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基于UG收音机后盖塑料模具设计,基于,ug,收音机,塑料,模具设计
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本资料由闰土机械外文大类翻译成品淘宝店整理,主营机械大类外文翻译成品,夹具,注塑、冲压模具,机械设计成品参考资料。本科毕业论文(设计)题 目基于UG收音机后盖塑料模具设计基于基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计收音机后盖塑料模具设计摘要:摘要:在本次设计中,我决定采用注射成型,这种成型方法是热塑性塑件通用的一种。近年来,注射成型已成功地用来成型某些热固性塑件。它的特点是成型周期短,易于实现自动化生产。本设计是基于 UG 的收音机后盖塑料模具设计,对零件结构进行了工艺分析,最终决定塑件的材料为 ABS。根据计算模具的注塑量和锁模力选择符合要求的注射机,计算相应成型零部件的尺寸。并对选择的注塑机和零件的尺寸进行校核,用 UG 绘制二维及三维装配图及零部件图还有模具的爆炸图。如此设计出的结构可确保模具工作运行可靠。在这次设计中, 我对注塑模有一个非常深的认识。由于自己对模具这个行业比较感兴趣,以后也想从事于模具行业,所以很重视这次的实践过程,为自己将来的工作打下基础。经过这几个月来的设计,我已经了解了模具的结构及其工作原理,而且使用 UG 画图,使得自己更加熟练地使用这个软件。关键词关键词:收音机后盖;UG;注塑模具;注射机;型腔;浇注系统基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计IIDesign of plastic mold for rear cover based on UGAbstract: In this design, I decided to use injection molding, which is a common type of thermoplastics. In recent years, injection molding has been successfully used to form some thermosetting plastic parts. It is characterized by short molding cycle and easy to realize automatic production. This design is based on the design of the plastic mold of the back cover of UG radio, the process analysis of the part structure is carried out, and the material of the plastic parts is finally decided as ABS. According to the injection mold of the mold and the clamping force, the corresponding injection machine is selected to calculate the size of the corresponding parts. The size of the selected injection molding machine and parts is checked, and the 2d and 3d assembly drawings and parts drawings are drawn with UG, as well as the explosion diagram of the mold. The designed structure ensures reliable operation of the mold. This design let me have a deeper understanding of the injection mold. Because I am going to work in the mold, I will devote myself to this design and lay the foundation for my future work. Through the design of these months, I have learned the structure of the mold and its working principle, and I can use UG to use UG more skillfully by drawing assembly drawing and part drawing. Keywords:Radio Rear Cover;UG;Injection Mold ;Injection Machine;Mold Cavity;Pouring System西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)III目目 录录摘摘 要要 .ABSTRACT.I1 绪论绪论 .11.1 研究目的及意义研究目的及意义.11.2 国内外发展状况国内外发展状况.11.2.1 我国模具的现状与发展趋势我国模具的现状与发展趋势.11.2.2 国外模具的现状与发展趋势国外模具的现状与发展趋势.31.3 本次设计的主要内容本次设计的主要内容 .42.塑件成型工艺分析塑件成型工艺分析 .52.1 收音机后盖结构分析收音机后盖结构分析.52.1.1 塑件几何形状的设计塑件几何形状的设计.52.2 ABS 的性能及注塑工艺分析的性能及注塑工艺分析.62.2.1 注塑成型过程注塑成型过程.62.2.2 ABS 的注塑工艺参数的注塑工艺参数.62.2.3 ABS 成型塑件的主要缺陷及消除措施成型塑件的主要缺陷及消除措施.73.模具结构形式和注塑机的选择模具结构形式和注塑机的选择 .93.1 选择分型面及型腔数目选择分型面及型腔数目.93.2 选择注塑机选择注塑机 .93.3 注塑机的参数校核注塑机的参数校核.103.3.1 最大注塑量校核最大注塑量校核.103.3.2 注塑压力校核注塑压力校核.103.3.3 锁模力校核锁模力校核.113.3.4 模具安装尺寸的校核模具安装尺寸的校核.123.3.5 开模行程校核开模行程校核.124模具结构设计模具结构设计 .154.1 成型零件的结构设计成型零件的结构设计.154.2 成型零件的工作尺寸及其校核成型零件的工作尺寸及其校核 .164.2.1 成型零件的工作尺寸设计成型零件的工作尺寸设计.174.3 确定模架确定模架 .17基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计IV4.4 浇注系统的设计浇注系统的设计.184.4.1 主流道的设计主流道的设计.194.4.2 浇口的设计浇口的设计.194.5 设计脱模机构设计脱模机构.204.5.1 添加推杆添加推杆.224.5.2 导向机构设计导向机构设计.224.6 排气系统的设计排气系统的设计.234.7 温度调节系统的设计温度调节系统的设计.254.7.1 加热系统加热系统.254.7.2 冷却系统冷却系统.255.模具结构设计总图模具结构设计总图 .276.总结总结 .29参考文献参考文献 .31致致 谢谢 .33附录附录 A 外文及中文翻译外文及中文翻译.35西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)11 绪论绪论1.1 研究目的及意义研究目的及意义这次的毕设使我牢牢地把握住注射模的模具构造的设计,对 CAD 、UG 这两个绘图软件已经彻底熟练掌握,这样也能让我尽早的顺应将来和生活的工作。造就出个体掌握并运用所学的专业知识和专业理论、基础措施的剖析和处理应对测量与管理其它相一致的工业理论及实践成绩的才能,在思维和能力方面得到大的提升。此时此刻,塑料在各个领域内被大家普遍的使用,由此更加能够看出塑料模具在国民经济中有着非常重要并且是不可或缺的地位。本设计将会采纳注射成型这一方法,它的特点是能制作出复杂的制件,由于它的生产效率相比较其他成型方法来说很高。因此普遍存在于当今的塑件的中生产。由此可以看出模具的生产制造如今已经成为民族工业的支柱行业。此次设计的选题与生产生活有着密切的关系,对工业的发展更是有着极大的意义。1.2 国内外发展状况国内外发展状况1.2.1 我国模具的现状与发展趋势我国模具的现状与发展趋势如今,模具被大批地运用于现代生活中的各种行业。简单来说我国模具行业虽然的起步相比较国外的行业来说已经算是比较晚的了,但是让人出乎意料的是其发展速度非常之迅速。 了解了模具的发展历程之后,很明显的就可以看出近几年以来,我国汽车工业及机械行业还有与之相类似的重工业行业的猛速发展,在一定程度上更是带动了模具生产与制造的飞速发展。在这六年的时间里生产总值就有这么大的提升。不过,这几年里,我国模具产量呈波动变化,而且波动较明显,不稳定。尤其是在 2016 年,也就是两年前,据我统计的数据并加以分析得知我国模具产量大约可以达到 1723 万套。由此可以看出,我国模具生产总基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计2量已然位居世界前列。通过这么多的数据及实际情况分析之后,可以看出如今的模具工业不断发展,如果把这个作为自己今后奋斗的方向,也是一个不错的选择。但是相比较国外的模具设计制造水平来看,我国在总体上仍然是比较落后的。 今年已经是 2018 年了,显而易见 “一带一路”和中国制造“2025”在不断深入深入人心,并对人类的工作和生活都产生着深远的影响。让我自己拓宽了眼界,但是我对我国模具行业的生产制造还是很有信心的。一定会在将来的某一天发展的越来越好!经过调查显示,得知在这六年的时间里我国模具的销售总额已经提高了700 多亿元,其增长趋势不断稳定。但是从另一个方面来看,如今的市场具有太多的不确定因素。从近几年来看我国模具的出口不仅仅受到了国际经济形势的影响外,还说明一个重要的,但常常被人们忽略的问题,那就是模具产业的国际竞争力远远不足。众所周知,最近几年我国模具行业可以说是猛速发展,但是重要的一点是它还是不能够适应国民经济发展的需求。另一方面要不断提高模具制品的质量和精度。因此,我们不能只局限于眼前的一点点进步,现在最重要的就是想办法提升我国在国际市场上的竞争力。总的来说,我国与国外的模具在原材料、制造工艺水平、调试水平还存在着很大的差异。现在最重要的就是解决这些差异,把优秀的方法最为自己努力的目标。据我了解,我国的模具企业已经与外界隔离,因此忽视了与原料供应商及其他伙伴之间的合作。经过这几年来的经验告诉我们,这样做只会让大家多走很多弯路。如今我们已经找到了自己存在的这些问题,就要努力并想尽各种办法解决。大家共同努力让我国的模具行业在全国遥遥领先。首先,我认为生产制造厂家必须和其他厂家以及其他研究所合作,为用户制造出质量和精度都达到最佳的模具制品。可是如今已经是信息化时代,我国也是信息化带动工业化进一步发展,因此更应紧跟时代的脚步,利用好网络信息这一条件。为了我国总体水平能够迅速发展。现在要做的就是使我国的模具技术不断提高,并有望在未来的某一天能够赶超发达国家水平,值得一提的是我国的企业管理技术已经和国际水平持平,但是我认为国模具行业的职工文化知识确实有待提高,仍然需要更加努力学习,夯实理论知识,提高自己的工作能力,掌握模具技术的发展方向,为我国模具行业的发展做好充足的准备1。西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)31.2.2 国外模具的现状与发展趋势国外模具的现状与发展趋势高度集成化、智能化和网络化这三个基本特征就已经可以用来表示国外模具制造业。如今,不论是谁,都更加看重产品的质量和生产效率。国外发达国家的标准化程度已经达到 70%80%,厂家们之间已经全都实现了资源共享,这样的做法可以降低生产成本,为自己营造更多的利润。努力达到互利共赢的结果。企业在技术上实现了更高程度的专业化,在其生产管理这一方面,也有越来越多的专业化生产方式,提高了制品的精度。更是在一定程度上降低了对模具工人全面性的要求,使工人更加能够专注于自己的分内工作,强调专业化,提高工作质量,而不是一味地提高速度。国外制作模具时采用的注塑成型技术如今也不断向多功能方向发展。例如:组合模、一体注塑、多色注塑等,这些全都在向高效率、高自动化、低成本的方向发展。1.3 本次设计的主要内容本次设计的主要内容拿到这个题目之后,我首先做的就是了解近十年来整个模具行业有关设计制造的发展状况及水平,其中主要应该了解的就是注塑模具的先进设计制造技术。接下来要做的就是不断练习 UG 和 CAXA 这两个应用软件,达到熟练掌握的效果。不仅如此,还要了解其它较为广泛的绘图软件。如 Pro/E 、AutoCAD软件等。最后,要通过查找资料了解相关材料的性能;进而能够掌握注塑模具的设计特点。此次设计,我要做的就是设计收音机后盖塑料模具,我认为其中的难点和重点就是结构和尺寸的设计,除此以外还需要利用 UG 这个绘图软件绘出它的三维图,并用 CAXA 绘出它的二维图。为了能够更好地处理这些问题,我要做的就是先明确注塑模具的总的设计流程,了解流程之后,就应做出详细的工作进度计划,不断练习各软件的绘图技巧,其中特别要熟练掌握就是 UG 软件。学习该软件并不仅仅是为了完成此次毕业设计,更重要的就是为将来的工作打好基础。采用标准件可以大大节省设计周期和制造周期,因此要充分了解模具的标准件,知道如何运用标准件来提高模具的设计效率,从而减少设计周期并且掌握零件尺寸,这样做就是因为在设计模具时,必须要根据产品的尺寸和精度来确定零件的尺寸和精度,从而基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计4更准确的得到零件的工作尺寸;因为模具的制作必须是在高温下进行的,不言而喻,还要了解模具的材料属性,在选材时,要综合考虑以下几个要素,综合性能、冲击韧性、尺寸稳定、耐化学性、还有一个就是收缩率,其中最重要的就是收缩率。可是刚刚提到的这些所需资料必须要在图书馆查找相关期刊文献或者更加专业的书籍才能查到,因此还应熟悉如何高效快速准确的进行资料的检索。西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)52 塑件成型工艺分析塑件成型工艺分析2.1 收音机后盖结构分析收音机后盖结构分析塑件为收音机后盖,其表面质感和光泽度一定要好,而且材质必须具有绝缘性和良好的抗冲击强度,同时还要有一定的强度、刚度,通过从以上几点进行分析后,我决定选择塑料为 ABS。影响塑件公差可以从以下几个方面进行分析:模具制造误差、磨损误差,这两者中最重要的就是成型零件的制造和装配误差。要想使设计出的塑件公差小,就必须从这几个方面出发,全面的考虑问题,而不是看待问题片面化。 2.1.1 塑件几何形状的设计塑件几何形状的设计通过观察各种不同的收音机后盖之后,我根据现实中的收音机外壳,并对一些部位进行修改。最后用 UG 画出塑件的三维图形。如图 2.1 为收音机后盖三维图。图 2.1 收音机后盖三维图2.2 ABS 的性能及注塑工艺分析的性能及注塑工艺分析ABS 是一种三元共聚物,丙烯腈、丁二烯、苯乙烯这三种物质组成了ABS。正是由于这三种成分的存在,使其具有良好的综合性能。首先丙烯腈的存在使 ABS 有良好的耐化学腐蚀性和较高的表面硬度,其次丁二烯的存在使ABS 更加坚韧,最后丙乙烯的存在使它具有良好的加工性及染色性能。据了解,基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计6ABS 没有明显的熔点。它的密度为 1.05g/cm3,熔融时温度为 217237。注射时用的 ABS 熔体指数范围一般是在 0.515 范围内。ABS 无毒,无味,从外观来看,成微黄色,用它制成的塑件有较好的光泽及良好的抗冲击强度,最重要的一点就是在低温下不会迅速下降。综合以上分析可以得知,在一定的温度范围内有 ABS 良好的表面硬度和抗冲击强度、良好的尺寸稳定性,并且易于成型加工。在大多数情况下大家所采用的 ABS 可用于注射和挤塑这两种方法进行加工。除了上边介绍的特性外,它还具有良好的韧性,用它做出的制品特别有质感,在当今不断受到人们的青睐2。2.2.1 注塑成型过程注塑成型过程(1)成型前的准备:在成型加工前,应该对色泽和均匀度进行检查,在加工前进行干燥处理。(2)注射过程:充模、压实、保压、倒流、冷却。(3)塑件的后处理:通常情况下我们所采用的方法是对其进行调湿处理,处理方法就是用红外线灯进行照射,它的处理温度大约是 70。2.2.2 ABS 的注塑工艺参数的注塑工艺参数(1)注塑机:螺杆式(2)螺杆转速(r/min):30-60(3)料筒温度():前段:200-210 中段:210-230 后段:180-200(4)喷嘴温度():180-190(5)模具温度():50-70(6)注塑压力(Mpa):70-90(7)成型时间(s):40-70西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)72.2.3 ABS 成型塑件的主要缺陷及消除措施成型塑件的主要缺陷及消除措施(1)料头附近有暗区:在料头周围有可环形,由于环形尺寸比较小,看上去更像是黑块。如果注射速度太高,在料头附近的表面部分材料将会被错位或者渗入。而导致在表面显现出黑块。当选在料头附近时,熔料的流动速度将会特别的高,并且会随着注射速度的不断变化将会成为一个常数,其前端也将会形成圆形,这个圆形会不断地扩大。但是如果想获得较低的前流速度,就必须采用多级注射的注射方式。这样做是为了在过程中获得唯一不变的熔体前流速度。针对这一不足,本文采取如下改良措施:1) 、采用多级注射2) 、增加料筒温度 3) 、适当的增加模壁的温度,将其控制在合适的范围内。(2)表面光泽不均:用 ABS 做出的制品表面光泽不均匀。针对这一不足,本文采取如下改良措施:1) 、提高保压压力 2) 、提高保压时间 3) 、提高熔体温度。(3)存在空隙:如果说制品内有气泡产生,经常被认为是模具内的空气流入模腔的熔料才导致这一现象。针对这一不足,本文采取如下改良措施: 1) 、提高保压压力 2) 、提高保压时间 3) 、降低熔体温度 (4)留有气泡:在形成的制品表面和内部将会产生大量的气泡,这些气泡主要分布在料头附近的地方。大部分情况下可能是由于有太长的残留时间或者由于料筒内的熔料温度过高产生气泡,针对这一不足,本文采取如下改良措施: 1) 、尽量降低料筒温度和螺杆转速2) 、使用较小的料筒直径。基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计8西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)93 模具结构形式和注塑机的选择模具结构形式和注塑机的选择3.1 选择选择分型面和型腔数目分型面和型腔数目了解了模具的制作流程之后,可以这样说,对产品进行分模本质上就是注塑模具设计的最重要的一部分,它是用分型面分为动模型芯和定模型腔,而分型面在这里面起着至关重要的作用,它是动模型芯和定模型腔的接触面。想要完整的对产品进行分模,就要按照以下几个步骤来做:先修补塑件的分型线由此生成分型面,进而得到动模型芯、定模型腔。对于具有这个有孔的塑件来说,在对它分模时必须修补好这些结构。如果塑件修补好这些结构以后,UG 将会开始提取分型线。简单来说,分型线是边界线,更是产品的最大轮廓线,还是产生面的基础。为了制作收音机后盖的分型线,可以通过先修补塑件的边线得到分型线。如图 3.3 所示就是最终设计的产品的分型线。图 3.1 分型线分型面的选择原则如下:(1) 选择外型的最大轮廓处。(2) 考虑有利于塑件的脱模。(3) 保证塑件的精度要求。(4) 考虑模具的侧向抽拔距。(5) 因为分型面是主要的排气渠道,所以在设计时应该处于在熔融塑料基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计10流动的末端,这样一来型腔内气体会很容易排放。(6) 使模具零件能够易于加工。根据以上几个选择原则,该模具的分型面经过一番考虑之后决定为它的大平面处。通过 UG 自带的 Mold Wizard 模块,用它得到的分型面如图 3.2 所示。图 3.2 分型面确定好了塑件的分型面,就目前为止最需要考虑的就是型腔数目该如何才能确保它正确的被确定。总的来讲,确定型腔的数目的确是模具设计的特别关键一步,但是同时也是充满了矛盾的一部分。与降低制造成本、保证产品精度之间的矛盾、无法确定型腔的数目和流道凝料的体积、计算所需的时间明显过长与其设计周期所需时间过短之间的矛盾。为了正确确定模具的型腔数目,需要考虑塑件的结构特点、模具的制造难度、模板尺寸、冷却系统等。了解了这些以后才能确保正确确定。在进行了综合考虑后决定为一模两腔。3.2 选择选择注塑机注塑机注塑机又被称为注射机。它是将各种塑料利用模具做成不同形状制品的设备。注塑机的工作原理与打针用的注射器几乎相同,它也是借助螺杆的推力,只不过注塑机是将熔融状态的塑料注入模腔内,经过自身的固化定型,并取得所需制品的一种工艺过程3。在设计模具的时候,采用 UG 建模软件,对塑件进行分析,用 UG 分析后西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)11得到产品的体积为 14.3cm2。在得到塑件的体积后,再计算塑件的质量,这样就可以根据这些数据选择相应的成型设备了。ABS 的密度31.05g cm,由以下公式可以计算出塑件的质量。 .1.05 1.3414.4gWV (3-1)根据塑件形状及尺寸,采用一模二腔的模具结构,至少需要 29.4g,流道口废料2.6g,总注塑量 32g。综合考虑各种因素,再根据工艺参数(主要是注射压力) ,最终选定螺杆式注射机:海天 HTF80XB。3.3 注塑机的参数校核注塑机的参数校核3.3.1 最大注塑量校核最大注塑量校核塑件在模具中成型的时候,模具腔内的材料的含量多少是有限制的,通常情况下规定不超过额度注射量的 80%。设计模具时要对其进行校核,看是否满足要求。校核公式为:1280%mnmm (3-2)式中:本设计中:2n ,114.9gm,23.5gm,则2 14.93.533.3gm注塑量124gm,符合要求。3.3.2 锁模力校核锁模力校核注射成形时,影响锁模力的主要原因是投影在模具分型面上的面积。如果最大成型面积超过注射机的允许值,那么涨模溢料现象就会在成形过程中出现。所以,必须满足以下关系:12nAAA (3-3)基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计12其中:本设计中2n ,218639mmA,22178mmA,则 2122 8639 17817456mmnAA (3-4)为了能够达到锁模要求,注射机额定锁模力大于型腔受塑料熔体的成型压力和在分型面上塑件、浇注系统的投影面积之和的乘积,即:式中:12nAAPF (3-5)根据设计手册查得,一般情况下,型腔内为2040Mpa,本设计取30Mpa,则:1217456 30 0.001524KN800KNnAAP (3-6)锁模力符合要求。3.3.4 模具安装尺寸的校核模具安装尺寸的校核(1)模具长宽尺寸本设计模具为 550650 。(2)模具厚度(闭合高度)模具厚度必须满足以下公式: maxminHHH (3-7)式中:H(min)-注射机所允许的最小模具厚度(mm)H(m) -所设计的模具厚度(mm)H(max) -注射机所允许的最大模具厚度(mm)此设计正确。3.3.5 开模行程校核开模行程校核开模行程:动模在开模开始到开模结束时与定模之间距离变化值。在设计模具的时候要保证开模距离能够满足要求,使得在开模后塑件能够很容易被取出来,然而开模距离并不是无限的大的,它也是有限制的。为了保证所设计的模具的开模行程能够满足设计要求,在设计时应该根据相应的参数对开模行程西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)13进行校核。下面对模具的开模行程做校核的相关计算。对于该注射模有5:max123SSHHHC (3-8)式中:1H -模具厚度2H -顶出行程3H -塑件高度C -安全距离本设计中max670mmS,1410mmH,225mmH,390mmH,=3mmC,经计算,总的开模距离max528mmSS,符合要求。基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计14西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)154 模具结构设计模具结构设计4.1 成型零件的结构设计成型零件的结构设计(1)型腔的结构设计 型腔是模具系统中不可缺少的一部分,塑件的外形轮廓的成型就是靠型腔来完成的。在设计型腔的时候,要根据塑件的形状、尺寸、精度要求综合考虑之后在设计,要使型腔成型的塑件达到使用要求,同时也要考虑设计的型腔是否能能够加工出来。现如今常用的结构形式分为整体式、整体嵌入式、大面积组合式和两瓣合并式等几类6。由于收音机后盖的结构复查,在设计的时候要尽可能减少其他的零部件的数量,要保证所设计的型腔具有稳定的结构,在选材和加工方面要严格要求。为了使冷却系统能够达到最佳效果应该合理的设计其尺寸。在工作过程中,模具会有一些磨损,此时要对型腔进行修复或者更换,就要使其便于拆装。结合上边所提到的一些要求,决定本设计中采用整体嵌入式结构。选用材料为Cr12MoV,其具体结构如图 4.1 所示。图 4.1 型腔三维结构图(2)型芯的结构设计同型腔的结构设计一样,要保证所设计的型腔具有稳定的结构,在选材和加工方面要严格要求,选用材料为 Cr12MoV。为了使冷却系统能够达到最佳效果应该合理的设计其尺寸。在工作过程中,型腔与型芯相互的作用会有一些磨损,此时要对型芯进行修复或者更换,就要使其便于拆装。结合上边所提到的基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计16一些要求,决定本设计中采用和型腔一样的整体嵌入式结构。型芯与型芯固定板之间的配合取76HP。其具体结构如图 4.2 所示。图 4.2 型芯三维结构图4.2 成型零件的工作尺寸及其校核成型零件的工作尺寸及其校核4.2.1 成型零件的工作尺寸设计成型零件的工作尺寸设计在模具设计时,需要根据成型零件的尺寸和精度确定塑件的尺寸和精度,主要有型芯、型腔以及中心距尺寸等。影响塑件尺寸精度因素主要有成型零部件的制造误差、磨损、塑件的收缩率和模具安装配合方面的误差。由于磨损对成形尺寸计算几乎没有影响,这里就只考虑塑料的收缩率。取收缩率为 0.5%。由于制品尺寸不大,在设计型芯和凹模径向尺寸时,修正系数 x 可取 3/4,计算高度和深度时,x 取 2/3。将型芯和凹模各处工作尺寸的制造公差按制品公差的 1/3 取值7。计算结果如下:(1) 凹模宽度尺寸的计算:01mMcpSDSLx (4-1)式中: MD-凹模宽度度名义尺寸cpS-塑件收缩率西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)17x -修正系数 -制品公差SL-制品名义尺寸上式中,制品的名义尺寸75mmSL,根据相关手册查得:0.52mm 。带入上式计算可得:0.173074.985mmMD。(2)凹模长度尺寸的计算:01mMcpSLSLx (4-2)式中:ML-凹模长度名义尺寸cpS-塑件收缩率x -修正系数 -制品公差SL -制品名义尺寸上式中,制品的名义尺寸122mmSL,根据相关手册查得:0.76mm 。带入上式计算可得:0.2530122.04mmML。(3)凹模高度尺寸的计算:01mMcpSHSLx (4-3)式中:MH-凹模高度名义尺寸cpS-塑件收缩率x -修正系数 -制品公差SL-制品名义尺寸基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计18上式中,制品的名义尺寸20mmSL,根据相关手册查得:0.28mm 。带入上式计算可得:0.093019.91mmMH。(4)凸模宽度尺寸的计算:01mMcpSDSLx (4-4)式中:MD-凹模宽度度名义尺寸cpS-塑件收缩率x -修正系数 -制品公差SL-制品名义尺寸上式中,制品的名义尺寸73mmSL,根据相关手册查得:0.52mm 。带入上式计算可得:00.17372.975mmMD。(5)凸模长度尺寸的计算:01mMcpSLSLx (4-5)式中:ML-凹模宽度度名义尺寸cpS-塑件收缩率x -修正系数 -制品公差SL-制品名义尺寸上式中,制品的名义尺寸120mmSL,根据相关手册查得:0.68mm 。带入上式计算可得:00.227120.09mmML。西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)19(6)凸模高度尺寸的计算:01mMcpSHSLx (4-6)式中:MH-凹模长度名义尺寸cpS-塑件收缩率x -修正系数 -制品公差SL-制品名义尺寸上式中,制品的名义尺寸19mmSL,根据相关手册查得:0.28mm 。带入上式计算可得:00.09318.91mmMH。4.3 确定模架确定模架分析塑件可知,该模具是单分型面的模具。根据本文设计,查塑料注射模模架 GB/T12555-2006选择 CI 型模架。CI 型模为大水口模架,其定模和动模都采用一块模板,适合采用潜伏浇口、斜顶侧抽芯的注射成形模具。其基本结构如图 4.3 模架图所示。基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计20图4.3 模架图在选择确定模架的型号后,可以根据模架的结构设计相关部件的尺寸。由前边对型芯的设计可知型芯的长为 450mm,宽为 340mm。因此,可以由此来计算模架的长和宽。340650mm模具零部件厚度L (4-7)340360mm模具零部件厚度W (4-8)计算完模架的长宽后,为了避免对模架尺寸的影响,需要考虑其他螺丝导柱等零件。在参考所有因素后,决定本设计选用 WL=550650 的模架。4.4 浇注系统的设计浇注系统的设计塑件材料为 ABS 材料。注塑时,一般使用温度为 180-240。被熔化的材料是通过浇注系统进入腔内的, 。纵观整个注塑模的设计过程,一个环节与另一个环节都有着密切的关系,也就是说在设计过程中某一个环节出问题就会影响塑件的质量,比如设计出一个合理的浇注系统是保证塑件拥有高质量的必要因素。为了使塑料溶体能够充满整个腔体,合理的设计浇注口与流道非常重要。模具的供给方式,浇注口的位置对塑件的成型都起到决定性的作用。确定浇注系统的原则:(1)模具成型塑件的型腔数:浇注系统需要按照型腔布局设计,考虑模具是一模一腔还是一模多腔。(2)塑料成型特性:为保证塑件质量,所用塑料成型特性的要求应被设计的浇注系统适应。(3)塑件外观:在不影响塑件外观前提下,设置浇注系统时应全面考虑方便去除、修整进料口等因素。(4)冷料:设计浇注系统时应考虑储存冷料的举措,防止在注射间隔期间喷嘴端部的冷料注入型腔影响塑件质量8。西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)214.4.1 主流道的设计主流道的设计主流道在模具系统中是很重要的,如果没有主流道的话就像人体没有动脉血管一样,作为中间介质连接模具和注射机。通常,将主流道设计成 =26的圆锥形。不同的粘度的值有很多差异。本设计选用的材料的粘度较大。所以,本设计塑件主流道锥角取:=4主流道具体的参数设计如表 4-1 所示。 表 4-1 主流道的设计符号名称尺寸D主流道小端直径3.5SR主流道球面半径21H球面配合高度3-5 取 3主流道锥角2-6取 4L主流道长度由厚板决定4.4.2 浇口的设计浇口的设计浇口在模具系统中是连接型腔和分流道的一个媒介,在整个浇注系统中的位置相当重要。设计浇口时长度要设计的合理一些,这样产品会顺利的与其分离开来,同时使塑料溶体能够迅速的流入腔体,为了不影响产品的质量,在设计浇口时要对其表面粗糙度做严格要求8。浇口对模具成型的作用:(1)易于切除浇口尾料;(2)快速冷却防止熔融体发生倒流;(3)保证熔融体能够充满型腔;(4)控制进料的速度。综合考虑,采用潜伏浇口。基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计224.5 设计脱模机构设计脱模机构脱模机构可以说是注射成型过程中的最后一个环节,脱模质量的好坏在很大程度上决定了制品质量的好坏;当模具打开,制品必须要留在具有脱模机构的动模上,由此可以利用脱模机构脱出制品,达到取出制品的目的。脱模设计原则: (1)布置要尽量达到均匀,并尽量靠近收缩包紧的型芯。(2)推力点应在刚度和强度最大的部位。(3)若是透明胶件,须注意顶出位置和脱模形式。(4)顶杆适当加大,必要时还应该设置进气阀。 (5)具有足够强度和耐磨性。4.5.1 添加推杆添加推杆推出机构的结构组成与分类:推出机构通常分为推出、复位和导向三个部分等组成。推出机构不同的情况下有不同的分类。推出机构的设计原则:a.为了方便推出,并且不影响模具正常工作推出机构应该和动模放置在同一边;b.推出塑件时要确保塑件完整不受伤害;c.在动模、定模合模时推出机构不会对其产生影响;d.该机构的运动和工作效果应该满足要求6。在满足上边的原则的情况下,决定使用一次顶杆脱模,在其中加入复位弹簧帮助推杆复位。由于收音机后盖的结构相对复杂,有许多的凸台与散热孔所以推杆的布置要相对紧密一些,每一个孔,每一处凸台都放置一个推杆。这样可以保证塑件在模具开模后能够顺利被推出,并且不会影响到塑件的表面质量在设计推杆的时候,由于放置在不同的部位,不同的部位其接触面积不同,所以,推杆所选用直径也是不同的。在尺寸比较小的凸台处采用司筒推杆作为辅助推杆,在平面相对较大的地方用圆顶推杆作为主推杆。为了保证塑件表面西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)23质量不产生毛刺,推杆和孔之间的配合间隙要小于所用溢料间隙7,配合精度通常取87Hf或77Hf。查得材料的溢料间隙为0.04 0.06mm。推杆的具体结构与分布情况如图 4.4 所示。图 4.4 推杆分布图4.5.2 导向机构设计导向机构设计导向机构作用:(1)定位作用:导向机构在模具开模与闭模的时候可以使型腔和型芯运动到特定的位置,不发生偏离,这样保证了塑件不会发生变形,是塑件具有良好的表面质量,这样的功能叫做定位作用。(2)导向作用:导向作用与定位作用基本相似,导向机构在模具开模与闭模的时候可以使型腔和型芯运动按照特定方向,不发生偏离,这样保证了塑件不会发生变形,是塑件具有良好的表面质量,同时也保护了型芯与型腔,使其不发生强烈的碰撞。(3)承受压力的作用:注射机高压将材料压入腔体,这就要求导向机构能够分担一些材料带来的一些压力。导柱和导套相互配合组成导向机构,导向机构以导柱和导套的相互配合运动来完成导向和定位的作用。导向装置设计原则:(1)导向机构在选材时要考虑到导柱的硬度闭导套高。(2)导柱与导套的尺寸设计一定要合理,不能妨碍模具的正常运动。(3)导向机构的数量也要设计合理,要根据模架的结构,以及要分担力的大小基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计24来设计导柱、导套的数量。(4)导柱、导套的前端倒角要设计成圆倒角。导柱设计:为了使导柱导套之间的相互运动的阻力尽可能的小,所以导柱外形应设计成圆柱状,导柱的前端倒角应该设计成圆倒角,这样既可以方便装配,也可以减小摩擦,提高模具的效率与产品的质量。在选材方面,导柱的材料一定要满足所需要的强度与刚度的要求,同时表面的粗糙度也要达到工作要求。在设计导柱的长度时满足动模与定模的之间的相互运动配合。导套设计:在设计导套时,为了方便导柱的安装,表面粗糙的应设计的高一点,导套前端的倒角也应该设计成圆倒角。减少摩擦在选材上应该选择与导柱不同的材料且导柱的材料硬度要高于导套。导套应该设计成阶梯状的。4.6 排气系统的设计排气系统的设计模具浇注系统的管道和型腔内部本身就充满了空气,高温的熔融状态下的塑料的水分蒸发产生的气体也存在于腔体内。这些气体如果不排出去,熔融的塑料就不能够充满型腔,就会影响塑件的成型,从而影响到塑件的质量。所以就要设计排气系统来排出这些影响产品质量的气体。由于本设计模具尺寸不大,而且该模具不是完全封闭的是存在缝隙的,由于缝隙很小,所以在不产生溢出料的情况下,不用再另外设计专门的排气系统。故采用间隙排气的方式9。4.7 温度调节系统的设计温度调节系统的设计注塑模具本身所具有的温度能否进行精准的控制与调节,这将会直接影响塑件的质量和生产效率。因此应努力减小内应力;提高成型效率。(1)温度调节系统的技术要求对于注塑模温度控制与调节系统的结构设计,查资料得知应满足塑件在成型过程中:不易变形、尺寸稳定、耐应力、耐磨性、开裂能力等这几个方面的西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)25技术要求。为此,针对以上各项技术要求,精准的设计注塑模温度控制系统,以优化注塑成型工艺条件,具有以下设计原则:1)应该尽可能提高模温,因为如果模温过高将会对塑件的性能产生不良的影响。2)结晶型塑料的结晶度还会被塑件在溶剂中的耐应力开裂能力所影响,如果结晶度越高则该能力就会越低,故在有的情况下降低模温是有利的。(2)温度调节系统对塑料的影响 不同的塑料制品。模温对塑件的影响也是完全不同的,主要表现在:1)改善成型性。2)成型收缩率。3)塑件变形。4)尺寸稳定性:使用高模温在一定程度上来说是有利于结晶过程的进行的。而对于柔性塑料来说我们当然可以采用低模温,因为这样更是有利于稳定塑件的尺寸,使之不易发生翘曲变形。5)力学性能。6)外观质量:过低的模温肯定就会使塑件表面有较为明显的缺陷。4.7.1 加热系统加热系统由表得模具的温度为 50-80,而且该模具为小型模具,因此不需要有加热装置。4.7.2 冷却系统冷却系统冷却装置:注塑材料初始状态是固态,通过注射机的高温加热后融化,注射机将熔融状态的 ABS 材料高压注射入流道进入型腔后,还是有高的温度的,为了使其快速成型,提高生产效率,就要用到冷却系统。其实模具整体都是冷却系统的一部分,模具本体可以进行热传导消耗大部分热量,但是仅仅靠模具本体零部件间的热传导来冷却塑件,这样达不到高效率的要求。所以在这个设计中在型腔、型芯中加入冷却管道,用水的循环流动来达到冷却效果,水在达到对塑件的冷基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计26却的同时,也带走了模具体的一些热量,保护了模具整体,提高了工作效率9。冷却管路的位置与尺寸设计:为了保证塑件能够快速被冷却,通常将冷却水通道与型芯和型腔设计在一起在两块零部件内部设计一个水的循环流道。设计时要保证冷却水道的位置合理性,不能够影响模具的正常工作,也不能够影响模具的使用寿命,管道的大小在此次设计中取 8mm。模具冷却系统图如图 4.5 所示。图 4.5 模具冷却系统图西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)275 模具结构总图模具结构总图在用 UG NX 11.0 的 MoldWizard 模块完成对收音机后盖注塑模具时,根据塑件的尺寸先用 MoldWizard 模块设计出型芯和型腔,然后选择并导入模架,确定模具的基本外形结构与尺寸。在导入模架后,在该软件的标准件库里边导入推杆、导柱、导套和复位机构等相关机构。这些机构设计完成后根据要求装配在一起后就的到了一个完成的注塑模模具系统10。具体结构如图 5.1 所示。图5.1 收音机后盖注塑模具三维装配图在完成模具的三维建模后,可以利用软件的绘图木块将三维图转换成二维图,在对二维图进行处理和标示相关尺寸后得到二维装配图如图 5.2,从二维装配图我们可以清楚的知道模具系统中各个零部件与组件在整个系统中的相对位基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计28置。 图5.2 收音机后盖注塑模具二维装配图1-导柱 2-固定垫板 3-定位环 4-内六角柱头螺钉 M2065 5-浇注口 6-型腔固定板7-型腔 8-收音机后盖 9-型芯 10-复位杆 11-复位弹簧 12-推杆固定板 13-推板14-限位块15-模具底座 16-内六角螺钉 M20190 17-内六角螺钉 M1250 18-推杆 19-顶针20-内六角柱头螺钉 M1270 21-垫块 22-导柱 23-冷却系统 24-型芯固定板西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)296 总结总结在整个对收音机后盖的模具设计,所用到的工具是 UG NX 11.0。首先对塑件的外形进行观察和分析,分析测量出塑件的尺寸。根据塑件的尺寸先用MoldWizard 模块设计出型芯和型腔,然后选择并导入模架,确定模具的基本外形结构与尺寸。在导入模架后,在该软件的标准件库里边导入推杆、导柱、导套和复位机构等相关机构。对模具进行完善。模具采用的是一模两腔,虽然塑件的外形结构很复杂,利用 MoldWizard 对塑件进行建模设计。本设计采用的模具设计相对传统模具设计更为方便便捷,因为如果塑件复杂的话用传统的模具设计方法很难完成,但是 UG 可以设计出来。一个生产厂家生产产品最希望的就是以低成本,高效率来创造价值。UG 对模具的设计完全可以达到这样的要求。将复杂的设计简单化,减少了模具的设计的工作量,从而缩短了模具设计的时间,用 UG 设计的模具比人工设计的模具精密度高。更符合要求。基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计30西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)31参考文献参考文献1 孙锡红.我国塑料模具发展现状及发展建议J. 电加工与模具,2010.2 陈志刚.塑料成形工艺及模具设计M.北京: 机械工业出版社,2007.3 孙 桓.陈作模主编.机械原理M.北京:高等教育出版社,2013.4 刘国良.模具先进制造技术在塑料成型模具设计方法中的应用研究J.北京电子科技职业学院,2011.5 刘颜召.PRO/E 野火版 3.0 模具设计与加工M.北京: 电子工业出版社,2007.6 贺平.塑料成型工艺及模具设计M.北京: 电子工业出版社,2011.7 叶久新,王群.塑料成形工艺及模具设计M.北京: 机械工业出版社,2008.8 成大先.机械设计手册(第三版)M.北京: 化学工业出版社,2010.9 梅红吹,余拔龙.浅谈塑料模具 CAD/CAM 设计与制造工艺J.中国科技信息,2005.10 付宏生,刘京华.塑料制品与塑料模具设计M.北京:化学工业出版社,2009.基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计32西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)33致致 谢谢在本次论文设计过程中,感谢董老师从论文框架到细节修改都给予了我细致的指导,提出了很多宝贵的意见,老师以其高度的敬业精神对我产生了重要影响,她渊博的知识和敏锐的思维深深的启发了我。让我从当初对模具行业的一无所知到现在的初步认识,没有她的指导,我是不能独自完成这一设计的,在此表示衷心的感谢!除此以外还要感谢所有授我以业的老师,没有这些年的知识积累,我当然也无法完成这篇论文。由于自己认知有限,所以文中还有很多不足,还希望各位老师对我的论文多加指正,使我能够及时的完善论文中的不足。最后,我要向百忙之中抽时间对本篇论文进行审查的各位老师表示衷心的感谢!基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计34西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)35附录附录 A 外文及中文翻译外文及中文翻译The Injection MoldingThe mold is at the core of a plastic manufacturing process because its cavity gives a part its shape. This makes the mold at least as critical-and many cases more so-for the quality of the end product as, for example, the plasticiting unit or other components of the processing equipment.Depending on the processing parameters for the various processing methods as well as the length of the production run, the number of finished products to be produced, molds for plastics processing must satisfy a great variety of requirements. It is therefore not surprising that molds can be made from a very broad spectrum of materials, including-from a technical standpoint-such exotic materials as paper matched and plaster. However, because most processes require high pressures, often combined with high temperatures, metals still represent by far the most important material group, with steel being the predominant metal. It is interesting in this regard that, in many cases, the selection of the mold material is not only a question of material properties and an optimum price-to-performance ratio but also that the methods used to produce the mold, and thus the entire design, can be influenced.A typical example can be seen in the choice between cast metal molds, with their very different cooling systems, compared to machined molds. In addition, the production technique can also have an effect; for instance, it is often reported that, for the sake of simplicity, a prototype mold is frequently machined from solid stock with the aid of the latest technology such as computer-aided (CAD) and computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM S). In contrast to the previously used methods based on the use of patterns, the use of CAD and CAM often represents the more economical solution today, not only because this production capability is available pin-house but also because with any other technique an order would have to be placed with an outside supplier.Overall, although high-grade materials are often used, as a rule standard materials are used in mold making. New, state-of-the art (high-performance) materials, such as ceramics, for instance, are almost completely absent. This may be related to the fact that their desirable characteristics, such as constant properties up to very high temperatures, are not required on molds, whereas their negative characteristics, e. g. low tensile strength and poor thermal conductivity, have a clearly related to ceramics, such as sintered material, is found in mild making only to a limited degree. This refers less to the modern materials and components produced by powder metallurgy, and possibly by hot isocratic pressing, than to sintered metals in the sense of porous, air-permeable materials.Removal of air from the cavity of a mold is necessary with many different processing methods, and it has been proposed many times that this can be accomplished using porous metallic materials. The advantages over specially fabricated venting devices, particularly in areas where melt flow fronts meet, I, e, at weld lines, are as obvious as the potential problem areas: on one hand, preventing the 基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计36texture of such surfaces from becoming visible on the finished product, and on the other hand, preventing the microspores from quickly becoming clogged with residues (broken off flash, deposits from the molding material, so-called plate out, etc.). It is also interesting in this case that completely new possibilities with regard to mold design and processing technique result from the use of such materials.A. Design rulesThere are many rules for designing molds. These rules and standard practices are based on logic, past experience, convenience, and economy. For designing, mold making, and molding, it is usually of advantage to follow the rules. But occasionally, it may work out better if a rule is ignored and an alternative way is selected. In this text, the most common rules are noted, but the designer will learn only from experience which way to go. The designer must ever be open to new ideas and methods, to new molding and mold materials that may affect these rules.B. The basic mold1. Mold cavity spaceThe mold cavity space is a shape inside the mold, “excavated” in such a manner that when the molding material is forced into this space it will take on the shape of the cavity space and, therefore, the desired product. The principle of a mold is almost as old as human civilization. Molds have metals into sand forms. Such molds, which are still used today in foundries, can be used only once because the mold is destroyed to release the product after it has solidified. Today, we are looking for permanent molds that can be used over and over. Now molds are made from strong, durable materials, such as steel, or from softer aluminum or metal alloys and even from certain plastics where a long mold life is not required because the planned production is small. In injection molding the plastic is injected into the cavity space with high pressure, so the mold must be strong enough to resist the injection pressure without deforming.2. Number of cavitiesMany molds, particularly molds for larger products, are built for only cavity space, but many molds, especially large production molds, are built with 2 or more cavities. The reason for this is purely economical. It takes only little more time to inject several cavities than to inject one. For example, a 4-cavity mold requires only one-fourth of the machine time of asingle-cavity mold. Conversely, the production increases in proportion to the number of cavities. A mold with more cavities is more expensive to build than a single-cavity mold, but not necessarily 4 times as much as a single-cavity mold. But it may also require a larger machine with larger platen area and more clamping capacity, and because it will use 4 times the amount of plastic, it may need a large injection unit, so the machine hour cost will be higher than for a machine large enough for the smaller mold.3. Cavity shape and shrinkageThe shape of the cavity is essenti ally the “negative” of the shape of the desired product, with dimensional allowance added to allow for shrinking of the plastic. The shape of the cavity is usually created with chip-removing machine tools, or with electric discharge machining, with chemical etching, or by any new method that may 西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)37be available to remove metal or build it up, such as galvanic processes. It may also be created by casting certain metals in plaster molds created from models of the product to be made, or by casting some suitable hard plastics. The cavity shape can be either cut directly into the mold plates or formed by putting inserts into the plates.C. Cavity and coreBy convention, the hollow portion of the cavity space is called the cavity. The matching, often raised portion of the cavity space is called the core. Most plastic products are cup-shaped. This does not mean that they look like a cup, but they do have an inside and an outside. The outside of the product is formed by the cavity, the inside by the core. The alternative to the cup shape is the flat shape. In this case, there is no specific convex portion, and sometimes, the core looks like a mirror image of the cavity. Typical examples for this are plastic knives, game chips, or round disks such as records. While these items are simple in appearance, they often present serious molding problems for ejection of the product. The reason for this is that all injection molding machines provide an ejection mechanism on the moving platen and the products tend to shrink onto and cling to the core, from where they are then ejected. Most injection molding machines do not provide ejection mechanisms on the injection side.Polymer ProcessingPolymer processing, in its most general context, involves the transformation of a solid (sometimes liquid) polymeric resin, which is in a random form (e.g., powder, pellets, beads), to a solid plastics product of specified shape, dimensions, and properties. This is achieved by means of a transformation process: extrusion, molding, calendaring, coating, thermoforming, etc. The process, in order to achieve the above objective, usually involves the following operations: solid transport, compression, heating, melting, mixing, shaping, cooling,solidification, and finishing. Obviously, these operations do not necessarily occur in sequence, and many of them take place simultaneously.Shaping is required in order to impart to the material the desired geometry and dimensions. It involves combinations of viscoelastic deformations and heat transfer, which are generally associated with solidification of the product from the melt.Shaping includes: two-dimensional operations, e.g. die forming, calendaring and coating; three-dimensional molding and forming operations. Two-dimensional processes are either of the continuous, steady state type (e.g. film and sheet extrusion, wire coating, paper and sheet coating, calendaring, fiber spinning, pipe and profile extrusion, etc.) or intermittent as in the case of extrusions associated with intermittent extrusion blow molding. Generally, molding operations are intermittent, and, thus, they tend to involve unsteady state conditions. Thermoforming, vacuum forming, and similar processes may be considered as secondary shaping operations, since they usually involve the reshaping of an already shaped form. In some cases, like blow molding, the process involves primary shaping (pair-son formation) and secondary shaping (pair son inflation).Shaping operations involve simultaneous or staggered fluid flow and heat transfer. In two-dimensional processes, solidification usually follows the shaping 基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计38process, whereas solidification and shaping tend to take place simultaneously inside the mold in three dimensional processes. Flow regimes, depending on the nature of the material, the equipment, and the processing conditions, usually involve combinations of shear, extensional, and squeezing flows in conjunction with enclosed (contained) or free surface flows.The thermo-mechanical history experienced by the polymer during flow and solidification results in the development of microstructure (morphology, crystallinity, and orientation distributions) in the manufactured article. The ultimate properties of the article are closely related to the microstructure. Therefore, the control of the process and product quality must be based on an understanding of the interactions between resin properties, equipment design, operating conditions, thermo-mechanical history, microstructure, and ultimate product properties. Mathematical modeling and computer simulation have been employed to obtain an understanding of these interactions. Such an approach has gained more importance in view of the expanding utilization of computer design/computer assisted manufacturing/computer aided engineering (CAD/CAM/CAE) systems in conjunction with plastics processing. It will emphasize recent developments relating to the analysis and simulation of some important commercial process, with due consideration to elucidation of both thermo-mechanical history and microstructure development.As mentioned above, shaping operations involve combinations of fluid flow and heat transfer, with phase change, of a visco-elastic polymer melt. Both steady and unsteady state processes are encountered. A scientific analysis of operations of this type requires solving the relevant equations of continuity, motion, and energy (I. e. conservation equations).Injection MoldingMany different processes are used to transform plastic granules, powders, and liquids into final product. The plastic material is in moldable form, and is adaptable to various forming methods. In most cases thermoplastic materials are suitable for certain processes while thermosetting materials require other methods of forming. This is recognized by the fact that thermoplastics are usually heated to a soft state and then reshaped before cooling. Theromosets, on the other hand have not yet been polymerized before processing, and the chemical reaction takes place during the process, usually through heat, a catalyst, or pressure. It is important to remember this concept while studying the plastics manufacturing processes and the polymers used.Injection molding is by far the most widely used process of forming thermoplastic materials. It is also one of the oldest. Currently injection molding accounts for 30% of all plastics resin consumption. Since raw material can be converted by a single procedure, injection molding is suitable for mass production of plastics articles and automated one-step production of complex geometries. In most cases, finishing is not necessary. Typical products include toys, automotive parts, household articles, and consumer electronics goods,Since injection molding has a number of interdependent variables, it is a process of considerable complexity. The success of the injection molding operation is dependent not only in the proper setup of the machine variables, but also on 西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)39eliminating shot-to-shot variations that are caused by the machine hydraulics, barrel temperature variations, and changes in material viscosity. Increasing shot-to-shot repeatability of machine variables helps produce parts with tighter tolerance, lowers the level of rejects, and increases product quality ( i.e., appearance and serviceability).The principal objective of any molding operation is the manufacture of products: to a specific quality level, in the shortest time, and using a repeatable and fully automatic cycle. Molders strive to reduce or eliminate rejected parts, or parts with a high added value such as appliance cases, the payoff of reduced rejects is high.A typical injection molding cycle or sequence consists of five phases:1 Injection or mold filling2 Packing or compression3 Holding4 Cooling5 Part ejectionInjection molding is a cyclic process of forming plastic into a desired shape by forcing the material under pressure into a cavity. The shaping is achieved by cooling (thermoplastics) or by a chemical reaction (thermosets). It is one of the most commonand versatile operations for mass production of complex plastics parts with excellent dimensional tolerance. It requires minimal or no finishing or assembly operations. In addition to thermoplastics and thermosets, the process is being extended to suchmaterials as fibers, ceramics, and powdered metals, with polymers as binders.Approximately 32 percent by weight of all plastics processed go through injection molding machines. Historically, the major milestones of injection molding include the invention of the reciprocating screw machine and various new alternative processes, and the application of computersimulation to the design and manufacture of plastics parts.Since its introduction in the early 1870s, the injection molding machine has undergone significantmodifications and improvements. In particular, the invention of the reciprocating screw machine hasrevolutionized the versatility and productivity of the thermoplastic injection molding process.Apart from obvious improvements in machine control and machine functions, the major development for the injection molding machine is the change from a plunger mechanism to a reciprocating screw. Although the plunger-type machine is inherently simple, its popularity was limited due to the slow heating rate through pure conduction only. The reciprocating screw can plasticize the material more quickly and uniformly with its rotating motion, as shown in Figure 1. Inaddition, it is able to inject the molten polymer in a forward direction, as a plunger.基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计40The injection molding process was first used only with thermoplastic polymers. Advances in theunderstanding of materials, improvements in molding equipment, and the needs of specific industrysegments have expanded the use of the process to areas beyond its original scope. Alternative injection molding processes.During the past two decades, numerous attempts have been made to develop injection moldingprocesses to produce parts with special design features and properties. Alternative processes derivedfrom conventional injection molding have created a new era for additional applications, more designfreedom, and special structural features. These efforts have resulted in a number of processes,including:Co-injection (sandwich) moldingFusible core injection molding)Gas-assisted injection moldingInjection-compression moldingLamellar (microlayer) injection moldinLive-feed injection moldingLow-pressure injection moldingPush-pull injection moldingReactive moldingStructural foam injection moldingThin-wall molding Because of these extensions and their promising future, computer simulation of the process has alsoexpanded beyond the early lay-flat, empirical cavity-filling estimates. Now, complex programs simulate post-filling behavior, reaction kinetics, and the use of two materials with different properties, or two distinct phases, during the process.The Simulation section provides information on using C-MOLD products.Among the Design topicsare several examples that illustrate how you can use CAE tools to improve your part and molddesign and optimize processing conditions.西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)41Co-injection (sandwich) moldingOverviewCo-injection molding involves sequential or concurrent injection of two different but compatible polymer melts into a cavity. The materials laminate and solidify. This process produces parts that have a laminated structure, with the core material embedded between the layers of the skin material. This innovative process offers the inherent flexibility of using the optimal properties of each material or modifying the properties of the molded part.FIGURE 1. Four stages of co-injection molding.(a) Short shot of skin polymer melt (shown in dark green)is injected into the mold. (b) Injection of core polymer melt until cavity is nearly filled, as shown in(c). (d)Skin polymer is injected again, to purge the core polymer away from the sprue.The fusible (lost, soluble) core injection molding process illustrated below producessingle-piece, hollow parts with complex internal geometry. This process molds a core inside the plastic part. After the molding, the core will be physically melted or chemically dissolved, leaving its outer geometry as the internal shape of the plastic part.基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计42FIGURE 1. Fusible (lost, soluble) core injection moldingGas-assisted injection moldingGas-assisted processThe gas-assisted injection molding process begins with a partial or full injection of polymer melt into the mold cavity. Compressed gas is then injected into the core of the polymer melt to help fill and pack the mold. This process is illustrated below.FIGURE 1. Gas-assisted injection molding: (a) the electrical system, (b) the hydraulic system, (c) the control panel, (d) the gas cylinder.Injection-compression moldingOverviewThe injection-compression molding process is an extension of conventional injection molding. After a pre-set amount of polymer melt is fed into an open cavity, it is compressed, as shown below. The compression can also take place when the polymer is to be injected. The primary advantage of this process is the ability to produce dimensionally stable, relatively stress-free parts, at a low clamp tonnage (typically 20 to 50 percent lower).西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)43Lamellar (microlayer) injection moldingOverviewThis process uses a feedblock and layer multipliers to combine melt streams from dual injection cylinders. It produces parts from multiple resins in distinct microlayers, as shown in Figure 1 below. Combining different resins in a layered structure enhances a number of properties, such as the gas barrier property, dimensional stability, heat resistance, and optical clarity.Live-feed injection moldingOverviewThe live-feed injection molding process applies oscillating pressure at multiple polymer entrances to cause the melt to oscillate, as shown in the illustration below. The action of the pistons keeps the material in the gates molten while different layers of molecular or fiber orientation are being built up in the mold due to solidification. This process provides a means of making simple or complex parts that are free from voids, cracks, sink marks, and weld-line defects.基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计44Low-pressure injection moldingOverviewLow-pressure injection molding is essentially an optimized extension of conventional injection molding (see Figure 1). Low pressure can be achieved by properly programming the screw revolutions per minute, hydraulic back pressure, and screw speed to control the melt temperature and the injection speed. It also makes use of a generous gate size or an reduce umber of valve gates that open and close sequentially to reduce the flow length. The packing stage is eliminated with a generally slow and controlled injection speed. The benefits of low-pressure injection molding include a reduction of the clamp force tonnage requirement, less costly molds and presses, and lower stress in the molded parts.Push-pull injection moldingOverviewThe push-pull injection molding process uses a conventional twin-component injection system and a two-gate mold to force material to flow back and forth between a master injection unit and a secondary injection unit, as shown below. This process eliminates西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)45weld lines, voids, and cracks, and controls the fiber orientation.Reactive moldingProcessingMajor reactive molding processes include reactive injection molding (RIM), and composites processing, such as resin transfer molding (RTM) and structural reactive injection molding (SRIM).The typically low viscosity of the reactive materials permits large and complex parts to be molded with relatively lower pressure and clamp tonnage than required for thermoplastics molding. relatively For example, to make high-strength and low-volume large parts, RTM and SRIM can be used to include a preform made of long fibers. Another area that is receiving more attention than ever before is the encapsulation of microelectronic IC chips.The adaptation of injection molding to these materials includes only a small increase in temperature in the feed mechanism (barrel) to avoid pre-curing. The cavity, however, is usually hot enough to initiate chemical cross-linking. As the warm pre-polymer is forced into the cavity, heat is added from the cavity wall, from viscous (frictional) heating of the flow, and from the heat released by the reacting components. The temperature of the part often exceeds the temperature of the mold. When the reaction is sufficiently advanced for the part to be rigid (even at a high temperature) the cycle is complete and the part is ejected.Design considerationsThe mold and process design for injection molding of reactive materials is much more complex because of the chemical reaction that takes place during the filling and post-filling stages. For instance, slow filling often causes premature gelling and a resultant short shot, while fast filling could induce turbulent flow that creates internal porosity. Improper control of mold-wall temperature and/or inadequate part thickness will either give rise to moldability problems during injection, or cause scorching of the materials. Computer simulation is generally recognized as a more cost-effective tool than the conventional, time-consuming trial-and-error method for tool and process debugging.Structural foam injection moldingOverviewStructural foam molding produces parts consisting of solid external skin surfacessurrounding an inner cellular (or foam) core, as illustrated in Figure 1 below. This process is suitable for large, thick parts that are subject to bending loads in their end-use application. Structural foam parts can be produced with both low and high 基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计46pressure with nitrogen gas or chemical blowing agents.Thin-wall moldingOverviewThe term thin-wall is relative. Conventional plastic parts are typically 2 to 4 mm thick. Thin-wall designs are called advanced when thicknesses range from 1.2 to 2 mm, and leading-edge when the dimension is below 1.2 mm. Another definition of thin-wall molding is based on the flow-length-to-wall-thickness ratios. Typical ratios for these thin-wall applications range from 100:1 to 150:1 or more.Typical applicationsThin-wall molding is more popular in portable communication and computing equipment, which demand plastic shells that are much thinner yet still provide the same mechanical strength as conventional parts.ProcessingBecause thin-wall parts freeze off quickly, they require high melt temperatures, high injectio speeds, and very high injection pressures if multiple gates or sequential valve gating are not an optimized ram-speed profile helps to reduce the pressure requirement.Due to the high velocity and shear rate in thin-wall molding, orientation occurs more readily help minimize anisotropic shrinkage in thin-wall parts, it is important to pack the part adequately while the core is still molten.Injection molding machineComponentsFor thermoplastics, the injection molding machine converts granular or pelleted raw plastic into final molded parts via a melt, inject, pack, and cool cycle. A typical injection molding machine consists of the following major components, as illustrated in Figure 1 below.西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)47Machine functionInjection molding machines can be generally classified into three categories, based on machine function:General-purpose machinesPrecision, tight-tolerance machinesHigh-speed, thin-wall machinesAuxiliary equipmentThe major equipment auxiliary to an injection molding machine includes resin dryers, materials-handling equipment, granulators, mold-temperature controllers and chillers,part-removal robots, and part-handling equipment.基于 UG 收音机后盖塑料模具设计48注塑模设计模具型腔可赋予制品其形状,因此在塑料加工过程中模具处于非常重要的地位,这使得模具对于产品最终质量的影响与塑化机构和其他成型设备的部件一样关键,有时甚至更重要。根据成型方法和模具使用周期(即要生产的产品数量)的不同,塑料成型模具要满足不同的需求,模具可以由多种材料制成,甚至于可以使比较特殊的材料如纸张和石膏。然而,由于大多数成型过程需要高压,通常还有高温条件限制,金属迄今为止时最重要的材料,其中刚才居首位。很多时候,模具材料的选择不仅关系到性能和最佳性价比,还影响到模具的加工方法,甚至是整体设计。典型的例子是金属铸造模具的材料选择,与机械加工模具相比,不同材料的金属铸造模具冷却系统存在很大的差异。另外,不同的制造方法也会对材料的选择产生影生产,原型模具的制造常常采用一些新技术,如计算机辅助设计和计算机集成制造,将固体毛配制成原型模具。与以前以模型为基础的方法相比,用 CAD 和CIM S 方法会更经济,这是因为这类模具厂家自身就能制作,而用其他技术,只能由外面的供应商来加工生产。总之,虽然模具生产中经常会用到一些高性能材料,但用得最多的仍然是那些常规材料。像陶瓷这类高性能材料几乎不能用于模具制造,这可能是因为其优点(如高温下性能不会改变)在模具中并不需要,相反,像烧结类陶瓷材料,具有低抗张强度和热传递性差的缺点,在模具中也只有少量应用。这里所用的零件不是采用粉末冶金和热等压工艺生产,而是指烧结成的多空、透气性零件。在很多成型方法中,都必须将行腔中的气体排出去,人们已经多次尝试使用多孔金属材料排气。与专门设置的排气装置相比,其优点是显而易见的,尤其是在熔料前锋处如有熔接线的地方,这里是最容易出现问题的区域:一方面能防止在制品表面有明显的熔接线,还能避免溢流料等残余物堵塞微孔。采用这类材料制造模具时,在设计和成型工艺上都会出现新的问题。A.设计原则模具设计的原则很多,这些原则都是基于逻辑、以往经验、加工的方便性和经济性考虑,在设计、模具制造和模塑成型过程遵守这些规则是很有用的,但有时,忽略某一原则而遵守另一原则往往会更好些。本文将介绍最常用的设计原则,但设计人员只有从实践经验中才能有所收获。设计者应随时关注与这些设计原则有关的新观点、模塑方法、材料。B.模具基础1.模腔模腔指的是通过机加工在模具材料内部挖出的空间,以供模塑材料,即塑料填充,并获取该空间形状得到需要的制品。模具的历史几乎与人类文明一样悠久,通过在沙型这类的模具中注入液体金属如铁、青铜,生产出工具、武器、钟、塑像和厨房用具,如今在铸造厂仍使用这类模具,为了取出固化后的制品,需要将模具打碎,因此这种模具只能用一次,我们一直在寻求可以反复使用的永久模具,现在可以用坚固耐用的材料如钢材、软质铝及其他合金材料生产模具,当生产量不是很大、模具寿命要求不是很高时,甚至可以用某些塑料制品模具。注塑生产时,熔料以高压注入型腔,因此就需要模具足够结实以抵御变形。2.型腔数量多数模具,尤其生产大型制品的模具多为单腔模,但是大批量生产时的模具,会有两个或更多型腔,这纯粹是出于经济考虑。注射多型腔的时间并不比单腔模多,西安文理学院本科毕业论文(设计)49例如四腔模注射一个产品的时间大约仅是单腔模的 1/4,而产量却与型腔数成正比。多腔模比单腔模贵,并不是说要贵四倍,但需要带有大模板和锁模能力的注塑机,而且该例所需总的塑料量是单腔模的四倍,需要有较大的注射装置,较大设备的单位成本要比用小型模具的设备高。目前多型腔模大多选择2、4、6、8、12、16、24、32、48、64、96、128 这样的数字。选择这些数字(偶数)的原因是为了方便在长方形区域内布置型腔,这样有利于设计、定尺寸以方便加工制造,也有利于围绕机器中心对称分布型腔,这种对称分布对保证每个型腔分配到相同的锁模力非常重要。也可以在圆形范围内设置较少量的型腔数,甚至于是 3,5,7,9 这样的奇数,还可用任意型腔数排布,但要注意围绕注塑机中心线投影面积对称分布。3.型腔形状及收缩型腔形状实际上是塑件形状的“反”形状。尺寸需要家上塑料的收缩量。型腔形状可以用切削设备或电火花、化学腐蚀及任何新型加工方法进行加工和制造,如电镀工艺,也可以将铜或锌基合金浇铸到具有制品形状的石膏模或硬塑料模如
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