[涟水县]某中学框架结构教学楼毕业设计方案(含计算书和前期材料)
收藏
资源目录
压缩包内文档预览:
编号:22574422
类型:共享资源
大小:4.66MB
格式:ZIP
上传时间:2019-10-19
上传人:乐****!
认证信息
个人认证
黄**(实名认证)
广东
IP属地:广东
2.4
积分
- 关 键 词:
-
涟水县
中学
框架结构
教学楼
毕业设计
方案
计算
以及
前期
材料
- 资源描述:
-
[涟水县]某中学框架结构教学楼毕业设计方案(含计算书和前期材料),涟水县,中学,框架结构,教学楼,毕业设计,方案,计算,以及,前期,材料
- 内容简介:
-
淮 阴 工 学 院毕业设计外文资料翻译学院(系): 建筑工程系 专 业: 土木工程(建筑工程方向) 姓 名: 王 丽 学 号: 10314139 (用外文写)外文出处: Journal of Wuhan University Technoology-Mater.Sci.Ed 附 件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。 指导教师评语: 签名: 年 月 日注:请将该封面与附件装订成册。附件1:外文资料翻译译文随时间变化的钢筋混凝土阻力分析摘要对钢筋混凝土材料时间相关性的分析方法进行介绍,讨论钢筋混凝土的作用机理,然后再研究随时间而定的钢筋混凝土抵抗力。此外,钢筋混凝土结构中的钢材腐蚀也是需要被分析的。鉴定随时间而变的抵抗力的实际统计方法,包括物质的材料,结构尺寸,影响计算的确定。另外,范例中估计随时间而变钢筋混凝土结构构件的抵抗力是给的。关键字不定分析 ;随时间变化的抵抗力;钢筋混凝土1介绍:因为钢筋混凝土材料适用于很多地方,并且价格便宜,所以它在土木工程中是一种非常有用的材料。因此,这种材料大量的被使用。然而,传统的建筑结构设计和钢筋混凝土材料的研究很少注意到钢筋混凝土强度和时间的关系,尤其是作用在材料上的不同影响作用几乎是不予研究的。直到近年来,在建筑施工中的一些研究才涉及这个问题关于钢筋混凝强度与时间相关性的。已做过的关于钢筋混凝土柱破坏概率的研究表明低强度的钢筋混凝土柱破坏概率低于偶然的荷载作用下的破坏概率。并且这种计算方法已经被运用到随时间而变化的破坏概率的计算上。低强度的和Liu4 混凝土结构耐久性上的研究认为这种作用加速了其的破坏。并且Lu 6等已经论述钢筋腐蚀的情况。一般而言,依赖不同因素的钢筋混凝土抵抗力明显减小。在对混凝土结构安全性校核上,基础理论为钢筋混凝土耐久性分析提供了建议。研究随时间而变的钢筋混凝土结构的性质的是必要的。影响钢筋混凝土机理的因素 许多因素对钢筋混凝土抵抗力都产生影响。在水区域内存在着超过50种化学腐蚀元素,水在其中工作并且起调节作用。获得一次相关钢筋混凝土模型的实际方法是一种多因素理解方法。通常,对于单一的因素,许多结果只考虑到混凝土的碳化作用,碳化的厚度可以用下面公式来表示:可以写为:D ( t) = K t (1)式中D ( t),K和t分别为厚度,速度系数与碳化的时间。到目前为止,虽然有许多模型被运用到钢筋的断裂,疲劳破坏中,但是还没有大家都认可的结论存在。一般而言,能够降低钢筋混凝土的抵抗力的变量有钢筋的几何尺寸,周边环境情况以及随时间而变的抵抗力等。显而易见,钢筋混凝土抵抗力的变化是的一个随机函数过程或者说是一系列材料和结构变量的相互作用。钢筋混凝土在空气中的碳化被称之为中和反应。它是合成物与在空中的CO2以及钢筋混凝土中的碱性材料缓慢中和的过程。在空气中完全地碳化密实混凝土中的钢筋保护层需要花费几十年的时间,但是碳化非密实混凝土的只要几年。如果稀薄的碳化材料的含量比较高,则钢筋混凝土强度就会下降并且在碳化过程中结构的横截面也会加快缩小。碳化作用会造成碱度的降下和钢筋的腐蚀。钢筋腐蚀是钢筋表面中的铁不断地失去电子然后在溶于水,再在有氧的条件下与水发生反应。所以,消耗几倍时间大量的浸蚀材料。这样可以使产生钢筋混凝土保护层产生裂缝,并且沿着钢筋方向降低钢筋与混凝土之间的粘结力,从而造成钢筋混凝土结构承载能力的损失。近来的研究表明钢筋最严重的腐蚀是非碳化保护层15mm处。另一方面,由于不完善的表层和在混凝土上的裂缝,使腐蚀的开始时间可能会提前,并且腐蚀速度也可能大大地提高。当钢筋应力小于其屈服点时,其破坏速度是固定的。但是当钢筋应力超过屈服点时,破坏速度将提高几倍。后者被称为应力破坏,它是脆性的和危险的体现。钢的锈蚀会减小钢筋的承压面积,破坏粘结力以及降低结构的有效性。空气的腐蚀以及所有的液体都会对钢筋混凝土产生巨大的影响。它们会造成钢筋混凝土的腐蚀,混凝土保护层厚度的减少,最终加快钢筋的锈蚀。当结构承担活荷载时,钢筋混凝土结构产生疲劳破坏,造成强度极限和刚度的递减,而且使其产生并且扩大裂缝。通常疲劳破坏可以被分为固定和随机破坏,前者被用来决定荷载周期,而后者相对于任意的材料和荷载而言。除以上所述外,还有其他许多因素对其有影响。例如温度(包括温度的高低,变化周期,冻害, 湿度(包括干湿周期),以及荷载的调幅。荷载的调幅可以使钢筋混凝土结构的抵抗力降低。3任意时间相关性分析属于该情况结构的随机变量是彼此相互独立的,并且认为随时间变化为特征的材料,以随机时间相依函数为特征的钢筋混凝土可以用下面公式来表示: 式中:这一随机变量指出了结构材料与试验材料性质的差异;是建筑试验材料性质的差异系数,是试验材料的随机变量。根据统计理论,平均值和标准自差系数 (3) 式中表示平均值,表示随机过程的标准自差系数 , 和 分别 是试验材料性质的平均值和自差系数标准以及随机变量 。同样地,任意与其类似的解析模型多半可以认为,用来研究任意随时间变化的钢筋混凝土结构的几何参数和计算方法。同样地,与其类似的分析模型的随时间变化的钢筋混凝土结构的几何参数和计算方法多半可以这样来研究。钢筋混凝土的抵抗力可以用抵抗力函数R ( x1 , x2 , , xn )表示。其中 表示计算结构的参数,例如材料,几何形状,计算方法等。另外,考虑到疲劳工作,计算模型和最初参数以及与时间相关的抵抗力模型可以用下式表示: 式中 : (R0, t) 是随机抵抗过程,R0 是最初阻力,,是随机过程的疲劳破坏,Kp是计算模型的不可测定参数,xi表示随机过程的物质参数。许多关于钢锈蚀的实验表明钢的侵蚀过程与正规随机过程相一致。分离程序,随机时间相关的抵抗力( R0, t)可以简单地表示为: 式中:R ( t)是由时间决定的函数,而R0是任意初阻力。另外,其它的不能确定的情况应该被考虑 ,例如未确定实际材料的抵抗力大小,几何学尺寸,和计算模型。对于简单结构,任意过程的抵抗力函数, 可以简单写成: 式中:是与时间有关的函数,计算模型是计算模型的不可测定参数,以及是由计算模型决定的结构抵抗力。 对于单一结构构件用等式( 7)表示,可以写作: 式中:,以及分别表示为随时间变化的计算参数,钢筋混凝土结构构件几何形状和材料的特征。是材料抵抗力标准值。平均值和标准偏差等式( 8)分别如下式表示: 在具体施工应用中,混凝土结构阻力随机过程的递减函数按以下公式计算: 式中的是混凝土结构阻力的随机过程,, 是相关的随机变量,以及 是随时间变化的函数。基于混凝土结构设计的耐久性等级,等式(11)可以采用下列公式确定: 式中当钢筋混凝土达到极限时混凝土的抵抗力平均值;当钢筋混凝土达到极限时钢筋的抵抗力平均值;钢筋混凝土中的混凝土的标准偏差系数;钢筋混凝土中的钢筋的标准偏差系数;,分别为混凝土和钢抵抗力减小系数,; ,涉及到结构的材料,可以从材料实验中获得; 工程应用测试轴向受压钢筋混凝土的结构构件,从而得到一些结构阻力的统计资料。考虑初始值C30 的混凝土的平均值,标准偏差;;20MnSi的钢筋,平均值,偏差标准偏差; 初始阶段的尺寸是。混凝土和钢的抵抗力减小系数可以分别从Ref 4处获得,。在这种条件下,轴向受压的钢筋混凝土结构相关随机时间抵抗力可以从中获得。根据钢筋混凝土结构的设计理论,抵抗力函数,式中和分别为混凝土和钢筋的初阻力。其次在论文中使用该理论建议,来计算随机时间而定的抵抗力。一些统计数据见表格1。从计算结果中可以清楚的看到,钢筋混凝土的阻力明显地随时间增加而减小。这个现象是重要,并且在校核钢筋混凝土的安全性上是不能忽略的。表1 轴向受压的钢筋混凝土结构构件随时间变化的抵抗力时间/年01020304050平均值kN762520732395713656688575651744598732标准偏差kN124863119380116473112949108028101105变化系数0163701629016320164001657016885 结论 对于土木工程的研究,设计,建设,钢筋混凝土结构的特征是非常重要的。任意随时间变化的钢筋混凝土材料的研究对于结构测试,钢筋混凝土结构的养护,安全评估是必需的。为了结构可靠性的设计,任意随时间变化的实际抵抗力应该被确定。 在论文里针对以材料为特征钢筋混凝土进行研究,其中对混凝土产生影响的因素有混凝土碳化,钢筋腐蚀。针对随时间而变钢筋混凝土结构的抵抗力,影响钢筋混凝土的其他因素和解析方法是被建议的。 附件2:外文原文(复印件)Vol.17No.4Journal of Wuhan University of Technology - Mater. Sci. Ed.Dec. 2002Random Time Dependent Resistance Analysis on ReinforcedConcrete Structures3GUAN Chang2sheng1)WULing2)1)Wuhan University of Technology2)Wuhan University of Science and Technology(Received :Aug.20 ,2001)Abstract :The analysis method on random time dependence of reinforced concrete material is introduced ,the effect mechanism on reinforced concrete are discussed, and the random time dependence resistance of reinforcedconcrete is studied. Furthermore , the corrosion of steel bar in reinforced concrete structures is analyzed. A practicalstatistical method of evaluating the random time dependent resistance , which includes material , structural size andcalculation influence, is also established. In addition , an example of predicting random time dependent resistanceof reinforced concrete structural element is given.Key words :random analysis; time dependent resistance; reinforced concreteG UAN Chang2sheng(管昌生) :Born in 1957;Prof. ; Instituteof Architecture and Civil Engineering ,Wuhan University of Technol2ogy ,Wuhan 430070 ,China3Funded by Hubei Province Construction Bureau(G200219)1IntroductionReinforced concrete is one of the most useful materi2als in civil engineering for its suitability and inexpensiveprice. Therefore , a large number of this kind material isused.However , in traditional design of constructionstructure and material research of reinforced concrete ,litte attention to the time dependent strength of reinforcedconcrete is paid , especially the random properties of thevarious effects on the materials are hardly studied1 ,2.Until recent year there are a few researches that mentionthe problem about the random time dependence of rein2forced concrete in engineering structures. Li and Melch2ers3have studied the failure probability of reinforcedconcrete columns under stochastic loads ,and given a tech2nique to calculate the time2variant failure probability. Liand Liu4have studied the durabilityof concrete structureconsidering the effect of reinforced corrosion.Leng5et alhave discussed the status and problem of study on thestress corrosion of concrete. Also Lu6et alhave dis2cussed the state of reinforcement corrosion.Generallyspeaking, reinforced concrete resistance obviously de2crease , which depends on different factors7. T o evaluatethe safety of concrete structure ,a basic theory for analyz2ing durability of reinforced concrete should be proposed.It is necessory to study random time dependent propertiesof reinforced concrete structures.2Time Dependent Effect Mechanismsof Reinforced ConcreteThere are many factors affecting the resistance of re2inforced concrete. More than 50 kinds of chemical corro2sion factors exist only in the area of water basin ,waterworks and water conditioning. The practical method to ob2tain a time dependent model of reinforced concrete is amulti2factor comprehension technique. In general ,for sin2gle2factor ,many results have been shown that if only con2crete carbonization is considered ,a formula of predictingcarbonization thick can be written as:D( t)=K t(1)whereD ( t) , Kandtare thick ,speed coefficient andtime of carbonization ,respectively.Up to now many predicting models are used in steelcorrosion,fatigue damage ,and chemical erosion , but nocommon recognized results unanimously exist. Generallyspeaking , the decreasing resistance function of reinforcedconcrete includes some variables that can express as steelbar ,concrete ,geometric size ,environment condition near2by , and properties of random and time dependence of re2sistance1 ,5. Obviously ,reinforced concrete resistance isa function of random process or variable of series of mate2rials and structures. Reinforced concrete carbonization inair is called neutralization ,which is a complex and slowneutralization process of CO2in the air and alkaline mate2rial in reinforced concrete. In air it will take severaldecades to completely carbonize the protective coating ofsteel bar in dense concrete ,but only take a few years innon2dense concrete. If fineness of carbonized materials ishigher , its strength is lower and carbonization process isfaster in decreasing cross section of structure. Carboniza2tion makes alkalinity lower and steel bar corrosion2.Steel bar corrosion is a process that iron in steel bar sur2face losses electron continually and dissolves in water un2der the condition of oxygen and water interaction. There2fore , the volume of eroded materials is expended severaltimes , which can make the protective coatingof reinforcedconcrete crack , drop , and cohesion damage between steelbar and concrete along steel bar direction so that rein2forced concrete structure losses bearing capability. Recentresearches show that the steel bar gets into a serious cor2rosion state when non2carbonized protective coating is only15mm thick. On the other hand , the start time of corro2sion may be in advance due to incomplete coating andcrack in concrete , also corrosion velocity may increasegreatly. When steel stress is less than yielding point , thecorrosion velocity is stable , but increases several times ifthe corrosion velocity passes over the yielding point. Thelatter is called stress corrosion , which is of brittleness andmore dangerous. Steel corrosion can make bearing area ofsteel bar decrease , cohesion damage , and lose structureeffectiveness. Erosion air and liquid all have strong effecton reinforced concrete , which can make reinforced con2crete erosion ,decrease protective coating of concrete , andfinally accelerate steel corrosion. When bearing dynamicload , reinforced concrete structure can undergo fatiguedamage ,leading strength and rigidity to decreasing , form2ing crack and expansion. Usually fatigue damage can bedivided into determine and random models , the formerdeals with determine period loading , and the latter is rel2ative to the random of material and load.Besides all mentioned above ,there are many otherfactors ,such as temperature (including high or low ,andcyclic temperature ,freezing damage) ,humidity ,(includingcyclic of dry and humid) ,and the amplitude of loading ,which can result in resistance decreasing of reinforcedconcrete structure.3Random Time Dependence AnalysisUnder the condition that every random variable ofstructure is independent on each other ,and consideringtime dependence characteristic of material , the randomtime dependent function of reinforced concrete materialcharacteristic can be written as8:KM( t)=k- 10K0( t) Kf(2)whereK0(t) is a random variable indicating property dif2ference of structural material and testing material ;k0is acoefficient of property difference of structural and testingmaterial ,andKfis a random variable of testing material.As statistics theory , the mean value and standarddeviation coefficient ofKM( t)are asfollows respectively:KM( t)=k- 10k0( t)Kf(3)KM( t)=2KKM0( t)+2Kf(4)wherek0( t)andKKM0( t)respectively are mean valueand standard deviation coefficient of random process.K0( t) ,KfandKfare the mean value and standard devia2tion coefficient of testing material property and randomvariableKf,respectively.By the same way the similar random analytical modelmay be set up for studying the randomness and time de2pendence to geometric parameters and calculation methodsof reinforced concrete structure.The resistance of reinforced concrete can be ex2pressed by resistance functionR ( x1, x2, xn) ,inwhichxidenotes the parameters of materials ,geometryand calculation procedure of structural material. If randomand time dependence are applied simultaneously to resis2tance and relative variables ,xican be dealt with as a ran2dom process. Moreover , considering fatigue mechanics ,calculation model and initial conditions , time dependentresistance model can be written as:R( R0, t)=R0KpR( x1, x2, xn)(5)whereR( R0, t)is resistance random process ,R0is ini2tial resistance ,is a random process of fatigue damage ,andKpis an undeterminable parameter of calculationmodel ,xidenotes a random process of material parame2ters. Many experiments on steel corrosion indicate thatsteel erosion process accords with normal random process.By separation procedure , random time dependent resis2tanceR( R0, t) can simply be expressed as:R( R0, t)=R( t) R0(6)whereR ( t)is a determining time dependent function ,andR0is random initial resistance.In addition , some other undetermined conditionsshould be employed ,such as undetermined resistance ofactual material , geometric size and calculation model. Asto a simple structure ,resistance function of random pro2cess also can be simplified as:R( t)=g( t) Kp( y) Rp( t)(7)whereg( t)is time dependent function ,Kp( t)is unde2terminable parameter of calculation model ,andRp( t)isstructure resistance determined by calculating model.T o a single structural element equation (7) can bewritten as:R( t)=Kp( t) KM( t) KA( t) RK( t)(8)whereKp( t) , KM( t),andKA( t)are respectively timedependent parameter of calculation ,geometry and materialcharacteristic of reinforced concrete structural element.RK( t)is standard value of material resistance.The mean value and standard deviation of equation(8) are respectively as follows:R( t)=KP( t)KM( t)KA( t) RK( t)(9)R( t)=2KP( t)+2KM( t)+2KA( t) 1/2(10)In engineering application , decreasing function randomprocess of concrete structural resistance can be expressedby:R( t)= ( t)(11)whereR ( t)is random process of concrete structural re2sistance ,is relative random variable ,and( t)is timedependent determining function.Based on durability grade95Vol.17No.4G UAN Chang2shenget al :Random Time Dependent Resistance Analysis on. . .of designed concrete structure , equation (11) can be es2tablished as:cu( t)=cu(1 -1t)(12)cu( t)=cu(13)y( t)=y(1 -2t)(14)y( t)=y(15)wherecu( t)andy( t)are respectively resistance meanvalue of concrete and steel bar when reinforced concrete isused up to timet;cu( t)andy( t)are standard devia2tion coefficients of concrete and steel bar of reinforcedconcrete at timetrespectively;cu,y,cu,yare initialvalues of various variables;1and2are resistance de2crease coefficients of concrete and steel respectively ,which relate to structural material and can be obtainedfrom material experiment.4Engineering ApplicationA structural element of reinforced concrete bearingaxial pressure is tested , some statistical data of structuralresistance is calculated. Consider initial values: C30 con2crete ,the mean valuecu= 1. 41 and standard deviationcu= 0. 19 ;20MnSi steel bar ,mean valuey= 1. 14 andstandard deviationy= 0.07 ; initial section size is 1m2.There are 0.02 variation on each side of the structural el2ement. Resistance decrease coefficients of concrete andsteel obtained from Ref. 4 are respectively1= 810- 7and2= 2. 210- 6. Under these conditions therandom time dependent resistance of the reinforced con2crete structure bearing axial load can be obtained.According to design theory of reinforced concretestructures , resistance function can be formed byR=AcuRcu+AyRy,in whichRcuandRyare initial resistance ofconcrete and steel bar respectively , and then using thetheory suggested in this paper , the random time depen2dent resistance can be calculated. Some statistical dataare listed in Table 1. From the results it is seen that theresistance change of reinforced concrete is obvious (de2creasing with time) . This phenomenon is significant andnot to be ignored for evaluating the safety of reinforcedconcrete.Table 1R andom Time Dependent Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Structural Element Bearing Axial Loadt/ year01020304050Mean value/ K N7625.207323.957136.566885.756517.445987.32Standard deviation/ K N1248.631193.801164.731129.491080.281011.05Variation coefficient0.16370.16290.16320.16400.16570.16885ConclusionsThe characteristic of reinforced concrete structures isimportant for research ,design and construction of civil en2gineering. The s
- 温馨提示:
1: 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
2: 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
3.本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

人人文库网所有资源均是用户自行上传分享,仅供网友学习交流,未经上传用户书面授权,请勿作他用。