大学计算机专业英语（第二版）-孙建忠-大学教学资料课件PPT
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Computer English Chapter 7 Programming LanguagesKey points: useful terms and definitions of programming languagesDifficult points: describing the differences between compilers and interpretersRequirements:The origins of the programming languagesThe concepts of computer compilersMain properties of object-orientation掌握复杂定语从句的翻译技巧 New Words & Expressions:translator n. 翻译器，翻译程序 syntax n. 语法，句法machine language 机器语言assembly language 汇编语言abbreviate v. 缩短，缩写compile v. 编译interpret v. 解释 7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageAbbreviations:OOPL (object-oriented programming language) 面向对象的程序设计语言New Words & Expressions:translator n. 翻译器，翻译程序 syntax n. 语法，句法machine language 机器语言assembly language 汇编语言abbreviate v. 缩短，缩写compile v. 编译interpret v. 解释 7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageAbbreviations:OOPL (object-oriented programming language) 面向对象的程序设计语言New Words & Expressions:translator n. 翻译器，翻译程序 syntax n. 语法，句法machine language 机器语言assembly language 汇编语言abbreviate v. 缩短，缩写compile v. 编译interpret v. 解释 7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageAbbreviations:OOPL (object-oriented programming language) 面向对象的程序设计语言New Words & Expressions:translator n. 翻译器，翻译程序 syntax n. 语法，句法machine language 机器语言assembly language 汇编语言abbreviate v. 缩短，缩写compile v. 编译interpret v. 解释 7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageAbbreviations:OOPL (object-oriented programming language) 面向对象的程序设计语言A programming language represents a special vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks. Broadly speaking, it consists of a set of statements or expressions understandable to both people and computers. 程序设计语言是指令计算机实现某些具体任务的一套特殊词汇和一组语法规则。从广义的角度说，它包括一组既能被人所理解又能被计算机所识别的声明和表达式。7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguagePeople understand these instructions because they use human (English and mathematical) expressions. Computers, on the other hand, process these instructions through use of special programs, which, known as translators, decode the instructions from people and create machine-language coding.为人们所能理解是因为它们使用的是人类的（英文和数学的）表达方式。另一方面，计算机通过使用专门的程序来处理这些指令，这些专门的程序就是我们所熟知的翻译程序，它能解码我们发出的指令并生成机器语言代码。7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageThe term programming language usually refers to high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C+, COBOL, FORTRAN, Ada and Pascal. Each language has a unique set of key words (words that it understands) and a special syntax for organizing program instructions.所谓程序设计语言通常是指高级语言，像BASIC, C, C+, COBOL, FORTRAN, Ada 和 Pascal。每种语言都具有一套独特的关键字（它能理解的字）和组织程序指令的专门语法。7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageHigh-level programming languages, while simple compared to human languages, are more complex than the languages the computer actually understands, which are called machine languages. Each different type of CPU (Central Processing Unit) has its own unique machine language.简单地与人类语言相比，高级程序设计语言比计算机实际识别的语言，也就是机器语言，复杂得多。不同型号的CPU（中央处理单元）都有它独自的一套机器语言。7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageLying between machine languages and high-level languages are assembly languages, which are directly related to a computers machine language. In other words, it takes one assembly command to generate each machine-language command. Machine languages consist entirely of numbers and are almost impossible for humans to read and write. Assembly languages have the same structure and set of commands as machine languages, but they enable a programmer to use names instead of numbers. 处于机器语言和高级语言之间的是汇编语言，它直接与机器语言相关；也就是说，它可将一个汇编指令生成一个机器语言指令。人们几乎不可能去读和写那些只包含数字的机器语言。虽然汇编语言具有和机器语言相同的结构和命令集，但是编程人员可以使用助记符来代替数字。7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageEach type of CPU has its own machine language and assembly language, so an assembly language program written for one type of CPU wont run on another. In the early days of programming, all programs were written in assembly languages. Now, most programs are written in a high-level language such as FORTRAN or C. Programmers still use assembly languages when speed is essential or when they need to perform an operation that isnt possible in a high-level language.每种类型的CPU都有它自身的机器语言和汇编语言，因此为一种CPU编写的汇编语言不能运行于其它的CPU之上。在程序设计的早期，所有的程序都是用汇编语言编写的。而现在，大部分程序都是用像FORTRAN 或 C这样的高级程序编写的。但当对运行速度要求很高，或执行一个高级语言无法处理的操作时，编程人员仍旧会选择汇编语言。7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageLying above high-level languages are those called fourth-generation languages (usually abbreviated 4GL). 4GLs are far removed from machine languages and represent the class of computer languages closest to human languages. Most 4GLs are used to access databases. For example, a typical 4GL command is: FIND ALL RECORDS WHERE NAME IS “SMITH”.位于高级语言之上的是第四代程序设计语言（简称4GL），它与机器语言差异更大，代表了与人类语言更为接近的那类计算机程序设计语言。大多数4GL被用于进行访问数据库的操作。例如，一条典型的4GL是：FIND ALL RECORDS WHERE NAME IS “SMITH”（查找所有记录中姓名是“SMITH”的记录）。7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageMore recently, a new type of programming language has emerged that supports Object Oriented Programming (OOP), including C+, Microsoft Visual C+, Visual Foxpro, and Visual Java. OOP is a type of programming in which programmers define not only the data type of a data structure, but also the types of operations (functions, or methods) that can be applied to the data structure.近来出现的新的程序设计语言，像C+，微软的Visual C+，Visual Foxpro，和Visual Java，他们都支持面向对象的程序设计（OOP）技术。OOP这种程序设计要求编程人员不仅要给出数据结构中的数据类型的定义，还需要给出作用在这些数据结构之上的操作（函数，或方法）的类型。7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageIn this way, the data structure becomes an object that includes both data and functions. In addition, programmers can create relationships between one object and another. For example, objects can inherit characteristics from other objects. One of the principal advantages of object-oriented programming techniques over procedural programming techniques is that they enable programmers to create modules that do not need to be changed when a new type of object is added. 这样，可使得数据结构成为一个既包含数据又包含函数的对象。此外，编程人员可以创建对象间的关系，例如，一个对象可以继承其它对象的一些特性。相对于过程式的程序设计技术，面向对象的程序设计技术的一个主要优点是：当创建一个新类型的对象时，已有的模块不需要发生改变。7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageA programmer can simply create a new object that inherits many of its features from existing objects. This makes object-oriented programs easier to modify. To perform object-oriented programming, one needs an object-oriented programming language (OOPL). C+ and Small talk are two of the more popular languages, and there are also object-oriented versions of Pascal.编程人员可以很方便地创建一个新对象，使它的许多特征继承于已存在对象，这使得面向对象的程序更容易修改。为了运行面向对象的程序设计，需要一种面向对象的程序设计语言（OOPL）。C+和Smalltalk是其中最流行的两种语言，当然也有Pascal的面向对象的版本。7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageAll high-level language programs must be translated into machine language so that the computer can understand it. There are two ways to do this: compile the program or interpret the program.所有的高级语言程序只有在翻译成机器语言后，才能被计算机执行。翻译有两种方式：编译和解释。 7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageThe question of which language is best is one that consumes a lot of time and energy among computer professionals. Every language has its strengths and weaknesses. For example, FORTRAN is a particularly good language for processing numerical data, but it does not lend itself very well to organizing large programs. 到底哪种语言最好是一个困扰业界专家很长时间和消耗他们很多精力的问题。每种语言都各有优劣，例如，像FORTRAN语言，适合于处理数值计算，但却不适合组织大规模的程序。7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguagePascal is very good for writing well-structured and readable programs, but it is not as flexible as the C programming language. C+ embodies powerful object-oriented features, but it is complex and difficult to learn. The choice of which language to use depends on the type of computer the program is to run on, what sort program it is, and the expertise of the programmer.Pascal语言是一种结构化的语言，程序可读性强，但却不具备C语言的灵活性。C+嵌入了功能强大的面向对象特性，但是它却复杂难学。具体选择使用哪一种语言依赖于程序运行的计算机类型，程序的种类，和编程人员的专长。7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageThe trend toward higher-level languages, initiated in the 1950s, is still continuing. Today, there is talk about natural language communication between people and computers. That is, tools are being developed to make it possible for people to address computers in normal, conversational language.Both written and spoken version of natural languages is in use. However, a great deal of developmental effort remains before these languages become common in business applications. 设计更高级的语言的趋势始于20世纪50年代并一直进行到了现在。如今，人们在探讨人与计算机之间进行自然语言的交流；也就是说，正在研制的工具使得人们可以用正常的、口语式的语言同计算机讲话，不论是书面的形式还是口头的形式。然而，要想这些语言能在商业广泛应用，还需要做很多努力。7.1 Introduction to Programming LanguageObject-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language model organized around objects rather than actions and data rather than logic. Historically, a program has been viewed as a logical procedure that takes input data, processes it, and produces output data. The programming challenge was seen as how to write the logic, not how to define the data. 面向对象的程序设计是一种以面向“对象”的，而不是“行为”的，面向数据而不是逻辑的方式组织的程序设计语言模式。曾经，程序被认为是接收输入数据、处理、产生输出数据的一个逻辑过程。7.2 Object-oriented ProgrammingObject-oriented programming takes the view that what we really care about are the objects we want to manipulate rather than the logic required to manipulate them. Examples of objects range from human beings (described by name, address, and so forth) to buildings and floors (whose properties can be described and managed) down to the little widgets on your computer desktop (such as buttons and scroll bars). 编程的困难在于如何写出逻辑关系，而不是如何定义数据。而面向对象的程序设计认为，我们真正关心的是我们所能操作的对象而不是操作它们所要求的逻辑关系，比如说，从人（由姓名、地址，等等来描述）到建筑物和楼层（可由它的特征来描述和管理），再到你的计算机桌面上的小控件（像按钮和滚动块）。7.2 Object-oriented ProgrammingThe first step in OOP is to identify all the objects you want to manipulate and how they relate to each other, an exercise often known as data modeling. Once youve identified an object, you generalize it as a class of objects (think of Platos concept of the ideal chair that stands for all chairs) and define the kind of data it contains and any logic sequences that can manipulate it. 面向对象的程序设计的第一步就是要确定你需要操作的所有实体和它们之间的联系，一个为人熟知的操作就是数据建模。一旦你定义了一个对象，你将它概括为一个对象的类（试想，柏拉图给出的“完美”椅子的概念代表了所有的椅子）并定义了这个类所包含的数据和所有可操作的逻辑顺序。7.2 Object-oriented ProgrammingEach distinct logic sequence is known as a method. A real instance of a class is called (no surprise here) an object or, in some environments, an instance of a class. The object or class instance is what you run in the computer. Its methods provide computer instructions and the class object characteristics provide relevant data. You communicate with objects - and they communicate with each other - with well-defined interfaces called messages.每一个明确的逻辑过程就叫做方法。一个类的示例（这里毫不奇怪地）叫做一个“对象”，有时也叫做“一个类的示例”。机器上运行的就是对象或类的示例。其中，方法给计算机提供指令，类和对象的特征提供相关的数据。你可以和对象交流，而对象之间通过定义好的接口，也称为消息，进行交流。 7.2 Object-oriented ProgrammingThe concepts and rules used in object-oriented programming provide these important benefits: 面向对象的程序设计中的概念和规则具有下面这样一些重要的优点：The concept of a data class makes it possible to define subclasses of data objects that share some or all of the main class characteristics. Called inheritance, this property of OOP forces a more thorough data analysis, reduces development time, and ensures more accurate coding. 数据类的概念使得定义的子类可以部分地或全部地共享父类的特征。这称之为继承。OOP的这种特性要求必须深入的分析数据，减少研发的时间，确保更准确的编码。7.2 Object-oriented ProgrammingSince a class defines only the data it needs to be concerned with, when an instance of that class (an object) is run, the code will not be able to accidentally access other program data. This characteristic of data hiding provides greater system security and avoids unintended data corruption. 由于一个类只需定义与之相关的数据，当这个类的一个实例（对象）运行时，它的代码不能突然去访问其它程序的数据。这种数据的隐藏性提供给系统更强的安全性，也避免了非故意的数据破坏。7.2 Object-oriented ProgrammingThe definition of a class is reuseable not only by the program for which it is initially created but also by other object-oriented programs (and, for this reason, can be more easily distributed for use in networks). 一个类的定义不仅可为最初创建它的程序再使用，也可以被其它的面向对象程序使用（也正是这个原因，类适用于分布式网络）。The concept of data classes allows a programmer to create any new data type that is not already defined in the language itself. 编程人员利用数据类的概念可以创建任何计算机语言中没有定义过的数据类型。7.2 Object-oriented ProgrammingOne of the first object-oriented computer languages was called Smalltalk. C+ and Java are the most popular object-oriented languages today. The Java programming language is designed especially for use in distributed applications on corporate networks and the Internet. Smalltalk是最早的面向对象的计算机语言之一，而如今最流行的面向对象语言是C+和Java。Java语言最适用于私网和因特网上的分布式应用。7.2 Object-oriented Programming三、解环法 这种方法适用于翻译“连环式”后置定语或定语从句，也就是当原文中的一个中心词(组)被若干个定语(从句)一环扣一环地修饰时，可先将中心词(组)译出，或把中心词(组)与靠近它的一个或两个后置定语(从句)译成汉语偏正词组，然后顺着“修饰环”依次翻译其余成分。 采用这种方法译出的句子层次分明,脉络清楚。由于科技英语中“连环式”修饰语出现较多，所以“解环法”具有较大的实用价值。复杂定语(从句)的翻译技巧之二 三、解环法例如：A flight simulator is a perfect example of programs that create a virtual reality, or computer-generated “reality” in which the user dose not merely watch but is able to actually participate.飞行模拟器是创造虚拟现实的程序的一个完美例子，或者也可以叫它计算机生成的“现实”，在这个“现实”中，用户不仅能看，而且能实际参与。(比较：飞行模拟器是创造虚拟现实，或者也可以叫它计算机生成的，用户不仅能看，而且能实际参与的“现实”的程序的一个完美例子。)复杂定语(从句)的翻译技巧之二 复杂定语(从句)的翻译技巧之二三、解环法再如：Object-oriented databases store and manipulate more complex data structures, called “object”, which are organized into hierarchical classes that may inherit properties from classes higher in the chain; this database structure is the most flexible and adaptable. 面向对象的数据库可以存储并处理更加复杂的数据结构，这种数据结构称为“对象”，“对象”可以按层次组成“类”，低层的“类”可以继承上层“类”的属性；这是一种最灵活，最具适应性的数据结构。(比较：面向对象的数据库可以存储并处理更加复杂的、称为“对象”的，可以按层次组成“类”的，低层的“类”可以继承上层“类”属性的数据结构；这是一种最灵活，最具适应性的数据结构。)复杂定语(从句)的翻译技巧之二三、解环法在英语科技文献中，对于某些连环式修饰语，有时还需同时借助“先提后叙法”，才能使语句顺畅。例如：It (chapter 2) provides numerous solutions for protecting problems associated with any type of instruments using microprocessors that must be protected when voltage supply fluctuates.此句属连环式修饰。由于各个修饰环扣得很紧原文中，protecting problems 并非仅仅与 associated with instruments有关， (定语从句本身带有一个较长的状语)。复杂定语(从句)的翻译技巧之二三、解环法因此，译成汉语时：为了使修饰成分紧扣修饰对象，既不宜直接译成偏正词组这会造成“大肚子”句，见译文(1)；也不宜用“解环法”法逐个翻译修饰环这会导致修饰语与中心词关系松弛，见译文(2)；此时可采用“解环法+先提后叙法”，也就是先译出一两个修饰环，再用“这样的”、“这样一些”等词语“扣”住中心词，最后叙述具体修饰内容。这样，不但句子修饰关系明确，而且行文较为流畅，见译文(3)。(1) 第二章提供与使用当供电电压波动时必须加以保护的微处理器的任何类型仪器有关的保护问题的许多解决办法。(2) 第二章提供与任何类型仪器有关的保护问题的许多保护办法，这类仪器使用微处理器，这些微处理器当供电电压波动时必须予以保护。(3) 第二章提供解决某些保护问题的许多办法，这些保护问题与任何使用这样一些微处理器的仪器有关：当供电电压波动时时，必须予以保护。复杂定语(从句)的翻译技巧之二三、解环法例.This is a software of flight simulator running on personal computers, intended primarily for computer-aided instruction which requires providing practice navigation and instruments reading while users immerse in the virtual environment.这个句子中的修饰关系也是“连环式”。由于某些修饰环(如 of 和running , intended 和which )扣得紧，加上which引导的定语从句本身含有一个 while 引导的状语从句，所以此句也适于采用“解环法+先提后叙法”。全句可译为：这是一个运行于个人计算机的飞行模拟器软件，这种软件主要用于如下计算机辅助教学：当用户投入虚拟环境时，它必须提供导航和仪表读数。由此可见，翻译“连环式”修饰成分要因句制宜，灵活处理，不能只着眼于表面的修饰关系，还要考虑“修饰环”之间的紧密程度。通常，如果“修饰环”彼此关系较松，适于采用“解环法”；要是“扣”得很紧，则可采用“解环法+先提后叙法”。四、句子结构调整法有时，原文句中一个中心词带有若干修饰成分，但：它们既
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