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启闭设备的起升机构工作原理及结构设计,学 生：何剑 学 号：08102080229 专 业：机械设计制造及其自动化 指导老师：戴君,起重机械概述,起重机械是一种以间歇作业方式对物料进行起升、下降和水平移动的搬运机械。起重机械作业通常带有重复循环的性质。经常启动、制动、正反向运动是起重机械的基本特点。广泛用于输送、装卸和水电站等场所。,起重机械的分类,1.简单起重机械,a)千斤顶 b）绞车 c）电葫芦,2.通用起重机械,a）桥式起重机 b）龙门起重机 c）固定旋转起重机 d）汽车起重机,3）特种起重机械,a）冶金起重机 b）建筑起重机 c）港口起重机,通用起重机械,一般除了需要一个使物品升降的起升机构外，还有使物品作水平方向的直线运动或旋转运动机构 ，称为通用起重机械。属于这种起重机械的有：通用桥式起重机、龙门式起重机，固定旋转式起重机和行动旋转式起重机等。 门式起重机 在其桥架的一端或两端设有支腿，可直接支承在地基上或沿地面轨道运行，它是可以移动的门式起重机。 本课题所设计的启闭机就是起重机械中的门式起重机的一部分。,启闭机工作原理,启闭机是用于各类给排水、水利水电工程。用于控制各类大、中型闸门的升降达到开启与关闭的目的。它与通用门式起重机一样，也是一种循环间隔吊运和启闭各类闸门的专用设备。启闭机结构简图见图如下：,它的工作原理为：电动机通过联轴节与减速器的高速轴相连。机构工作时，减速器的低速轴带动卷筒，将钢丝绳卷入或放出，经过滑轮系统，使吊钩实现上升或下降。机构停止工作时，制动器使吊钩连同货物悬吊在空中，吊钩的升降靠电动机改变转向来达到。,起升机构的设计计算,概述：设计计算是在给定了设计参数，并将布置方案确定后进行的，通过计算选用机构中所需要的标准零部件，对非标准零部件作进一步的强度与刚度等计算。 设计起升机构时需给定的主要参数有：起重载荷、工作级别、起升高度和起升速度。起升速度的选择与起重载荷、起升高度、工作级别和使用要求有关 。,设计主要内容,1.设计起升机构的传动装置布置方式 2.吊钩、滑轮组的选择 3.钢丝绳的选择 1）钢丝绳概述 2）钢丝绳的最大静拉力 3）确定钢丝绳型号,4.卷筒的设计计算 1）卷筒概述 2）卷筒的设计 3）卷筒强度的校核及抗压稳定性验 5.电动机、减速器、制动器、联轴器的选择,1.起升机构传动装置的布置方式,1）平行轴线布置,电动机轴与卷筒轴平行布置大多数起重机起升机构的驱动装置都采取平行轴线布置。,2）同轴线布置,同轴线布置的起升机构横向尺寸紧凑，但加工精度和安装要求较高维修不太方便。,电动机与卷筒同轴布置的典型形式,由于电机转速经过减速器后仍然比较大，故需要加一对开式齿来使卷筒输出的转速，满足设计要求。,本课题的传动方案采用平行轴线布置，相对于同轴线布置方案其结构大为简化，安装分组性好，卷筒受力稳定。,2.滑轮组的倍率,常用双联滑轮组倍率,本启闭设备的主起升机构额定起重量为80t，故选择倍率m6的双联滑轮组。,选择滑轮组 通过计算许用直径依据符合条件的选择 选择吊钩组 未作详细计算，参考相关资料选择,3.钢丝绳选择,钢丝绳主要有以下几种： 1)点接触钢丝绳 绳股的扰性差不能承受横向压力。 2)线接触钢丝绳 其优点是：消除了点接触钢丝绳所具有二次弯曲应力，能降低工作时总的弯曲应力，抗疲劳性能好；结构紧密，金属断面利用系数高；使用寿命比普通的点接触钢丝绳要高12。 3)面接触钢丝绳 它的优点与线接触钢丝绳相同，甚至更显著。但缺点是工艺较复杂。,（1） 点接触 (2) 线接触 (3)面接触,纤维芯优点是扰性和弹性较好。 线接触钢丝绳的优点是： 抗疲劳性能好；结构紧密，使用寿命比普通点接触钢丝绳要高。没特殊要求一般采用右捻绳。 故选用型号6X（19）-右捻-的线接触纤维芯钢丝绳，如下图：,4.卷筒设计与校核,卷筒的设计： （1）直径确定 （2）卷筒的槽形的选择 （3）双联卷筒长度 （4）卷筒壁厚确定,卷筒的强度校核及抗压稳定 性验算： （1）压应力的计算 (2) 拉应力的计算 （3）卷筒的抗压稳定性验算,卷筒是起重机的重要零件之一，它用以收放和储存钢丝绳。,由于起升高度比较高，根据滑轮倍率和起升速度，采用双联卷筒，标准槽形，外形为圆柱形，单层卷绕，用铸造方式制造，材料为灰铸铁。,本课题设计的卷筒如图：,5.电动机、减速器、制动器、联轴器的选择,电动机的选择 1）满载运行时电动机静 功率计算 2）初选电动机为YZP225S8 3）电动机发热验算 减速器的选择 1）减速器的传动比及其功 率 2）初选减速器ZQ650IV3CA 3）校核减速器输出轴强度,制动器的选择 1）计算制动力矩 2）选定制动器 315/E50 联轴器的选择 1）计算联轴器所传递的最大扭矩 2）靠近电动机高速联轴器的选择 3）靠近卷筒的低速联轴器的选择,最后设计完成总装配图。,谢谢,外文资料翻译PrefaceLong-term since, hydropower engineering fixed roll Yang type hoist (hereinafter referred to hoist) design have been used for experience, not only logic.analog design method for the design cycle longer, and only a few scheme comparison and analysis, no exact evaluation standard to measure have options, there is get judged almost optimal design. With the development and application of the electronic computer, it can establish a design process automatically choose the most effective method of optimal scheme, namely optimization design. This design method is mathematical programming and computer technology, the combination of the solution of complicated design problem can become a tool. However, due to design some factors such as loading properties, material quality is difficult to use mathematical quantity said, leading to the design ambiguity. Ordinary optimization method has not considered these fuzzy factors, lack of treating fuzzy concept means and methods, many factors of artificial as determined to undertake handling, or randomness often missed the real optimization scheme and even contradictory results. This is hoist ordinary optimization design difficult to really be engineering and technical personnel to accept the root causes of the place. Hoist the fuzzy optimization can overcome the shortcomings, it common optimization study of hoist optimization process prevalent ambiguity, using the theory of fuzzy mathematics and systematically analyzing the machine and pulley institutions, hoisting, a transmission mechanism and frame structure, electrical systems and so on various agencies internal and external links, reasonably determine the parameters, calculation and in order to achieve optimization purposes. Using fuzzy optimization design not only can break through the traditional design pattern, overcome experience, is used by many analogy or assumptions and simplify the calculation formula is derived for design, checking, calculation, and many limitations when can overcome ordinary fuzzy optimization design problem, a rigid ignore the constraint conditions of faults, make complex problems, blur variable accurate constraint conditions for fuzzy constraint conditions, make a design more quickly and more accurate, more reliable and more convenient. This method can greatly shorten the design cycle, reduce product material consumption, improve product precision and performance, and access to the huge economic benefits. Therefore, hoist the fuzzy optimization will become the industry many researchers pursuit of the goal.1 fuzzy optimization research reviewed1.1 fuzzy technologyIn 1965, the United States California university professor l. a. zadeh Fuzzy (firstly put forward the concept of Fuzzy) set theory, viaM. Sugeno, based on the efforts, many scholars in the 1970s established a better fuzzy mathematics theory system. In fuzzy mathematics theory developed on the basis of high-tech - fuzzy technology is only 20 years history, but it in mechanical, electrical, chemical industry, light industry, aviation, civil, geology, water conservancy, meteorology, enterprise management and social economic and other fields, the booming its application has created huge economic benefits and social benefits. Japan in order to ensure that the competitiveness of the 21st century, establishing fuzzy basic research, fuzzy computer, machine intelligence, man-machine system, people and social system and natural systems and so on six fuzzy technology key areas for development. The United States unwilling fall behind, mainly discussed the neural network and fuzzy logic, and held the combination of once international fuzzy technology seminar. France to tide neuro-fuzzy institute was established to comprehensive plan to develop fuzzy technology. Germanys electronic and information department has made fuzzy technology, as one of the important research topic. The American market information research company (MIBC) latest survey results show that by the end of this century, fuzzy technology world markets will be 30 times greater than it is now. Fuzzy technology research in Japan, the United States, Germany, France, South Korea and other countries is already achievement. Our country in fuzzy technology research has their own characteristics, main performance in fuzzy mathematics theory research is very strong, but the lack of discipline, the crossover between application background is not obvious, the driving force is not strong, the actual application research is weak links.1.2 fuzzy medicineIn the past 10 years, the domestic and foreign some mechanical science worker is continuous efforts, the fuzzy method used in the machinery science with classic set describing all concept, principle and method, the fuzzy mathematics extended to skinned people to the theory of complex and dynamic mechanical system fuzziness of understanding, gradually formed and improved fuzzy mechanical science and technology theory system, the fuzzy medicine has research or are subjects of study are:(1) artificial intelligence and fuzzy expert system;(2) fuzzy robot technology;(3) fuzzy neural network;(4) the fuzzy control theory and applications.(5) fuzzy identification and fault diagnosis(6) the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation;(7) fuzzy clustering;(8) the fuzzy optimization;(9) fuzzy reliability.All of these research subject all achieved research results and are made important progress.1.3 mechanical fuzzy optimizationIn mechanical parts and mechanical system design, design quality standard, material strength and applicable scope, certain load distribution and properties, especially focusing on the economy and efficiency of optimization, all the indicators are fuzzy, the application of the fuzzy optimization theory can willIn the design of the fuzzy factors and fuzzy information given by reasonable quantitative restraint function, the objective function of the allowable value, expectations and fuzzy distribution function to reflect the experience, views and expert the design criterion of some recognized. Southwest jiaotong university professor HuangHongZhong studied the basic idea of fuzzy optimal machine the fuzzy optimization problem, research into the method of fuzzy optimization problem. Shandong university of technology was studied ChenJu huas fuzzy multi-objective optimization method, the optimum similarity scale, mathematical, the weighting factor and sexual modal analysis, etc. All these studies have made great progress. At present, the mechanical structure of fuzzy optimization has made great achievements, institutions and overall fuzzy optimization still needs further research.1.4 domestic hoist optimization researchHoist the traditional design method to classical mechanics and mathematical basis, using half theory, half the design method and experience of analogyMethod, design process, cycle is long, repeatedly design accuracy is poor. In recent years, with the rapid development of the computer technology, and many crossDisciplines of modem design methods get applications such as limit state design and optimization design, reliable design, CAD, finite element method, the dynamic simulation design, modular design, three design, universal design. These modern design method makes hoister design into the innovation, high quality, and high efficiency of the new stage. Among them, the optimization design research the most widely used. Wuhan university of hydraulic and electric engineering professor LiChun studied the hoister for scheme optimization modeling, optimization methods, hoist CAD; The original electric XueRuiBao professorial senior indo-china survey and design institute studied hoist expert system; China mining university professor SunYouLan studied the structural optimization hoister, all these studies have yielded fruitful results. Unfortunately, so far, these results havent all the practical application engineering design and manufacturing. With fuzzy mechanical science and technology development, hoist the fuzzy optimization research will become the important industry development direction. Because fuzzy optimization reflects intermediary transition widespread fuzziness, reflect the quantitative study from physical fields into one of field must meet fuzzy concepts, reflect the hoist system must involve various fuzzy factors, reflect the quantitative value of fuzzy attribute, which will push the optimization of hoister enter a new climax, thus developed can be engineering of generally accepted new achievements in scientific research.2 hoist fuzzy optimization practical significanceHydropower resources in our country have 37853 million kilowatts, including 90 % for development, hydropower development static 35582 billion yuan, invest about total investment accounts for hoister of 3 %, expected by fuzzy optimization, can save cost 20 %, therefore, can save investment 214 billion yuan.3 hoiste is the development direction of fuzzy optimizationWater conservancy and hydropower engineering system from the current the actual situation, the hoist fuzzy optimization should focus on systematically studied and discussed hoister key technology of fuzzy optimization to obtain system and its institutions of universal model of fuzzy optimization and use these theory and method guiding hoister fuzzy optimization software design, so as to get strong function, moderate scale, and can be effectively applied in engineering practical computer aided analysis tool. These key technology concrete main-showing in:(1) research hoister are fuzzy design, organization of the fuzzy optimization general organization pattern.(2) analysis and realize the computer aided design, process, the prototype system for practical engineering to provide a cheap effective analysis tools, at the same time for further system extension lay a good foundation.Hoist fuzzy optimization development:(1) the hoister, fuzzy design including the design parameters of fuzzy description, design constraints transition improvement.(2) the whole hoister fuzzy optimization strategy, research institutions and son agencies role, fuzzy leading parameters and fuzzy function parameters and fuzzy internal parameter descriptions.(3) to discuss the fuzzy optimization scheme based on hoister of fuzzy decision.(4) research hoister of multi-objective fuzzy optimization model, discusses the solution.(5) research frame structure and hoisting and other important son institutions the fuzzy optimization.(6) research rope drum production process of fuzzy optimization of process parameters.固定卷扬式启闭机的模糊优化前言长期以来,水利水电工程固定卷扬式启闭机(简称启闭机) 的设计一直沿用经验的类比设计方法,不仅所需的设计周期较长,而且只在少数几个方案中进行比较分析,没有精确的评价标准来衡量所选择方案的优劣,一般很难得到近乎最优的设计方案。随着电子计算机的发展与应用,可以建立一种设计过程自动选取最优方案的有效方法,即优化设计。这种设计方法是数学规划与计算机技术相结合的产物,能够成为解决复杂设计问题的一种工具。然而,由于设计中某些因素如载荷性质、材质优劣很难用确定的数学量表示,导致了设计的模糊性。普通优化方法没有考虑这些模糊因素的影响,缺乏处理模糊概念的手段和方法,把许多因素人为地当成确定的或随机性地进行处理,往往漏掉了真正的优化方案,甚至带来矛盾的结果。这就是启闭机普通优化设计难以真正被工程技术人员接受的根本原因所在。启闭机的模糊优化能够克服普通优化的缺点,它研究启闭机优化过程中普遍存在的模糊性,运用模糊数学的原理,系统地分析整机及其滑轮机构、卷扬机构、传动机构、机架结构、电气系统等各机构的内在和外在联系,合理地确定和计算各项参数,以期达到最优化的目的。采用模糊优化设计不仅可以突破传统的设计格局,克服经验的、类比的或采用由许多假设和简化导出的计算公式进行设计、校核、计算时的诸多局限,而且可以克服普通优化设计无视模糊问题,采用刚性的约束条件的缺点,使复杂问题模糊化,变精确的约束条件为模糊约束条件,使设计更快速、更精确、更可靠、更方便。这一方法可以大大缩短设计周期,降低产品材料消耗,提高产品精度和性能,并获得巨大的经济效益。因此,启闭机的模糊优化将成为本行业众多研究人员追求的目标。1 模糊优化研究综述1.1 模糊技术1965年, 美国California 大学L. A. zadeh教授首次提出了Fuzzy (模糊) 集论的概念,经M. Sugeno 、汪培庄等众多学者的努力,于70 年代末建立了比较完善的模糊数学理论体系。在模糊数学理论基础上发展起来的高新技术模糊技术虽只有20 余年的历史,但它在机械、电气、化工、轻工、航空航天、土木、地质、水利、气象、企业管理和社会经济等领域的发展势头迅猛,其应用已创造了巨大的经济效益和社会效益。日本为了确保21 世纪的竞争力,确定了模糊基础研究、模糊计算机、机器智能、人机系统、人与社会系统、自然系统等六个模糊技术的重点发展领域。美国不甘落后,重点讨论模糊逻辑与神经网络的结合问题,并举办过一次国际性的模糊技术研讨会。法国顺应潮流地成立了神经模糊研究所,用以全面地计划开发模糊技术。德国的电子和信息部门也把模糊技术作为重要的研究课题之一。美国市场信息研究公司(MIBC) 最新调查结果表明,到本世纪末,模糊技术的世界市场将比现在大30 倍。模糊技术的研究在日、美、德、法、韩等国已成果累累。我国在模糊技术的研究方面具有自己的特色,主要表现在模糊数学理论研究实力较强,但缺乏学科间的交叉,应用背景不明显,研究的驱动力不强,实际应用研究更是薄弱环节。1.2 模糊机械学近10 年来,国内外一些机械科学工作者正在不断努力,使用模糊方法将机械科学中一切能用经典集合描述的概念、原理和方法加以推广,采用模糊数学理论来刻划人们对复杂的、动态的机械系统的模糊性的认识,逐步形成和完善了模糊机械