高三英语英汉对比研究——汉英语言差异课件.ppt

汉英语言差异,Have you ever thought about any differences between the Chinese language and the English language? What kind of differences between the two make you love or hate learning English most?,汉英语言基本差异 汉英语言具体差异 应对策略,汉英语言基本差异,1. 语系 印欧语系 vs 汉藏语系 2. 文字系统 表音文字 vs 表意文字 3. 语言性质 形合（hypotaxis）vs 意合（parataxis） 4. 叙事方式 开门见山 vs 时间和逻辑顺序,Samples,Students=同学们 birds小鸟 他们唱着歌，跳着舞。 我知道了。 你读过这本书吗？ Youre always asking me such questions！ I am now living in a very pleasant flat 学习政治/政治学习 这锅饭可以吃八个人。/这间教室可以坐50个人。,Samples,It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January. 我原打算一月份访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。,汉英语言具体差异,思维方式的不同,英美人的思维方式是直线式的，他们在遣词造句谋篇上遵循着从一般（general）到具体（specific），从概括（summarize）到举例（exemplify），从整体（whole）到个体（respective）的原则。,Samples,Soccer is a difficult sport（1）A player must be able to run steadily without rest（2）Sometimes a player must hit the ball with his or her head（3）Players must be willing to bang into and be banged into by others（4） They must put up with aching feet and sore muscles,足球运动员必须能不停地奔跑，有时得用头顶球，撞别人或被别人撞，必须忍受双脚和肌肉的疼痛，所以说，足球运动是一项难度大的运动。,而在汉语中，我们习惯于先分后总，先说原因后说结果。 因为他病了，昨天他不得不呆在家里。 He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill 生活中既然有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。 Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life,语音差异,汉语语音的最大特点是：声调区别意义。 汉字多为单音节。,词的差异,就词组而言，英语中的词组或短语丰富多彩，有名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语与独立结构等，它们的语法功能不一而足，可作主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语与表语等。 汉语更偏重以单音节或多音节的单词为其基本的句法成分，而且其短语用法十分有限。,Samples,Marriage may be compared to a cage：the birds outside despair to get in and those within despair to get out I am utterly in the dark about the matter,语言的形成与发展深受本国、本土、历史、地理、风土人情等各方面的影响。 lover first Lady intellectual black tea sister/cousin to cut wheat ；to cut cake ；to cut fingernails,句子结构的差异,英语多被动，汉语多主动 It is said that It is estimated that It must admitted that It is suggested that It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver They were given a hearty welcome,英语多长句，汉语多短句 Conquer the desires，or they will conquer you 你如不能战胜欲念，欲念将要战胜你。 An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once travelling in China 一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。,英语多从句，汉语多分句 The president said at a conference dominated by questions on yesterdays election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat，which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House,在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发了言。他说他不能理解为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众议院长期享有的优势。,英语多省略，汉语多补充 Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil. Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of the mother of evil.,Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Francis Bacon,英语多引伸，汉语多推理 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.,尽管关于历史的定义和历史学家人数一样多，现代实践最符合这样一种定义，即把历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。,英语多抽象，汉语多具体 Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.,宇宙膨胀虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认理论在科学上看来可信的推论，七八年来许多天体物理学家一直认为这一学说是正确的。,句序差异,1）英汉语复合句中的时间顺序 英语复合句中，表示时间的从句可以在主句之前，也可以在主句之后，叙述顺序很灵活；汉语则通常先发生的事先叙述，后发生的事后叙述。,Samples,After I had my dinner, I went out for a walk. I went out for a walk after I had my dinner.,英汉语复合句中的逻辑顺序 在表示因果/条件/假设关系的英语复合句中，原因/条件/假设与结果的顺序比较灵活，表示原因/条件/假设的从句的位置可以在主句之前，也可以在主句之后；汉语中多数情况是原因/条件/假设在前，结果在后。,As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain. 由于天气很好，我们决定去爬山。 He would be a rash man if he should venture to forecast the results of this event. 如果有人敢于预言此事的结果，那他一定是个鲁莽之徒。,应对策略,1.英语简单句转换成汉语复合句结构 His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free College of the City of New York. 由于在中学成绩优异，他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。 The development of an economical artificial heart is only a few transient failures away. 只消再经过几次失败，就能造出价格低廉的人工心脏了。,2.英语复合句结构转换成汉语简单句结构 He doesnt know what life means to him. 他不知道人生的意义。,3.英语复合句结构转换成不同类型的汉语复句结构 a. 英语主从复合句结构转换成汉语联合复句结构 Our men had gone quite a distance off before the enemys reinforcement troops came up. 我们的队伍已经走得很远了，敌人的增援部队才赶上来。,b. 英语并列复合句结构转换成汉语偏正复句结构 This place is really beautiful, and many people bring their wives and families out here to live. 这地方实在漂亮，所以许多人都把他们的家小搬来居住。,4. 英语倒装句结构转换成汉语正装句结构 英语的倒装结构主要出于上下文或语气的需要，以使说话或文章重心突出有力。汉语一般不用倒装结构，所以英译汉时常需作适当改变。 Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality. 当时我确实还不太懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。,5.英语被动结构转换成汉语主动结构；英语主动结构转换成汉语被动结构 But someone who has been out there in the floodlights as often as he has can n