英文语法-词类.ppt

词类 英语中的词可以根据词义，句法作用和形式特征分为十大词类。,词类 英语名称 作用 名词 Nouns (n.) 表示人或物的名称 形容词 Adjectives(adj.) 表示人或物的特征 数词 Numerals(num.) 表示数目或顺序 代词 Pronouns ( pron.) 代替名词，数词等 动词 Verbs(v.) 表示动作或状态 副词 Adverbs(adv.) 表示动作特征或形状特征 冠词 Articles(art.) 用在名词前,帮助说明其意义 介词 Prepositions(prep)用在名词,代词等前，说明与别的词之间的关系 连词 Conjunctions(conj.) 用来连接词与词或句与句 感叹词Interjections(interj.) 表示说话时的感情或口气,一、名词 名词在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、宾补 例如： Is it a color film? 是彩色影片吗？ (定语) 2. The Party has great concern for us students. （同位语） 3. The meeting lasted an hour. (状语) 4. We elected Tom our monitor. (宾补),二、形容词 形容词可作定语、表语、宾补、状语。 例如： 1. The pen is nice. 2. It is a wonderful film. 3. Who left the door open. 4. He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry. 他又冷又饿地、在风雨中过了七天。 大多数形容词既可作定语又可作表语，少数形容词只能作表语不能作定语。如：alone, afraid, asleep, awake, alive, ashamed, aware,三、 副词 副词主要用来作状语，可修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。 例如： You work hard. 比较： Those are hard work. very good/nice very well First of all we must make the best use of our time. 首先我们要充分利用好我们的时间。 副词在句中的位置。 a.放在动词后面。 b.如果是及物动词一般就放在宾语后面。 1. Everything went smoothly. 一切进行得很顺利。 2. You shouldnt stay up too late. 3. She did it carefully.,频度副词放在系助情之后，行为动词之前。 hardly, always, usually, often, seldom, never, already, almost, just等。例如： 1. 她很少生病。 She is seldom ill. 2. 你们经常举行这样的晚会吗？ Do you often hold such parties? 3. 他从来不迟到。 He has never been late.,四、动词-作谓语 类型 特点 例句 及物动词vt. 跟宾语 You are studying maths. 不及物动词vi. 不跟宾语,无被动语态 We study for ourselves. 系动词link.v 跟表语 I became a League member in 2007. 助动词aux.v跟动词原形（无意思）Will you be in tonight? 情态动词mod.v跟动词原形（有意思）We must be modest.（谦虚）,在很多情况下，一个动词可以用作不同类动词： 1. They are having a meeting. 2. He has gone to the cinema. 3. How do you do ? 4. Please do me a favor. 5. You neednt worry. 6. We need your help. 7. You dont look very well today. 8. We are looking forward to May Day.,(vt.),(aux.v.),(aux.v.),(vt.),(vt.),(mod.v.),(link.v.),(vi.),特别是有很多动词，既可作及物动词，又可作不及物动词。 比较； 1.We must spread the spirit of Olympics. vt. 2.The news soon spread all over the city. vi. 3. I think you are right? vt. 4. We often think of you. vi.,五. 介词 介词不能在句中独立充当一个成分，须和一个名词或与之相当的东西构成介词短语，来充当一个成分。和介词构成短语的那个部分称为介词的宾语。能充当介词的宾语有名词，代词，动名词，以及由连接代（副）词引导的从句或不定式。 例如： Its going to be windy tomorrow according to the weather forecast. 2. How much luggage can I take with me? 3. Well keep on learning English. 4. Im thinking of how we can fulfil the task ahead of time. 5. He gave a lesson on how to improve the soil.,介词短语在句中可作状语，定语，表语。 例如； Thank you for reminding me of it. 状语 2. What is the advantage of doing all this? 定语 3. He is a responsible man in spite of his shortcomings. 4. These people are only after fame and position. 表语 5.They are out of touch with reality. 表语 6. Most of the products on display are new ones. 定语,状语,六、连词 连词也是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分，而只起连接词与词、短语与短语。以及句与句的作用。如： Harry up , or well be late. Are we to have the contest today or tomorrow? Study hard , and youll make progress. 连词主要分为两类 并列连词连接平行的词、词组或分句 从属连词用来引导从句,并列连词：and , but , or , so , therefore , yet , however , for ,bothand , not onlybut also , eitheror , neithernor , then , as well as等 并列连词可分为： 1. 表示转折：but, yet, however 2. 表示因果关系: for, so, therefore eg. Youd better put on your sweater, for its rather cold outside. It was already rather late, so we decided to go home. You are right, therefore we should support you.,3. 并列连词：and, or, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, as well as等 Eg. 我看过他的一本小说，也看过他的几本剧本。 I have read one of his novels as well as a few of his plays. 他们工作一不为名，二不为利 They worked neither for fame nor for personal gains. 请你今天或明天来。 Come either today or tomorrow.,从属连词 1引导时间状语从句 after , when , before , as , while , since , until , till , once, as soon as, 2. 引导原因状语从句 because , now that 既然, since既然, as, seeing that=since 等。例如： Now that your son is well again, you no longer have anything to worry about. Since you dont want to go, we wont force you to.,3引导条件状语从句 if ,even if , unless , as long as , in case (that) , on condition (that) 只要， suppose=supposing假设, provided/providing (that) 等 Ill lend you the book on condition (that) you return it