初高中英语衔接(1).doc

_初高中英语语法衔接专题高中英语学习方法探索“三衔接”（一）、做好英语知识的衔接。高一开始，应从实际出发，先找到初高中英语知识“脱钩处”，尽快平稳过渡。梳理初中知识，对掌握得不够扎实的内容要好好补补。结合新课教学的需要，将初、高中英语语言知识有机地结合起来，复习旧知识为新课打下基础，在学新课的过程中，旧知识又得到运用和巩固。 “两条腿走路”，才走得更实、更好、更远。（二）、做好英语学习习惯的衔接。初中学习英语的习惯大多数是被动式的，进入高中，应该从被动逐渐转向主动。高一开始，应特别注意培养以下几个新的学习习惯。1、学会使用工具书的习惯。遇到词汇方面的疑问不要被动等待教师解答，学会自己查词典寻找答案。准备一本好的英语语法工具书和词典，养成经常翻阅的习惯，在口、笔头实践中有意识地运用所学的语法知识和词汇，正确地理解语言和运用语言。2、预习的习惯。初中英语教师对预习也有粗放的要求，初中生对预习也不陌生。但到高中，随着英语课文篇幅的加长，内容增多，难度加大，如果没有搞好预习就适应不了课堂的教学进程。所以，对预习不能只是泛泛而提，而要把它当作英语学习的一个重要环节，比如：作预习笔记；学会能用英语词典查单词，自己解决生词；对重要词组、有用短语进行罗列，并能用这些词组、短语来造句；摘抄课文中结构严谨、用词优美的句子，读熟背熟；对课文内容进行简写；记下预习过程中遇到的问题和难点以便释疑解惑等。3、阅读与摘抄的习惯。初中英语一般还只限于课本，到了高中，英语阅读能力成为一个重点培养目标。多阅读适合自己水平和兴趣的英语读物，尤其是原汁原味的地道的。4、背诵英语课文和范文的习惯英语表达能力差，要提高书面表达能力一个行之有效的办法就是多背诵，学习别人的好词好句，久而久之，表达能力也会随之提高。所以要培养背诵英语课文和范文的习惯。5、每周做一点学法探讨。学习策略是提高学习效率和培养自主学习能力的保证。根据多元智力理论，每个学生都有自己的优势和独特的学习策略，比如：精耕细作(ploughboy)、博览群书(bookworm)、强化训练(test-killer)、灵感突现(inspiration-catcher)、听说交际(au-diovisual learner)和博采众长(multi-method learner)等类型。最佳学习策略应是一整套立足个性、突出特色和强调实效的学习方法。每个学生都应不断改进和寻找适合自己的学习策略，结合教材的Learner Log, Assessment, Learning tip和Checkpoint写“学法周记”，总结和探讨。（三）、做好心理上的衔接。相对于初中英语，高中英语一下子难度加大，容量增加。相当一部分学生不适应。再者，进入高中的学生往往都是原先初中成绩较好的学生，“高手”群体中总有一些学生会掉在班级的后面。有些学生这时候以为自己英语学不来了，就想放弃或懈怠它。这个时候，每位学生都应该对自己有个辩证的分析，从客观主观上，对自身及其他同学上，剖析自己的长处短处，剖析自己初中学习英语的特点，发扬优点，摒弃不足。与老师沟通，与同学交流。千万不要因为暂时的不适应放弃至关重要的英语。心理上的衔接很重要。“四环节”1、预习。每天上课前或上课前一天的某个时间，把老师要讲的内容先去看一看，力争运用所学过的知识去理解上课的内容。这也是自学能力的一种培养。预习结果可以自已看懂老师上课要讲的内容；通过预习，也清楚自已哪些地方存在困难，上课就可对症下药地重点去聆听，减轻课堂负担，提高上课效率。2、上课。通过预习，对上课的内容基本了解或大致掌握。这时，并不是说自己已懂上课可以不听了，自己做自己的事情。相反，更要认真地听老师是如何讲解的，自己有困难的地方如何搞懂，充分调动思维，紧跟老师思路。如此一来，对自己的前期预习也是一个深入的发展。3、复习。大部分同学每天课后总是先做练习，有时间多才会去复习。这种方法是不正确的。每天做作业、做练习之前先把当天上课内容复习归纳一下。听课时所接收的东西只有经过归纳总结消化才能真正成为自己的。有的同学上课听得懂，但碰到作业、练习或考试又会出错，大部分是因为忽略了这个环节。4、练习。练习的目的是检查一下学过的知识是否掌握了。练习不是单纯地做几个题目。在做题目时，要多问几个为什么，要多思考，这道题为什么要这样做，用到的知识点是哪一些，是否还可以用另外的方法来解决，下次练习可能会怎样。在做过的练习当中要进行归类。其实练习多了，也无非是那么几种，“换汤不换药”。带有此种习惯和目的去做练习，就会拓宽知识，锻炼能力和发展思维。学习理念:study theorypassive learning（被动学习）active learning（主动学习）学习要求“四个一”一套作业本（听写本，作业本，作文本）一本纠错本一本笔记本（至少够一学期用）一本字典英语学习一日常规 今天我背单词了吗？ 今天我完成作业了吗？ 今天我预习了吗？ 今天我复习了吗？ 今天我大声朗读了吗？ 今天我阅读了吗？ 今天我听录音了吗？ 今天我试着用英语交流了吗？学习英语要理顺的几个概念：1、 主谓关系与动宾关系2、 主动关系与被动关系3、 动作的执行者与承受着4、 逻辑主语与真正的主语5、 逻辑宾语与真正的宾语专题一 十大词性简讲一、名词（n.）1.定义：表示人或事物名称的词叫名词。e.g. Tom, scientist, doctor, feeling, Internet, Shanghai, animal2.名词的句法功能1) The book is well worth reading.2) He knew 6 languages.3) They elected him monitor.4) Is it a color TV?5) I watch a football match last night.二、代词（pron.）1.定义：代词是代替名词的词。英语的代词按照其不同的含义与作用可分为9类：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，相互代词，不定代词，疑问代词，连接代词，关系代词。2.分类 单数 复数1）人称代词 主格：I, you, he, she, it we, you, they 宾格：me, you, him, her, it us, you, them2）物主代词 形容词：my, your, his, her, its our, your, their 名词：mine, your, his, hers, its ours, yours, theirs3)反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves itself 4)指示代词 this, that these, those5)相互代词 宾格: each other, one another 所有格：each others, one anothers6)不定代词 可数：each, one, many, (a) few, both, another, either, neither 不可数：much, (a) little 可数/不可数：all, some, none, such, any, other 复合不定代词：anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, nobody, nothing, everybody, everyone, everything7)疑问代词：who, whom, whose, which, what8)连接代词：who(ever), whom(ever), whose(ver), which(ever), what(ever)9)关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as三、形容词（adj.）1.定义：形容词用于修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质和特征，在句中可作：定语、表语、补语或状语。2.句法功能1) After a long walk, I felt tired.2) He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry.3) He found it easy to learn English.四、副词(adv.)1.定义：副词用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、句子，主要用作状语，少数与介词同形的副词还可作表语或补足语。注：副词有9种：时间，地点，方式，程度，疑问，连接，关系，频度和说明性副词。2.句法功能1) Its raining hard.2) This is a fairly useful tool.3) Perhaps he will telephone later.4) Is he up?5) She is out.6) Life here is full of joy.7) Ask him in, please.五、冠词(art.)1.定义：虚词，本身不能独立使用，一般出现在名词前，对名词加以限制。冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)和定冠词(the)两种。定冠词the表特指，e.g. the man; 不定冠词a(n)在名词前表泛指，e.g. a man。六、介词(prep)1.定义：介词又叫前置词，表示它后面的名词或相当于名词的其他结构与句子其他成分的关系。注：介词+宾语介词短语/介宾短语 n./pron./doing/宾语从句等宾语一般是名词或与其功能相似的词或结构。2.句法功能1) The conference will be held on May 4th, in Beijing.2) The building at the end of the street is a hotel.3) The question is under discussion.4) We found the map quite out of date.5) To my surprise, they succeeded.七、连词(conj.)1.定义：连词是在词、短语、从句或句子之间起连接作用的词，是虚词，不单独作句子成分，按其在句子中的作用可分为并列连词和从属连词两种。1）并列连词表词、短语、句子彼此之间具有并列关系, e.g. and, but, bothand, or, so等。2）从属连词表连接主句和从句的连词。e.g. I dont know whether he will go himself.八、动词(v.)1.定义：指表动作的词，还表状态和性质的词，有时态、语态和语气等的变化。2.功能：放在主语后充当谓语，称为谓语动词，充当其他句子成分时称为非谓语动词，此时有形式上的变化：doing, to do, done。3.分类：1）根据在句中的功能，可分为：实意动词（行为动词）系动词助动词情态动词2）根据其后是否可直接跟宾语，可分为及物动词(vt.)不及物动词(vi.),有时同一个动词既可用作vt.，也可用作vi.。3）从是否延续来分，可分为延续性动词非延续性动词（短暂性动词）注：1）vt.不可单独使用，必须和其后的宾语一起使用，有被动语态。vi.后不能直接跟宾语，若跟宾语，必须借助于介词或其他词类；也可单独使用，无被动。2）系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，后须跟表语构成系表结构，说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。3）助动词协助主动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词。它本身无词义，不可单独作谓语。基本动词有：be/do/have。4）情态动词有词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和实意动词一起构成谓语。青苔动词没有人称、数的变化，两个纯情态动词不能连用，但可以说：Ill have to九、数词numeral (num.)表示数目或顺序 one, two first, second十、感叹词,Interjections (int.)oh, hello, hi, yeah等专题二 句子及句子成分一、句子的定义:句子是包含主语和谓语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调，用来表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。句子开头第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有句号、问号或叹号。二、句子的种类和类型1.句子按其用途可分为四类1）陈述句，用以陈述事实。 I dont care what she thinks.2)疑问句，用以提出问题。Your friend is a doctor, isnt he ? / When do we meet again?3)祈使句，用以表示命令，请求等。Have a good sleep and think it over.4）感叹句，用以表示各种强烈的感情。What a coincidence to meet in San Francisco!2.句子按其结构分为四种形式1）简单句，由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成。The cause of the fire was a cigarette-end.2)并列句，由两个或两个以上的简单句（分句）组成。 结构：分句+并列连词+分句 分句；分句（此结构中，分号相当于并列连词，且第二个分句的第一个字母不大写。）Cotton is falling in prices, and buyers hold off. Henry prefers strawberry pie, but his wife always bakes apple pies.3)复合句，由主句和其他从句组成。结构：主句+从属连词-从句； 从属连词-从句+主句注：分析主从句时，应先找出主句，再判断从句类型。He was an old man who wore thick glasses.4）并列复合句，即含有复合句的并列句。结构：主句+从属连词-从句+并列连词+主句+从属连词+从句. 主句+从属连词-从句+并列连词+分句.注：此句型中，并列连词起连接作用，连接前后复句或分句，因此应分别分析前后复句。翻译：1) The advertisement said the coat was on sale for $20, but it was actually $22.2) I ask a man who has a wife and 3 children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it.三、句子成分（一）五种基本句型：1）主语+谓语2）主语+谓语+宾语3）主语+系动词+表语4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语5）主语+谓语+宾语+宾补(宾语补足语)（二）句子成分：1.主语：是一个句子所叙说的主体。主语的位置一般在句首，一般不省略。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。（注：祈使句无主语，但隐含一个主语you,常表两人面对面说话，已知说话对象，所以无需加主语）例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）找出下面句子的主语：1) Children grow very fast.2) Nobody knows who took the key.3) Three plus five equals eight.4) My brother gave me two books. The first was a novel.5) To see is to believe.6) Looking up all the words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.7) The blind are well cared for in our country.8) How to do it well is an important question.9) What he said is quite true.10) That the sun rises in the east is common knowledge.注：一般情况下，主语在谓语前面，即自然语序（陈述句语序），还有一种倒装语序，即谓语在前，主语在其后。翻译：Hardly had they reached home when it began to snow.2.谓语：谓语或谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词/情态动词/be+主要动词）构成。1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.找出下面句子的谓语：1) What happened?2) The plane took off at 10 oclock.3) We were beaten by their team.4) You can do it if you try hard.3.表语：说明或表述主语的身份、特征和状态的，位置在系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）找出下列句子的表语：1) Africa is a big continent.2) My father became an army officer during the Anti-Japanese War.3) Oh, its you.4) Our teacher was satisfied with my work.5) Three times five is fifteen.6) She was the third to arrive.7) Our chief method is to learn English through practice.8) Their job is teaching English.9) The patient is out of danger.10) I must be off now.11) What surprised us most was that he spoke Chinese so well.4.宾语：表示动作的对象，是动作的承受着。宾语一般放在vt.或prep.之后。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.找出下列句子的宾语：1) He takes a cold bath every morning.2) All of us like him.3) Give me four.4) He began to learn English a year ago.5) Do you mind my opening the window?6) They teach the blind to read Braille.7) He did not know what to say.8) I wonder if youd like to go with us.9) Before the sales started, I made a list of what my kids would need for the coming season.5.宾语补足语: 在宾语的后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分称为宾语补足语。英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）找出下列句子的宾补：1) We made him our monitor.2) I dont believe the story true.3) He found the meeting over when he arrived there.4) You should put your things in order.5) The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.6) We saw the pupils playing basketball.7) He tried to make himself understood.6.定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。单词作定语时常放在它所修饰的n.之前，但修饰复合代词（即nothing, anything, everything, something等）时，放在其后。短语和从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的n.之后。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）找出下列句子的定语：1) We will build our motherland into a great modern socialist country.2) I have something important to tell you.3) There are few women workers in the factory.4) The oil workers here come from Daqing.5) We have got ten desks in the room.6) Yesterday the scientist made a report on modern science.7) As he has a lot of work to do, he is often the last one to leave the office after work.8) This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday.9) The girl playing the violin is Lis younger sister.10) The dormitory built last year is for post-graduate.7.同位语：在一个n.或pron.后面，对前面的性质或情况作进一步说明，这样的词或结构叫做同位语。结构：n./pron.+同位语。 找出下面句子里的同位语：1) They girls may go there by bus.2) This is Miss Green, the new English teacher.3) We all wanted to see her.4) You three go and look for it in your room.5) You may leave this work to us two.8.状语: 修饰v., adj., adv., 介词短语，从句或全句的成分是状语。修饰adj.的状语常放adj.之前，修饰v.的状语常放v.之后。但有些表频率的adv.(如often, always, usually等)作状语时，则放行为动词之前。Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）找出下列句子的状语：1) He knows how to teach English properly.2) My parents often tell us about their life in the past.3) We have been best friends since primary school.4) He will leave for Shanghai the day after tomorrow.5) He came here to see his parents.6) Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful.7) He heard some noises when he was reading.注: 1）掌握五种基本句型，记住每个句子成分的位置，造句就不会语法错误。2）读长难句时，要先找句子主干，再看修饰成分和短语（固定结构），句子意思便一目了然。翻译：1) He made a lot of scientific discoveries that he shared with the world, particular in the field of astronomy.2) In 1985, there was little rainfall in Ethiopia, which led to destroyed harvests and killed cattle.练习一 句子及句子成分一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.二、选择填空：( )1. _ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man here now C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now( ) 2. The weather _.A. wet and cold B. is wet and coldC. not wet and coldD. were wet and cold( ) 3. The apple tasted _.A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning.A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter( )5. The actor _at the age of 70.A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded( )6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we( )7. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly( ) 8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A. its B. it C. that D. that is( ) 9. The dog _ mad.A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked( )10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A. that B. when C. in which D. where参考答案一、1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；11、谓语，宾语；12、状语；13、形式宾语，真正宾语；14、宾语、定语；15、插入语，状语；16、宾语(间宾+直宾)；17、状语，状语；18、形式主语，表语，宾补；19、宾补；20、表语二、略 三、略四、15 CBDBB 610 ACBAB专题三 简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? When do you think he will come ? Who do you suggest be sent to go abroad?Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys. Dont talk in class注意下面句子的含义：Dont you open the door!Everybody stand up! Nobody move! Somebody lend me a pen!比较：Everybody stood up when the teacher came in Nobody moved when the police broke in. Somebody lent me a pen when my pen was missing.4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! How he is ! What he is !2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or, not onlybut also, neithernor,等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。Hurry up, youll miss the train.Hurry up, youll catch the train. I was doing my homework the light went out. I was doing my homework he was watching TV. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. She must have cried for her eyes are red. He not only gave us a lot of advice, but also helped us to study English. Either Tom is coming or his s