(Brown rot in nectarines before harvest),链核盘菌属(Monilinia Honey) 采前侵染 infection before harvest,2019,-,53,Brown rot nest of peaches,2019,-,54,指甲伤口处的油桃褐腐病(Brown rot in fingernail wound in nectarine),2019,-,55,桃蒂腐(Stem-end rot of peach),2019,-,56,半知菌亚门(Deuteromycoyina),（1）交链孢菌属（Alternaria Nees ex Walls.) （2）葡萄孢霉属 (Botrytis Pers.ex Fr) （3）刺盘孢菌属(Colletotrichum Cords) 盘圆孢菌属(Gloesoporium Desm et Mont) （4）镰刀菌属（Fusarium Link Fr.) （5）地霉属(Geotrichum Link ex Sau. （6）青霉属(Penicillium Link ex Fr.),2019,-,57,(1）交链孢菌属（Alternaria Nees ex Walls.),特征：通过伤口或自然开孔入侵，潜伏期长。 症状：黑腐病、黑心病等、瓜果上病部呈 褐色圆斑，稍凹陷，外有淡褐色晕环， 逐渐扩大变黑，病斑上有黑褐色霉状 物，果肉变黑，坏死，海绵状。,2019,-,58,茄子黑腐病 Eggplant black rot,交链孢菌属（Alternaria Nees ex Walls.) 采前侵染,2019,-,59,花椰菜黑点病Black spot disease of cauliflower,交链孢菌属 （Alternaria Nees ex Walls.) 采前侵染,2019,-,60,Yellow Newtown 苹果腐烂(伴有日灼) (Alternaria rot in Yellow Newtown apple with delayed sunscald),交链孢菌属 （Alternaria Nees ex Walls.) 采前侵染,2019,-,61,受冷Yellow Newtown苹果的蒂腐 (Alternaria stem-end rot in chilled Yellow Newtown apple),交链孢菌属 （Alternaria Nees ex Walls.) 采前侵染,2019,-,62,李子链格孢腐(Alternaria rot of plum),交链孢菌属 （Alternaria Nees ex Walls.) 采前侵染,2019,-,63,努比亚李子链格孢腐(Alternaria rot of Nubiana plum),交链孢菌属 （Alternaria Nees ex Walls.) 采前侵染,2019,-,64,猕猴桃萼片上生长的链格孢(Alternaria alternata growing over kiwifruit sepals萼片 ),2019,-,65,晒伤猕猴桃的链格孢腐(Alternaria rot in sunburned kiwifruit),交链孢菌属 （Alternaria Nees ex Walls.) 采前侵染,2019,-,66,柚子蒂腐(Alternaria stem-end rot of grapefruit),交链孢菌属 （Alternaria Nees ex Walls.) 采前侵染,2019,-,67,柑橘链格孢腐(Alternaria rot of orange),交链孢菌属 （Alternaria Nees ex Walls.) 采前侵染,2019,-,68,冷处理后的番木瓜链格孢腐(Alternaria rot of papaya followling chilling),交链孢菌属 （Alternaria Nees ex Walls.) 采前侵染,2019,-,69,（2）葡萄孢霉属(Botrytis Pers.ex Fr),特征（Characteristics)：病菌在田间时入侵，潜伏期长，且病菌极耐低温，造成园艺产品腐烂损失严重。 症状(symptoms)：灰霉病，侵染组织呈浅褐色，病斑软化，迅速扩展，上面产生灰褐色的孢子，有时有黑色的菌核出现。,2019,-,70,梨灰霉病 Grey mold in pear,葡萄孢霉属(Botrytis Pers.ex Fr) 采前侵染,2019,-,71,草莓灰霉病gray mold in strawberry,葡萄孢霉属(Botrytis Pers.ex Fr) 采前侵染,2019,-,72,Beaurre dAnjou 梨灰霉病(Gray mold rot of Beaurre dAnjou pear),葡萄孢霉属(Botrytis Pers.ex Fr) 采前侵染,2019,-,73,猕猴桃蒂腐病(Botrytis setm-end rot of the kiwifrutit）,葡萄孢霉属(Botrytis Pers.ex Fr) 采前侵染,2019,-,74,Nest of kiwifruit rotted by Botrytis cineraea,葡萄孢霉属(Botrytis Pers.ex Fr) 采前侵染,2019,-,75,草莓灰霉腐烂不同的表现症状(Various aspects of Botrytis rot in strawberry）,2019,-,76,贮藏在0 的葡萄灰霉病(Gray mold rot in grapes stored at 0）,葡萄孢霉属(Botrytis Pers.ex Fr) 采前侵染,2019,-,77,柑橘灰霉病(Botrytis rot of orange),葡萄孢霉属(Botrytis Pers.ex Fr) 采前侵染,2019,-,78,胡萝卜灰霉病(Botrytis rot of carrot),葡萄孢霉属(Botrytis Pers.ex Fr) 采前侵染,2019,-,79,西瓜灰霉蒂腐(Botrytis stem-end rot of watermelon),葡萄孢霉属 (Botrytis Pers.ex Fr) 采前侵染,2019,-,80,洋葱颈腐病(Neck rot of oion),葡萄孢霉属(Botrytis Pers.ex Fr) 采前侵染,2019,-,81,（3）刺盘孢菌属(Colletotrichum Cords)和盘圆孢菌属(Gloesoporium Desm et Mont),特征：病菌在田间入侵，主要危害成熟果实，贮运期间发病严重。 症状：炭疽病（anthracnose ），发病初期果实表面出现浅褐色圆形小斑，迅速扩大，呈深褐色，稍凹陷皱褶，病斑呈同心轮纹状排列，湿度大时，溢出粉红色黏液。,2019,-,82,芒果果炭疽病Anthracnose on mango,刺盘孢菌属(Colletotrichum Cords) 和盘圆孢菌属(Gloesoporium Desm et Mont) 采前侵染,2019,-,83,田间草莓的炭疽病(Anthracnose on strawberry in the field),刺盘孢菌属(Colletotrichum Cords) 和盘圆孢菌属(Gloesoporium Desm et Mont) 采前侵染,2019,-,84,鳄梨炭疽病(Anthracnose of avocado),刺盘孢菌属(Colletotrichum Cords) 和盘圆孢菌属(Gloesoporium Desm et Mont) 采前侵染,2019,-,85,Meyer柠檬炭疽病(Anthracnose of Meyer lemon),刺盘孢菌属(Colletotrichum Cords) 和盘圆孢菌属(Gloesoporium Desm et Mont) 采前侵染,2019,-,86,香蕉炭疽病(Anthracnose of banana),刺盘孢菌属(Colletotrichum Cords) 和盘圆孢菌属(Gloesoporium Desm et Mont) 采前侵染,2019,-,87,芒果炭疽蒂腐病(Anthracnose stem-end rot of mango),刺盘孢菌属(Colletotrichum Cords) 和盘圆孢菌属(Gloesoporium Desm et Mont) 采前侵染,2019,-,88,番木瓜炭疽病(Anthracnose of papaya),刺盘孢菌属(Colletotrichum Cords) 和盘圆孢菌属(Gloesoporium Desm et Mont) 采前侵染,2019,-,89,（4）镰刀菌属（Fusarium Link Fr.),特征：主要侵染蔬菜和观赏植物，是引起土豆干腐病，洋葱和大蒜蒂腐，生姜和甜瓜白霉病的病原菌。病菌可在不同时期入侵，但发病主要在贮藏期间。低温可控制病菌生长。 症状：受害组织开始为浅褐色斑块，上面出现白色的霉菌丝，逐渐变成深褐色的菌丛，病部组织呈海绵软木质状。有粉红色菌丝体和粉红色腐烂组织。,2019,-,90,香蕉镰刀菌蒂腐病（Furarium blossom-end disease of banana),镰刀菌属（Fusarium Link Fr.),2019,-,91,洋葱镰刀菌基腐病(Fusarium basal rot of onion),镰刀菌属（Fusarium Link Fr.),2019,-,92,洋葱鳞茎腐烂(Fusarium bulb rot of onion),镰刀菌属（Fusarium Link Fr.),2019,-,93,（5）地霉属Geotrichum Link ex Sau.,特征（Characteristics)：病菌从伤口或裂口入侵，高温高湿下易发病，低温可抑制病菌生长。 症状(Symptoms)：“酸腐”，开始为水浸状褐斑，组织软化，逐渐扩大至全果，果皮破裂，病斑表面有一层奶油色黏性菌层，上有灰白色孢子，果肉腐烂酸臭，溢出酸味水状物，产生白霉。,2019,-,94,脐橙酸腐病(Sour rot of navel orange),地霉属Geotrichum Link ex Sau. 采收或采后侵染,2019,-,95,甜瓜酸腐病(Sour rot of melon),地霉属Geotrichum Link ex Sau. 采收或采后侵染,2019,-,96,甜瓜酸腐病的发展(Sour rot development of melon),地霉属Geotrichum Link ex Sau. 采收或采后侵染,2019,-,97,（6）青霉属（Penicillium）,特征（Characteristics)：通过伤口或自然开孔入侵，并可通过病果传染。 症状(Symptoms)：侵染初期果品组织呈水浸状，迅速发展，病部先有白色菌丝，上面长出青、绿色孢子，绿霉病菌的孢子层与菌丝体的边缘有较宽的白色菌丝带，边缘不规则，而青霉病菌的孢子层与菌丝体的边缘则只有2mm宽，边缘较清晰。,2019,-,98,Bartlett梨青霉病(Blue mold rot in ripe Bartlett pear),青霉属（Penicillium） 采收或采后侵染,2019,-,99,Granny smith 苹果青霉蒂腐病 (Stem-end blue mold rot of Granny smith apple),青霉属（Penicillium） 采收或采后侵染,2019,-,100,Beurre dAnjou 梨青霉蒂腐病(Stem-end blue mold rot ot Beurre dAnjou pear,青霉属（Penicillium） 采收或采后侵染,2019,-,101,贮藏在0的油桃青霉病(Blue mold rot of nectarines stored at 0 ,青霉属（Penicillium） 采收或采后侵染,2019,-,102,猕猴桃青霉蒂腐病(Penicillium stem-end rot of kiwifruit),青霉属（Penicillium） 采收或采后侵染,2019,-,103,贮藏在0的葡萄青霉病(Penicillium rot in grapes stored at 0 ),2019,-,104,柑橘的青腐和绿腐(Blue and green rots in orange）,2019,-,105,番茄的各种真菌性病害,Fungal diseases of tomato,2019,-,106,番茄链格孢腐病 (Alternaria alternata) 半知菌亚门,黑斑病、黑覆病 black rot,2019,-,107,番茄轮纹斑果腐 (Phytopthora spp.) 疫霉属(鞭毛菌亚门),2019,-,108,番茄假斑病 (Botrytis cinerea)灰霉病 葡萄孢霉属(半知菌亚门),2019,-,109,番茄酸腐病 (Geotrichum candidum) 地霉属(半知菌亚门),早期症状,2019,-,110,番茄酸腐病 (Geotrichum candidum),晚期症状,2019,-,111,番茄根霉腐病 (Rhizopus stolonifer)软腐病 匍枝根霉(接合菌亚门),早期症状,2019,-,112,番茄根霉腐病(Rhizopus stolonifer),晚期症状,2019,-,113,番茄炭疽病 (Colletotrichum spp.) 刺盘孢菌属(半知菌亚门),2019,-,114,番茄镰刀菌腐病 (Fusarium spp.) 半知菌亚门,2019,-,115,柑橘的各种真菌性病害,Fungal diseases of citrus,2019,-,116,柑橘的蓝腐和绿腐(Blue and green rots in orange） 青霉属(半知菌亚门),2019,-,117,柚子蒂腐 交链格孢菌属半知菌亚门,2019,-,118,Meyer柠檬炭疽病 刺盘孢菌属(半知菌亚门),2019,-,119,柑桔酸腐病 (Geotrichum candidum) 地霉属(半知菌亚门),2019,-,120,柑桔灰霉病 (Botrytis cinerea) 葡萄孢霉属(半知菌亚门),2019,-,121,柑橘褐色蒂腐病(Phomopsis stem-end rot of orange) 拟茎点霉属(半知菌亚门),2019,-,122,柑桔木霉菌腐病 (Trichoderma viride),2019,-,123,（二）细菌,1.欧氏杆菌（Erwinia spp) 症状：基本相似，感病组织开始为水浸状斑点，在条件适宜时迅速扩大，引起组织全部软化腐烂，并产生不愉快气味。 (1) 大白菜软腐病杆菌 (2) 黑胫病杆菌 2.假单孢杆菌(Pseudomonsa spp.),2019,-,124,胡萝卜细菌软腐病(Bacterial soft rot of carrot),2019,-,125,芹菜叶细菌软腐病(Bacterial soft rot of celery leaflet）,2019,-,126,芹菜叶柄细菌软腐病(Bacterial soft rot of celery petiole),petiul,2019,-,127,生菜细菌软腐病(Bacterial soft rot of lettuce),2019,-,128,洋葱细菌软腐病(Bacterial soft rot of onion),2019,-,129,马铃薯细菌软腐病(Bacterial soft rot of potato),2019,-,130,7.1.2侵染的过程(The infection process),孢子的萌发（Spore germination） 孢子的传播（Spore dissemination） 开始穿透果实（Initial fruit penetration） 组织入侵和腐烂（Tissue invasion and rotting） 重新形成孢子（Sporulation）,.sp:rjlein,.sp-,潜育期,侵入期,侵入期,发病期,2019,-,131,7.1.3 影响侵染性病害的因素 Factors of infectious diseases,(一）机械损伤（mechanical damage） should be avoided (二） 温度（temerature） appopriate low temperature is suitable (三）湿度（humidity） high R.H。is better (四）气体成分（gas composition） High CO2 inhibit microbial growth, but also cause physiological disorders.(when CO210%）,2019,-,132,（五）采收前田间病害侵染状况 (preharvest conditions) Initial micribial number （六）果蔬的生物学特性(Biological characteristics) Disease resistance abilities are different among different kind of fruits and vegetables,7.1.3 影响侵染性病害的因素 Factors of infectious diseases,2019,-,133,7.1.4 Infectious Disease Control 侵染性病害的防治措施,7.1.4.1. 物理防治(physical control) 7.1.4.2. 化学防治(chemical control) 7.1.4.3. 生物防治(biological control) 7.1.4.4. 综合防治( integrative control),2019,-,134,7.1.4.1物理防治(physical control),低温处理(low temperature treatment) 气调处理(CA treatment) 热处理(heat treatment) 其它处理(other) 辐射处理(irradiation) 射线处理(-ray) X射线处理(X-ray) 紫外线处理(ultraviolet radiation),2019,-,135,7.1.3.2化学防治(chemical control),1) 使用方法(Chemical application methods): 喷洒(sprays) 浸泡(dipping) 熏蒸(fumigation),2019,-,136,喷洒(sprays),Spraying fruit and vegetables with a diluted fungicidal spray postharvest may be more effective than dipping. This is because where the crop is dipped the fungicide concentration may be reduced if the crop has been washed and is still wet.,2019,-,137,浸泡(dipping),The crop or part of the crop is immersed in water containing an appropriate concentration of a chemical that is toxic to the fungi which are known to cause disease on the crop. However, the chemical must either be not toxic to the crop or have acceptable levels of toxicity. The residue of the chemical remaining in the crop after the treatment must be at a level that will not endanger public health.,2019,-,138,熏蒸(fumigation),Various fumigants(熏剂）have been applied to crops, postharvest, for various purposes. Their use is strictly controlled by legislation that is constantly chaning. Sulphur dioxide(二氧化硫） is used for controlling postharvest diseases of grapes, litchis and snap beans（油豆角）. Acetaldehyde（乙醛） fumigation can be also be used on grapes.,2019,-,139,2)常用杀菌剂的种类(Fungicide),氯化物chloride 硫化物sulphide 脂肪胺aliphatic amine:仲丁胺sec-butylamine 酚类phenols 联苯biphenyl 苯并咪唑benzoglioxaline及其衍生物ramification:噻苯唑(thiabendazole,TBZ) 新型防腐保鲜剂new type of preservatives （壳聚糖chitosan, 植物精油plant essential oil),2019,-,140,一些重要的采后杀菌剂的结构,联苯,苯基苯酚,.fenlfenl,涕必灵, 噻苯咪唑(驱虫剂),.aibendzul,苯菌灵,仲丁胺,氯硝胺,抑霉唑,2019,-,141,采后使用的新型杀菌剂的特性 Properties of new fungicides,（1）施用浓度和价格较低。(with low applied concentration and price) （2）对目标病原微生物有很好的功效。(effective on target pathogenic microorganisms) （3）对非目标有机体没有效应或毒害。(no effect on the non-target) （4）在环境中不会累积，也没有毒性。( environment friendly) （5）无论是对于施用者还是最终食用的消费者来说都更安全。(safety for both farmers and final consumers),2019,-,142,Examples of new fungicides,Fludioxonil(属于苯基吡咯类.):broadest spectrum of activity, used at the lowest rate(227g per 718kg), lowest mammalian toxicity Tebuconazole（戊唑醇） : preharvest use for control of brown rot of stone fruit crops, postharvest use on sweet cherry, applied at a rate of 227g per 11,350kg) Fenhexamid(属于酰苯胺类):will be registered for brown rot and gray mold control of pome(梨果） fruits and kiwifruit.,2019,-,143,7.1.3.3 生物防治(biological control),拮抗微生物(antagonistic microbe)的选用 Produce antibiotics(抗菌素） Nutritional competition and induced host resistance 利用诱导因素诱导果蔬对病菌产生抗性诱导(induced resistance) Induce factors: low dose exposure of ultraviolet light, protease,hot water treatment, low or no pathogenicity pathogen. Add genes that confer resistance to disease,2019,-,144,Postharvest Diseases,采后病害(postharvest diseases)：果蔬采后在贮藏、运输和销售期间发生的病害。,physiological disorder,Postharvest disease during storage, transport and market,生理失调,病理伤害,pathological decay,2019,-,145,7.2 Physiological Disorder 生理失调,非生物因素诱发的病害 Non-biological factors in disease-induced 无侵染蔓延迹象 No signs of infection spread 没有病症，只有症状 No diseases, only symptoms 症状因病害种类而异，大多数是在果蔬表面或内部出现凹陷、褐变、异味、不能正常成熟等 Sunken, brown, off-flavor, not normally mature,2019,-,146,7.2 Physiological Disorder 生理性病害（失调）,7.2.1采前因素（Preharvest factors) 7.2.1.1 营养失调 (nutritional disorders) 7.2.1.2 栽培管理措施不当(Improper cultivation and management measures) 7.2.1.3 采收成熟度不当( Improper harvesting time) 7.2.1.4 气候异常( abnormal weather),2019,-,147,7.2 Physiological Disorder 生理性病害（失调）,7.2.2采后因素（posharvest factors) 7.2.2.1 贮运温度 ( temperature disorder