国际经济法精品教学（华南师范大学）legalsystemontradeinservices.ppt

Legal System on Trade in Services,Section 1 The Coverage of GATS,1. The Scope of GATS Article 1.1 This Agreement applies to measures by Members affecting trade in services. Article 28(a) For the purpose of this Agreement: (a) “measure“ means any measure by a Member, whether in the form of a law, regulation, rule, procedure, decision, administrative action, or any other form; (b) “supply of a service“ includes the production, distribution, marketing, sale and delivery of a service;,(c) “measures by Members affecting trade in services“ include measures in respect of (i) the purchase, payment or use of a service; (ii) the access to and use of, in connection with the supply of a service, services which are required by those Members to be offered to the public generally; (iii) the presence, including commercial presence, of persons of a Member for the supply of a service in the territory of another Member; （c）“各成员影响服务贸易的措施”包括以下方面的措施： 服务的采购、支付或使用 与服务的提供相关联的获得和使用那些成员要求向公众普遍提供的服务； 一成员的人为在另一成员境内提供服务而存在，包括商业存在,2. The Definition of Services trade : 4 modes of supply activities : cross-border supply, consumption abroad, commercial presence (establishment), presence of natural persons (service supplier travels to provide service).,3. General Exception to GATS obligation any service, except in the exercise of governmental functions,Section 2 General Obligations and Disciplines,1.MFN Treatment 1.1 General Rule 1.2 Exceptions 1.2.1 Country-specific Exemptions Based on Accession Reservation under GATS A member may maintain a measures inconsistent with MFN provided that such a measures is listed in, and meets the conditions of the Annex on Article 2 Exemptions. 豁免清单。GATS规定，成员可将不符合GATS要求的国内法律、条例和规定列入豁免清单作为第2条的附件从而享受为期不超过10年的豁免。,1.2.2 General Exceptions under GATS (1) Frontier Trade Exemptions (2) “Regional Economic Integration” Exemption (3) “Labor Markets Integration” Exemption (4) General Exemption under Article 14 of GATS (5) National Security Exemption under Article 14 bis附则of GATS (6) “Government Procurement” Exemption under Article 13.1,1.2.3 General Exceptions under the Marrakech Agreement Article 9.3 waiver by decisions taken by majority of the members; Article 13.1 shall not apply between any member and any other members if either of the members, at the time either becomes a member, does not consent to such application.,2. Transparency 3. Objective and Reasonable Regulations on Trade in Services 4. Increasing Participation of Developing Countries 5. Mutual Recognition Recognizing each others qualifications, not be discriminatory, and must not amount to protectionism in disguise. 就服务提供者资格证明的批准、承认及其标准，成员之间通过双边或多边协议或自动许可方式认可。相互认可不应具有歧视性，不应成为隐蔽的贸易保护主义措施,6. General Obligation with regard to International Payments and Transfers Must not normally restrict money being transferred out of the country as payment for services supplied. The only exception is when there are balance-payment difficulties. 7. General Obligation on Progressive Liberalization GATS requires more negotiations.,Section 3 Commitments on Market Access and National Treatment,Not general obligations Are country-specific obligations 1. Market Access If a member undertakes a market-access commitment in relation to the supply of a service through the mode of supply referred to in subparagraph 2(c) of Article 1, it is thereby committed to allow related transfers of capital into its territory. Agreement are reached on a list of 6 measures that are in principle are prohibited. (Textbook p.259),(a) limitations on the number of service suppliers whether in the form of numerical quotas, monopolies, exclusive service suppliers or the requirements of an economic needs test; (b) limitations on the total value of service transactions or assets in the form of numerical quotas or the requirement of an economic needs test; (c) limitations on the total number of service operations or on the total quantity of service output expressed in terms of designated numerical units in the form of quotas or the requirement of an economic needs test;,(d) limitations on the total number of natural persons that may be employed in a particular service sector or that a service supplier may employ and who are necessary for, and directly related to, the supply of a specific service in the form of numerical quotas or the requirement of an economic needs test; (e) measures which restrict or require specific types of legal entity or joint venture through which a service supplier may supply a service; and (f) limitations on the participation of foreign capital in terms of maximum percentage limit on foreign shareholding or the total value of individual or aggregate foreign investment.,在作出具体承诺的部门，除非在承诺减让表中明确规定，成员不得在其部分地区或全境维持或采取下述措施: （1）限制服务提供者的数量，不论通过数量配额、垄断和专营服务提供者方式限制，还是通过经济需求标准要求方式限制; （2）以数量配额或经济需求标准要求的方式，限制服务交易或资产总值; （3）以配额或经济需求标准要求方式，限制服务业务总数或以指定数量单位表示的服务产出总量，但不包括成员限制服务提供投入的措施;,（4）以数量配额或经济需求标准要求的形式，限制特定服务部门可雇佣自然人总数或服务提供者可雇佣自然人总数，这些自然人为提供特定服务所必需并与之直接相关; （5）限制或要求服务提供者通过特定类型的法律实体或合营企业提供服务的措施; （6）通过限制外国股权最高百分比，或限制单个或总体外国投资总额，限制外国资本的参与。,2. National Treatment after import of like services and like service suppliers 3. Additional Treatment Members may negotiate commitments with respect to measures affecting trade in services not subject to schedulling under Article 16 or 17.,4. The Approaches for Listing Specific Commitments Positive list Two parts: horizontal commitment, sector-specific commitment,减让表结构 整体上分为两大部分 第一部分为水平承诺（horizontal commitments），适用于所有部门(是12个服务贸易部门都要遵守的共同承诺) 第二部分为部门承诺（sector-specific commitments），适用于具体部门。 一般包括四栏：部门、市场准入、国民待遇、其他承诺,服务贸易具体承诺减让表示意图,服务提供方式：（1）（2）（3）（4）,Section 4 GATS Annexes,General Agreement on Trade in Services 1993 Main Annexes: - Annex II: exemptions from MFN principle stipulated by member sta