农业植物病害IPM（英文）-

1.9 Case study: Integrated management of Alternaria blight in carrots,Introduction Efficacy of sole control measures Integrated of control measures Concluding remarks,Alternaria dauci in carrots,Carrot field infected with Alternaria dauci,Carrot combine,Chemical management of A. dauci,Sprinkler irrigation,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,Air spraying,Ground spraying,Time (days),Fungicide treated plot,Untreated control plot,For management of A. dauci,up to 4 sprays are applied each week and up to 40 sprays are applied in a growing season !,Objective of the research,To develop an integrated management strategy that will: 1. Reduce the number of sprays applied in a growing season; 2. Prevent disease development and yield losses,Management of A. dauci,Chemical fungicides (protectant, systemic) Cultural measures (spatial organization of planting, sanitation, irrigation type) Genetic (cultivar resistance),Sole application of measures,Chemical and drip irrigation Cultivar resistance and chemical control,Integration of measures,Temporal and spatial dissemination of spores,Spatial influence of an infected field on neighboring fields,Infected source field,Neighboring affected field,Spatial organization of plantings,5,6,7,4,Effect of sanitation: burring of infected debris after harvest in the soil,Before,after,Optimization of chemical control,60,70,80,90,100,110,Disease severity (%),Untreated,Bravo, Score,Time (days after planting),Efficacy of various fungicides,Why the systemic mobility of the fungicide is not an advantage?,Development of A. dauci on carrot leaves,Why the systemic mobility of the fungicide is not an advantage?,Protectant fungicide,Systemic fungicide,Optimization of chemical control,Optimal timing for spraying initiation,Control efficacy (%),20,40,60,80,100,0,Time from disease onset and spraying initiation (days),Tebuconazole,mancozeb,Disease onset,Optimization of chemical control,80,90,100,110,120,100,0,20,40,60,80,Time from planting (days),Disease severity (%),Untreated,8 sprays,First 4,Last 4,Date of praying (DAP):,Initiation Termination,First 4 sprays Last 4 sprays 8 sprays,29 77 29,65 119119,Treatment,Disease onset,Optimal timing for spraying initiation,Optimization of chemical control,Optimal timing for spraying termination,Disease severity (%),60,80,100,20,40,0,Time before harvest (days),Last spray (days before harvest),Genotype resistance,Genotype resistance + fungicides,Type of the irrigation system,Integration of drip irrigation and application of fungicides,Effects of drip irrigation on the epidemic and on fungicide efficacy,Drip,pathogen,environment,host,Shorter wetness duration,70%,Effects of drip irrigation on the epidemic and on fungicide efficacy,Drip,pathogen,environment,host,Lower weathering of fungicide from the foliage,30%,Time,Disease severity (logit),Contribution of sanitation and spatial organization of planting,Time,Disease severity (logit),Contribution of cultivar resistance, drip irrigation protectant fungicides,Time,Disease severity (logit),Contribution of systemic fungicides,Time,Disease severity (logit),Integration of control measures,Concluding remarks,The major means for suppression of Alternaria blight in carrots is chemical application of fungicides. Up to 40 sprays are currently applied in a growing season. Use of resistant cultivars, drip irrigation, burying infected debris after harvest and re-organization of planting in sp