英语语法独立主格.ppt

1,The Absolute Structure 独立主格结构,2,一、概念： 独立主格结构(the absolute structure)是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。,3,1)Night enshrouding the earth,nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance. (黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。) 2)He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm. (他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。) 3)The coward was backing,his face being deathly pale,toward another room. (那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。),4,独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。例如，上述例句可变为： 1)Because night enshrouded the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance. 2)He lay at full length upon his stomach.His head rested upon his left forearm. 3)The coward was backing toward another room.His face was deathly pale.,5,功能： “独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。它是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。,6,1.作时间状语 1)My shoes removed,I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting. After my shoes were removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting. (我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。) 2)The governor pondering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path. While the governor was pondering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path. (总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。),7,2.作条件状语 1)Weather permitting,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. If weather permits,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. (如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。) 2)Such being the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him. If such is the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him. (如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。),8,3.作原因状语 1)The storm drawing near,the navvy decided to call it a day. Since the storm was drawing near,the navvy decided to call it a day. (由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。) 2)The Cossack being intent on his stalking,his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger. Because the Cossack was intent on his stalking,his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger. (这位哥萨克人只顾专心致志地朝前大步走着，所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝，那是一个机关的起动装置。),9,4.作伴随状语 1)I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,the people falling back respectfully on either side. I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,and the people fell back respectfully on either side. (我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。) 2)He would appear in the doorway,gray fedora pulled low over his face,his eyes sweeping the room for any sign of trouble. He would appear in the doorway.A gray fedora was pulled low over his face,and his eyes swept the room for any sign of trouble. (他常常出现在门廊里，一顶灰色浅顶软呢帽遮住大半个脸，眼睛扫过整个房屋，寻找滋事的迹象。),10,形式： 独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。 名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词； 名词（代词）+形容词； 名词（代词）+副词； 名词（代词）+不定式； 名词（代词） +介词短语构成。,11,1.名词介词短语 1)The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist,a bunch of flowers in his hands. (广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。) 2)Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house,a vast load of firewood on her back. (每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间东倒西歪的房屋前蹒跚着走过。),12,2.名词形容词(短语) 1)The Trojans asleep,the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse. (特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。) 2)The wretched boy,who has recently been dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks,is now sweeping away the snow,his hands numb with cold. (那个可怜的小男孩最近刚刚从森林中被抓进兵营里打扫地板，现在他正在扫雪，手都冻麻了。),13,3.名词副词 1)This little excitement over, nothing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion. (一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。) 2)This intermezzo over, he found himself surrounded by several stunning, porcelain-faced Japanese women in kimonos. (这曲子过后，他发现自己身处几位穿着和服并且有着娇好面容的日本女人的包围之中。),14,1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away. 由于无事可做，他们离开了。（代词ing; 表原因） 2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand. 王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。(名词+介词短语, 表伴随） 3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed. 老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。（名词ed; 表状态） 4、Class over, we began to play basketball. 放学了，我们开始玩篮球。（名词副词；表时间） 5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper. 没再多说一个字，他拾起那张纸。（介词结构；表伴随） 6、Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。 （名词不定式）,15,独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。,16,独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同： 1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。 Time permitting，wed better have a rest at this weekend. If time permit, wed better have a rest at this weekend. Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.,17,Practice,The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.,18,with的复合结构作独立主格 表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如： He stood there, with his hand raise. = He stood there, his hand raised. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied,D,19,A with+名词/代词+形容词 He doesnt like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。 = He doesnt like to sleep when the windows are open. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。 = He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.,20,B with+名词代词+副词 Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。 = Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on. The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。 = The boy was walking and his father was ahead.,21,C with+名词代词+介词短语 He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand. 他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。 = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth. 文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。 = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.,22,D with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式 With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。 = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play. With the signal given, the train started. 信号发出了，火车开始起动了。 = After the signal was given, the train started. I wouldnt dare go home without the job finished. 工作还没完成，我不敢回家。 = I wouldnt dare go home because the job was not finished.,23,E with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式 The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. 有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。 = The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him. The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。 = The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was. Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。 = When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.,24,F with+名词代词+动词不定式 The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. 有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。 = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do. The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。 The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.,25,with + 复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法 “with + 复合宾语”结构是指“with +宾语（名词或代词