螺旋千斤顶的设计及运动仿真[三维PROE][含CAD图纸和说明书等资料]
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编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目： 螺旋千斤顶的设计及运动仿真 信 机 系 机械工程及自动化专业学 号： 0921032学生姓名： 蒋申宁 指导教师： 彭勇 （职称：副教授 ） （职称： ）2013年5月25日目 录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目： 螺旋千斤顶的设计及运动仿真 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业学 号： 0921032 学生姓名： 蒋申宁 指导教师： 彭勇 （职称：副教授） （职称： ）2012年 11月25日课题来源 自拟题目科学依据（1）课题科学意义和应用前景在我们的日常生活中和实际生产的过程中，经常会遇上汽车抛锚、更换轮胎或者维修，将一些重物如机床，桥梁的桥墩，大型设备吊装。在没有起重机的情况下，要移动或者抬起这些，仅仅靠人力是非常苦难的，在这个时候就要用到千斤顶，发挥它四两拨千斤的作用。生活中有许多方面都离不开千斤顶，应用最多最广的如车辆维修，桥梁安装，矿山，建筑工程，重物的起重等方面。所以，千斤顶技术的发展，会影响到这些行业的发展。（2） 千斤顶在国内外的研究现状和发展趋势国外：早在20世纪40年代，卧式千斤顶就开始在汽车维修的行业中得到使用，当由于当时技术和使用的原因，千斤顶设计时尺寸和体积较大，承载量较低，使用不便。后来随着社会需求量的加大以及千斤顶本身技术的发展，在90年代初，国外大部分用户用卧式千斤顶顶取代了立式千斤顶。在90年代后期一些新型的千斤顶也相继出现如充气式千斤顶和便携式千斤顶。充气千斤顶由保加利亚一汽车运输研究所发明的，它由弹性的而又非常坚固的橡胶制成的。使用时，用软管将千斤顶连在汽车的排气管上，经过1520秒，汽车将千斤顶鼓起，成为圆柱体。这种千斤顶可以把115t重的汽车顶起70cm。Power-Riser型便携式液压千斤顶则可以用于所有类型的铁道车辆，包括装运三层汽车的货车、联运车以及高车顶车辆。国内：我国千斤顶技术发展较晚，由于缺少与国外先进技术的交流，所以直到1979年才接触到类似国外卧式千斤顶这样的产品。但是经过我们重新对产品进行设计改造，在外型美观、使用方便、承载量大、寿命长等方面都已经超过国外同类的产品并且迅速打入欧美市场。随着我国汽车工业的快速发展，汽车对千斤顶的要求也越来越高；同时随着市场竞争的加剧，用户要求的不断变化，将迫使千斤顶的设计质量要不断提高，以适应用户的需求。用户喜欢的、市场需要的千斤顶将不仅要求重量轻，携带方便，外形美观，使用可靠，还会对千斤顶的进一步自动化，甚至智能化都有所要求。目前我国的汽配企业不仅需要供应国内市场的需要，每年还出口约500万台汽车用千斤顶到世界各地。虽然如此，仔细分析千斤顶设计制造的技术水平，采用先进技术不足，仍存在较大的改进空间。研究内容了解螺旋千斤顶的研究现状，以及手驱动螺旋千斤顶在国内外的使用情况，以及存在的一些问题。了解螺旋千斤顶的组成以及手驱动螺旋千斤顶的详细构造、各个零件的尺寸功能以及组装方法。螺旋千斤顶的结构设计与计算。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析（1）研究方法借阅相关书籍杂志，充分利用图书馆及网络资源。（2）技术路线 收集资料，设计尺寸制定出详细的设计的螺旋千斤顶设计目标。（3）实验方案 明确设计要求，认真调查研究，收集设计资料，计算螺旋千斤顶以及各个零件的详细数据（4）可行性分析 通过Auto CAD软件进行手驱动螺旋千斤顶的装配图以及零件图的绘制。过程中结合自己掌握的知识和在老师的指导下完成研究内容。研究计划及预期成果研究计划：2012年11月12日-2012年12月2日：按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料，填写毕业设计开题报告书。2012年12月3日-2012年1月20日：填写毕业实习报告。2013年1月21日-2013年3月1日：完成千斤顶的整体结构设计。2013年3月4日-2013年3月22日：螺旋千斤顶的各部分设计计算。2013年3月25日-2013年4月5日：完成二维零件图装配图。2013年4月8日-2013年4月19日：完成千斤顶设计说明书。2013年4月22日-2013年5月25日： 递交毕业设计资料，准备答辩材料，并进行答辩。预期成果：通过对螺旋千斤顶的设计，熟悉千斤顶的工作原理和使用方法，了解千斤顶各零部件的结构特点，提高自己独立开发与设计的能力，学习设计的基本思路。特色或创新之处 使用CAD绘制零件装配图，能够直观简单的表达出千斤顶的结构。 采用二维三维图结合，使结构更加清晰，简洁明了，行之有效。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题 实验方案思路已经非常明确，已经初步具备使用CAD构图能力。 使用CAD作图的能力尚需加强。指导教师意见 指导教师签名：年 月 日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见 教研室主任签名： 年 月 日系意见 主管领导签名： 年 月 日英文原文Chinas machinery manufacturing management information of the characteristics and development trends1. PrefaceThe manufacturing sector, especially machinery manufacturing industry is a pillar industry of national economy, the modern manufacturing industry is changing peoples modes of production, lifestyle, mode of operation and management as well as the organizational structure of society and culture. Chinas huge market potential and rich labor resources, the worlds manufacturing industry has shifted to China, China is becoming a world manufacturing power. Chinas household electrical appliances, such as in the production of a number of products has been ranking first in the world. However, in their own intellectual property rights of innovative design, advanced manufacturing technology and equipment and modern management, there are still a big gap, so we do not create power. This article will machinery manufacturing enterprises in the current management problems, how to use information technology to improve management, management information of the characteristics and trends of technology development for a number of studies for the development of machinery manufacturing enterprises program reference information. 2. Machinery manufacturing enterprises in the current management problemsChinas machinery manufacturing industry through decades of effort have been of considerable size, the accumulation of a large number of skills and experience. However, with the formation of world economic integration, since Chinas huge market potential and rich labor resources, foreign technology, capital, large influx of Chinese products, Chinese enterprises are facing an unprecedented situation of fierce competition at home and abroad. Competitive products require replacement fast, high quality, low price, prompt delivery and good services. Competition in these markets weapons with the model of corporate governance, management methods, management tools, organizational structure, business processes are closely related. However, the Chinese enterprises and peoples ideology 30-40 years due to the impact of the planned economy, the competitiveness of the existence of weapons with a big gap compared with developed countries. (1) control the mode of production planning behind The implementation of ERP has not been the machinery manufacturing enterprises is almost 100% use of sets of programs. That is the longest production cycle of products form the basis of product as a variety of materials and production lead time procurement lead time. Exaggerated is the lead-time inventory and reserve products high liquidity of the root causes of the use of the Great. Production planning and procurement plans in line, sets the level of bad parts can not be delivered on time. Or to protect its delivery of high reserves. Modern management methods from MRP MRP, JIT JIT, supplier of pipe Treasury VMI, a far cry from the synchronization of production. (2) Enterprise poor response Todays market is constantly changing, the demand for diversification. Order assembly MTO, in accordance with orders for manufacture of MTO, in accordance with orders for the design of MTD, Mass Customization MC. Variety of different specifications, production, procurement is very complex. From the customer - Sales - Design - Production - Purchasing - Financial - costs, the need for a complete supply chain management, in order to quickly respond to dynamic customer demand, to adapt to the ever-changing market and customer customization requirements. (3) inaccurate cost, poor cost control Artificial cost accounting in general only the cost of computing products, the cost of parts and components can not be calculated. Very rough cost-sharing, the cost of data collection is a large number of artificialand poor accuracy of the data, making cost inaccurate. Generally do not carry out the standard cost calculation, cost analysis rarely conducted, so poor cost control. (4) information dispersed, not timely, inaccurate, not share Manufacturing production, supply, marketing, human, financial, and material is an organic whole, and between them there is a large amount of information exchange. Decentralized management of information, however artificial, based on the lack of a complete data, information dispersion, not timely, inaccurate, not share, significantly affect the scientific nature of management decision-making. (5)-style bureaucratic organizations rather than the flat-oriented business processes of organizations, the general business processes unreasonable, business process management and control of non-standard, arbitrary. (6) lack of standardization, standardization, institutionalization, programmable management, management strengths and weaknesses vary from person to person. Despite the adoption of ISO9000 procedures to develop a series of documents, the effect of the implementation of enterprises and managers may vary. (7) management tools behind, the majority of enterprises still in the computer manual or decentralized management of individual management stage. Some enterprises have set up computer networks, the whole plant, but the application is still fragmented, there is no information-sharing and the optimal distribution of resources. (8) modern management ideas, new methods, and poor application of new technologies. For example: Agile Manufacturing AM, virtual manufacturing VM, JIT JIT, Customer Relationship Management CRM, supply chain management SCM, Business Intelligence BI, e-business EC, such as enterprise resource planning ERP. 3. Use information technology to improve the level of mechanical system managementAt present, the above-mentioned problems in the management of seriously affecting the level of corporate governance, management efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises. The use of modern management thinking, methods and computer network communication technology, machinery manufacturing enterprises to achieve the management of innovation, system innovation and technological innovation is facing urgent tasks in front of each enterprise. Therefore, the establishment of linked computer networks, both within and outside plant communication systems, select advanced, mature and suitable for the needs of enterprise management enterprise resource planning ERP, customer relationship management CRM, supply chain management SCM, Business Intelligence BI, e-commerce software systems, such as EC, through the Management Advisory and business process reengineering, and optimize the design of the organization, management, business process, application of these software systems, enterprise information management. Enterprise management in order to overcome the current problems in and improve the level of corporate governance, management efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises, is the face of a knowledge-based economy and global economic integration make the inevitable choice. System aims to: (1) into a company-wide computer network management information system. The system enables enterprises to achieve the production and operation of logistics, capital flow, information flow and work flow of the high degree of unity with the parallel operation, and Intranet, Internet enterprises inside and outside the full exchange of information and business links with the outside world, to form an effective agile supply chain system. (2) the use of advanced production planning and control methods. To break the sets of programs, according to a variety of materials procurement and production lead-time preparation of lead-time MRP. The establishment of an effective and flexible by the master production plan, material requirements planning and job shop scheme composed of three planned production planning management system, reduce the maximum production cycle, procurement cycle, on-time delivery, rapid response to customer demand to maximize the reduction of inventory and costs, improve service levels. Qualified enterprises to implement JIT JIT, supplier of pipe Treasury VMI, synchronous production of advanced management methods. (3) to achieve company-wide basis of data (such as material data, product structure data, product design, process data, capacity data, etc.) to generate a unified, uniform maintenance and management for authorized use of the relevant departments, the number of truly a, data sharing, to avoid redundancy. Through the ERP system to further rationalize the development and implementation of management procedures to ensure the management of institutionalized, standardized and scientific. (4) for the current information in the management division of the situation and establish a customer-centric dynamic information feedback and control system, for each task from the contract, design, production, procurement, cost accounting into the whole process of product shipments Dynamic tracking, so that each task is effectively under control. (5) to strengthen and improve financial management and cost accounting functions. The real cost to build two systems, the use of advanced cost accounting methods, a more accurate accounting of costs and cost components for sales quotes and provide a reliable basis for financial accounting. Conduct a cost analysis to identify the factors that reduce costs and effectively reduce costs. (6) the use of computers to enhance the quality of the statistical analysis of data. Take full advantage of the quality of test data, using a variety of analytical methods, to conduct in-depth statistics and analysis. Effectively monitor and improve the quality level. (7) through computer-based enterprise information management, will be the majority of managers from the tedious manual labor, so that they will have the opportunity to learn management theory and management skills, from the nature of enterprise management personnel to improve the management level. 4. Chinas machinery manufacturing management features Machinery manufacturing and the management of other manufacturing industries have common personality; machinery manufacturing industry with the production type, production volume, production organization of its management practices in different ways there are differences; Chinas manufacturing sector compared with the developed countries, due to corporate culture, law, different system has its particularities. On these characteristics the following topics: (1) machinery manufacturing industry is a typical discrete manufacturing industry, its management software based on the production type, production volume, production organization are different, require different solutions. The chart lists the type of division of production: Characteristics of these types of manufacturers: Discrete Manufacturing - different materials through the movement of non-continuous, through different paths, the production of different materials and products. Such as motor vehicles, machine tools, aircraft, computers, home electrical appliances. Process Industry - materials through mixing, separating, forming, or chemical reaction, mostly for materials through the same path, to produce valuable products. It consists of continuous production, manufacturing production and mixed types. Required in the management of prescription management, by-products, the products, a variety of units of measurement, a number of quality and grade of the same items, batch number tracking, shelf-life characteristics, the general process industry with professional software. Single production - the design of products to order, according to the production of customer demand, product is very complex. Products are generally long production cycle. Sometimes a contract for delivery in accordance with many parts. Such as the three major power plants (major motor, steam turbine, boiler) heavy machinery, shipbuilding and so on. Organization of production divided by the technology, equipment is common. Production management, in addition to the application of multi-variety small-production the whole way, the need to increase the network plan (project management), the key to sort resources. CRM is not important on here. Variety of small batch production - products are standard or optional. Demand can be forecast, or order the production, assembly to order. Production process in accordance with the characteristics of organizations at the workshop, section, team, such as casting, forging, riveting, welding, cars, milling, planing, grinding, assembly and so on. The characteristics of production planning MRPII is a typical configuration control increases. They also need CRM, SCM and so on. Mass production - is a standard or a small number of products matching. Depends mainly on the demand forecast, and also to consider orders. Production equipment is based on materials (parts, components) to form a target assembly article. Production plan is characterized by the traditional mixed MRPII and JIT manufacturing, medium and long-term plans and materials used in production of spare parts requirements planning MRP, the Plan of Implementation adopted JIT, Kanban (Electronic Kanban), recoil inventory tracking barcode program materials. CRM, e-commerce is important. Mass Customization - will be more varieties of small batch production to meet the individual needs of different clients and high-volume production to increase productivity, reduce costs of combining the advantages. Organization of production lines is still, but a variety of product configuration. Production planning control in that it requires a combination of MRP, JIT, integrated applications, such as configuration control. Is a mixture of the first two manufacturing model. Therefore, different types of enterprises, the choice of ERP software in accordance with the management of these different characteristics to find the software to meet business needs. You are an annual production capacity of 100,000 vehicle manufacturing plant, software, and I did not see inappropriate JIT. You are a heavy machinery plant, he does not project management products, the main pieces of the quality of follow-up clearance, I do not trip. In addition, the different focus of corporate governance are not the same, some very complex enterprise sales, but the production simple. Procurement and manufacture some very complex, but only a few one-year contracts, sales management is not important. Therefore, dialectical treatment must prescribe the right remedy. (2) as a result of the East-West cultural differences, making the West we must re-examine the ERP system application in China. The West to law as the focus of the management model, the ERP system is based on Western law-oriented corporate culture, government policy decrees, regulations, taxation policy, the design and development; compare re-schedule, re-plan in order to ensure targeted delivery to the time the main line program, based on a standardized, stressing at the right time to correct the correct amount of materials sent to the right place. Software functions and the logic of the host country in line with the policy of the Government Act, regulations, tax policy. It is strictly abide by contracts, re-plan of discipline. It should be said, ERP can solve the developed countries of the integrated manufacturing enterprise management. Orient to feeling for the characteristics of the management philosophy of management as a result of this emphasis on the role and value of the realization of the system while ignoring the effect of management and regulations in order to demonstrate the relationship between the personnel in the emphasis on the spirit of the performance of a fully rational, and in the emphasis on task and rules, the spirit of the performance is not fully rational. Therefore, the lack of strict laws and regulations, too many personal connections and rational spirit of inadequate management of Chinas shortcomings and inadequacies. Its performance management is more to consider the consequences. The so-called masters the spirit is denied by administrators or managers, their actions are focused on values, they re-commitment, light contract; re-scheduling, light plan; heavy emotion, light system; randomness, and poor punctuality . So the West ERP application in China must pay attention to the values of human management. Therefore, the establishment of a combination of, a comprehensive enterprise performance management is essential. (3) ERP of the modern manufacturing management tool, it has its social attributes and two aspects of the natural attributes. In terms of its natural attributes, there is not much difference between Chinese and foreign enterprises. They all seek to maximize the production of shorter cycles, lower costs, reduce inventory, on-time delivery, rapid response to customer needs. So the general principle of ERP is the foreign application. However, in terms of their social attributes, corporate governance policies by the state laws, regulations, tax policy, the market environment. ERP must therefore consider the conditions of. For example, ERP financial software, it must be in line with Chinas accounting standards promulgated by the Ministry of Finance and Accounting requirements. At this stage, but also dealing with the ; barter grinding off to deal with; in the cost price of a gradual plan to retain access to different methods of assessments; both accounts receivable finance, but also record sales of receivables account; double fixed, such as working hours. (4) the management of Chinas machinery manufacturing industry is the most complex. Machinery manufacturing industry as a result of materials of different specifications, and production is not continuous, complex manufacturing process, so the management of the manufacturing machinery manufacturing complex than others. In addition, Chinas machinery manufacturing industry compared with foreign developed countries is still, small and complete model of production organization, specialization is not as fine as abroad, the internal management of Chinese enterprises abroad relatively complex, so the machine manufacturing industry in China management is the most complex. 5. Armed firearms manufacturing management trends in the development of information technologyWith the global economy to speed up the integration process, new management models and management methods are emerging, computer and high-speed network communications technology development, especially in Internet penetration into every corner of the world. Machinery manufacturing enterprises as an important management tool for information - Enterprise Resource Planning ERP system, is undergoing profound change and development. We are thinking of the following from the management, system performance and software development platform on three aspects of its development trend. (1) the development of management thinking 1. In support of network systems, the new ERP system will bring the world into a realm: consumers or customers via the Internet electronic shopping malls in the understanding of product performance, price, through e-commerce orders issued to the manufacturer; producers through ERP system, procurement and materials down manufacturing instructions, complete material procurement through electronic commerce, payment activities; After manufacturing, the final product on time will be sent to users, in-line to complete the transaction and settlement. It enables suppliers, producers, distributors, customers, tightly integrated through the supply chain, uninterrupted flow of materials, to reduce inventory, minimize operating costs, rapid response to customer demand, improve the market competitiveness of enterprises and economic benefits. Therefore, supply chain management SCM, e-commerce will be essential for EC. 2. As a result of intensified market competition, manufacturers from the past to product-centric to a customer-centric business strategy. CRM customer relationship management for enterprise customers with a full range of perspectives, to give companies a better ability to communicate with our customers is a customer to maximize the yield of the method. It is fully aware of the special needs of customers, based on a one-on-one personalized service to enhance customer satisfaction and corporate loyalty, so that enterprises gain a competitive edge. Its purpose is to establish a system to enable enterprises in the customer service, market competition, sales and support each other to coordinate the formation of a new relationship. CRM is a technology, it is a new type of management philosophy and mechanisms. 3. To support agile manufacturing and virtual manufacturing. Agile manufacturing enterprise is to make excellent adaptive capacity, in the changing environment of competition to occupy the leading position in the overall strategy. In the area of the operation and management of the technical means to achieve include: in-time manufacturing JIT, sophisticated production LP, Concurrent Engineering CE, Business Process Reengineering BPR, such as virtual manufacturing VM. Through rapid modeling tools and reference model library to speed up the process of BPR. Based on browser / services architecture and software component technology, through the standard Virtual Private Network VPN technology, can build a virtual manufacturing environment to support virtual enterprises and the management of the demand for virtual manufacturing. 4. Enterprise Performance Management EPM (Enterprise Performance Management). EPM in accordance with corporate strategic goals and business objectives, setting goals in various sectors, and will be divided into layers of these objectives the goal of every employee, through the acquisition of its ERP system implementation and the allocation of targets to determine staff rewards and incentives. And the whole company, departments and staff to analyze the performance. EPM, including planning, management and analysis of the entire process. To establish and improve the incentive mechanism to promote the achievement of corporate goals and improve business performance. 5.ERP to go the path of specialization. In view of different sectors in the management of the details there is a big difference in the need for the characteristics of different industries, the operation of the mechanism, set up the appropriate business processes, organizational structure of the corresponding structures and the design of the software architecture to be realized. Can not be expected to use a generic solution applicable to all industries, particularly in relation to production, sales, procurement and cost details of this business, it is important to have a focus on the program of an industry can effectively address the different applications of information technology issues . In addition specialized ERP software product development cycle of their short, fast upgrading of the implementation of easy and low cost. (2) system performance requirements 1. In order to adapt to the changing organizational structure and business processes, ERP systems need to develop business process management (Business Process Management) and workflow management to support business process reengineering and enterprise dynamic modeling. For the different needs of enterprises, can be cut to achieve functional, the system can be configured, reconfigurable processes, process management. 2. In order to make the majority of suppliers, customers, partners, the majority of employees access to applications, ERP systems to provide internal and external integration and flexibility. Internal ERP system with CIMS, OA, three-dimensional warehouse, bar code, data mining, such as tightly integrated system. External with suppliers, customers, partners, heterogeneous system integration, the full realization of information sharing; support the mobile office and wireless access. 3. To support the Group business. Support multi-company, multi-organizational and cross-boundary commercial mode of operation. (3) the requirements of software development platform In order to achieve the above-mentioned management functions and system performance requirements, ERP software development platform must be used the following techniques: 1. Based on browser / server multi-tier architecture. In order to enable users in any place at any time operation of data become possible, greatly expand the scope of customers, will be extended to customers throughout the Internet network, the use of J2EE or. NET development platform, to achieve the clients browser layer, Web layer, Business Logic Tier and database of multi-layer architecture is very necessary. In order to achieve interoperability between the modules, interoperability, management structures and cross-components of the deployment and management of the environment will require the support of middleware. 2. To make a good ERP system portability, integration, interoperability, industry standards must be consistent with the development of language, development tools, communication protocols and database systems. Application software so that truly independent of the operating system (NT, UNIX, Linux), independent of the database (ORACLE, SQL SERVER, Sybase, DB2) naturally independent of the hardware platform. 3. The realization of the system can be configured, reconfigurable processes, software development software component technology to be used. 4. In support of distributed applications. A new generation of management software system is a very large scale, and it can be cut into small and medium-sized applications. It will no longer be concentrated in the same local area network server systems, so support for distributed applications and distributed database management software in the future of a feature. To sum up, machinery manufacturing enterprises is to manage a very complex enterprise, at present, there are many management problems, is not conducive to the fierce market competition environment. The use of information technology management and innovation, system innovation and technological innovation, raise the level of management is indisputable. The article described the machinery manufacturing enterprises of the characteristics of management information, from management thinking, ERP system performance requirements and software development platform to talk about three aspects of technology trends. ERP software provider for the development of software and machinery manufacturing enterprises to develop information-based programs refer to.中文译文我国机械制造业管理信息化特点及发展趋势1前言 制造业特别是机械制造业是国民经济的支柱产业，现代制造业正在改变着人们的生产方式、生活方式、经营管理模式乃至社会的组织结构和文化。由于中国潜在的巨大市场和丰富的劳动力资源，世界的制造业正在向中国转移，中国正在成为世界的制造大国。我国在家电等若干产品的产量已居世界第一位。但是在自主知识产权的创新设计、先进制造工艺和装备及现代化管理等方面仍然存在很大差距，所以我们还不是制造强国。本文仅就机械制造企业目前管理中存在的问题、如何利用信息技术提高管理水平、管理信息化的特点和技术发展趋势作一些研究，供机械制造企业制定信息化方案时参考。2机械制造企业目前管理中存在问题中国机械制造业经过几十年的努力已经具有相当的规模，积累了大量的技术和经验。但是随着世界经济一体化的形成，由于中国潜在的巨大市场和丰富的劳动力资源，国外的技术、资金、产品大量涌入中国，中国企业面临前所未有的国内外激烈的竞争局面。竞争要求企业产品更新换代快、产品质量高、价格低、交货及时、服务好。这些市场竞争的武器与企业管理的模式、管理方法、管理手段、组织结构、业务流程密切相关。然而中国企业及人们的思想意识由于受到30-40年计划经济的影响，上述竞争武器与发达国家相比存在很大差距。1）生产计划控制的模式落后尚未实施ERP的机械制造企业几乎100%采用台套计划的方式。即以产品最长生产周期作为构成产品各种物料的采购提前期和生产提前期。过分夸大的提前期是造成库存和在制品储备高，流动资金占用大的根本原因。生产计划与采购计划脱节，零件成套水平差，不能准时交货。或者用高储备来保交货期。距离现代管理方法物料需求计划MRP、准时生产JIT、供应商管库房VMI、同步生产相差甚远。2）企业应变能力差今天的市场瞬息万变，需求多样化。按订单装配MTO，按订单制造MTO，按订单设计MTD，大规模定制MC。品种规格繁多，生产、采购异常复杂。从客户销售设计生产采购财务成本，需要一个完整的供应链管理，才能动态快速地响应客户需求，适应千变万化市场和客户定制化的要求。3）成本计算不准确，成本控制差人工成本核算一般只能计算产品成本，无法计算零部件成本。成本费用分摊很粗，大量成本数据采集是人工归集的，数据准确性很差，使得成本计算不准确。一般不进行标准成本的计算，也很少进行成本分析，因此成本控制差。4）信息分散、不及时、不准确、不共享制造业产、供、销、人、财、物是一个有机的整体，他们之间存在大量信息交换。然而人工管理信息分散、缺乏完善的基础数据，信息分散、不及时、不准确、不共享、大大影响管理决策的科学性。5）科层式的组织机构而不是面向业务流程的扁平化的组织，一般业务流程不合理，业务流程的管理和控制不规范，随意性大。6）缺乏标准化、规范化、制度化、程式化的管理，管理的优劣因人而异。尽管通过ISO9000制定了一系列的程序文件，执行的效果可因企业和管理者而异。7）管理工具落后，大部分企业仍处于手工分散管理或微机单项管理的阶段。有的企业也建立了全厂的计算机网络，但应用仍是分散的，没有实现信息的共享和资源的优化配置。8）现代化管理的新思想、新方法、新技术的应用差。例如：敏捷制造AM、虚拟制造VM、准时生产JIT、客户关系管理CRM、供应链管理SCM、商业智能BI、电子商务EC、企业资源计划ERP等。3用信息技术提高机械制业管理水平上述目前管理中存在的问题严重地影响着企业管理水平、管理效率和企业的竞争能力。采用现代化的管理思想、方法和计算机网络通信技术，实现机械制造企业的管理创新、制度创新和技术创新是摆在每个企业面前刻不容缓任务。所以建立联接厂内外的计算机网络通信系统，选择先进、成熟、适合企业管理需求的企业资源计划ERP、客户关系管理CRM、供应链管理SCM、商业智能BI、电子商务EC等软件系统，通过管理咨询和业务流程重组，优化设计企业的组织机构、管理模式、业务流程，应用上述软件系统，实现企业管理的信息化。以克服目前企业管理中存在的问题，提高企业管理水平、管理效率和企业的竞争能力，是企业面对知识经济和全球经济一体化做出的必然选择。系统建设的目标是：1）建成一个覆盖全公司的计算机网络化的管理信息系统。该系统使企业的生产经营实现物流、资金流、信息流和工作流的高度统一与并行运作，并通过Intranet、Internet实现企业内、外部充分的信息交流及企业与外界的联系，形成有效的敏捷供需链系统。2）采用先进的生产计划控制方法。打破台套计划的方式，按各种物料的采购提前期和生产提前期编制物料需求计划。建立一个有效、灵活的由主生产计划、物料需求计划和车间作业计划的三级计划所组成的生产计划管理体系，最大限度的缩短产品生产周期、采购周期、准时交货，快速响应客户需求，最大限度的降低库存和成本，提高售后服务水平。有条件的企业推行准时生产JIT、供应商管库房VMI、同步生产等先进管理方法。3）实现全公司基础数据（如物料数据、产品结构数据、产品设计工艺数据、生产能力数据等）统一生成、统一维护和统一管理，供经授权的各相关部门使用，真正做到数出一家、数据共享，避免冗余。通过ERP系统的建立和实施进一步理顺企业的管理程序，做到管理的制度化、规范化和科学化。4）针对目前各管理部门中信息分割的情况，建立以客户为中心的动态信息反馈和监控体系，实现对每项任务从合同签订、设计、生产、采购、成本核算到成品发货全过程的动态跟踪，使每项任务处于有效的监控之下。5）加强财务管理和健全成本核算功能。真正建立起二级成本核算体系，采用先进的成本核算方法，较为准确地核算出零部件成本和产品成本，为销售报价和财务核算提供可靠依据。进行成本分析，找出降低成本的因素，有效降低成本。6）使用计算机加强质量数据的统计分析。充分利用质量检测数据，利用多种分析方法，进行深入的统计和分析。有力地监督和提高质量水平。7）通过计算机实现企业的信息化管理，将广大管理人员从繁琐的手工劳动中解放出来，使他们有机会学习管理理论和提高管理技能，从本质上提高企业管理人员的管理水平。4中国机械制造业管理的特点机械制造业与其它制造业的管理具有共性也有个性；机械制造业本身随着生产类型，生产批量，生产组织方式不同其管理方法存在差异；中国的制造业与发达国家相比，由于企业文化、法律、制度的不同也有其特殊性。下面就这些特点加以论述：1）机械制造业是典型的离散制造业，其管理软件根据企业的生产类型，生产批量，生产组织方式不同，需要不同的解决方案。下图列出生产类型的划分：这些制造类型的特征：离散制造不同的物料经过非连续的移动，通过不同路径，生产出不同的物料和产品。如汽车、机床、飞机、计算机、家电等。流程工业物料经过混合、分离、成型或者化学反应，物料大多连续地通过相同路径，生产出有价值的产品。它又分为连续生产、批量生产和混合制造几种类型。在管理上要求配方管理、副产品、联产品、多种计量单位，同一物品多个质量等级、批号跟踪、保质期等特点，一般用专业流程工业软件。单件生产产品按订单设计、按客户需求生产，产品很复杂。产品生产周期一般都很长。有时一个合同按部件多次交货。如三大动力厂（大电机、汽轮机、锅炉）重型机械、造船等。生产组织按工艺划分，设备是通用的。生产管理中除应用多品种小批量生产的整套方法外，需增加网络计划（项目管理），关键资源排序。这里CRM就并不重要。多品种小批量生产产品是标准的或选配的。需求可以是预测，或按订单生产，按订单装配。生产组织按工艺特征分车间、工段、班组，如铸、锻、铆、焊、车、铣、刨、磨、装配等。生产计划的特征是典型的MRPII加配置控制。他们也需要CRM，SCM等。大批量生产产品是标准或少数选配。需求主要靠预测，也考虑订单。生产设备是以物料（零件、部件）为对象组成一条条流水生产线。生产计划的特征是将传统MRPII与JIT混合制造，中长期计划和批量生产的零件采用物料需求计划M
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