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桥式起重机 机构 设计

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5t单梁桥式起重机机构设计,桥式起重机,机构,设计

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河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业设计（论文）中期检查表指导教师： 冷军发 职称： 副教授 所在院（系）： 机械与动力工程系 教研室（研究室）： 机设 题 目 单梁桥式起重机设计学生姓名瞿佳佳专业班级08机设2班 学号0828070125一、选题质量：（主要从以下四个方面填写：1、选题是否符合专业培养目标，能否体现综合训练要求；2、题目难易程度；3、题目工作量；4、题目与生产、科研、经济、社会、文化及实验室建设等实际的结合程度）1、本题目符合机械设计专业的培养目标，能够充分锻炼和培养分析问题和实际操作能力，能够体现综合训练的要求；2、本题目难易适中，符合本科毕业设计要求；3、本题目工作量适中，能在规定的时间内完成； 4、所选题目单梁桥式起重机总体的设计与实际贴合比较紧密，在实际的应用中比较广泛。在设计过程中，对机器的零件的设计和计算对我来说是以往所学知识的总结和应用，所以能够满足综合训练的要求二、开题报告完成情况：根据自己在各方面资料的收集和整理，通过对可行性的分析，结合老师给的题目的选择，我完成了这次设计的选题。在选题结束之后，通过自己认真查阅相关的资料，最后结合本身的实际情况和设计的时间任务完成了开题报告。三、阶段性成果：1、通过对单梁桥式起重机的了解，再加上老师对我们的讲解，算是对单梁桥式起重机有了一个大概的了解。前期阶段主要是对有关于单梁桥式起重机的各方面的文献和资料进行搜集，为设计以后的设计做了必要的准备。 2、中期阶段主要是依据参考资料，从上面找到一些关于关于单梁桥式起重机的信息，首先对其零部件有了大致的了解，其次是已有了大概的设计方法，并开始了一些基本的结构设计。3、正在进行CAD画图和设计说明书。四、存在主要问题：由于这是我第一次单独进行单梁桥式起重机总体设计，所以刚开始进展的并不是很顺利。而我对这方面的知识掌握比较少，所以需要在图书馆和网上查找更多的相关资料，对有关起重机的知识进行更深入的了解。不过我坚信，只要自己努力和在指导老师的指引下，我能把各方面的问题逐个击破，最终顺利完成毕业设计。五、指导教师对学生在毕业实习中，劳动、学习纪律及毕业设计（论文）进展等方面的评语指导教师： （签名） 年 月 日2河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目名称单梁桥式起重机设计学生姓名瞿佳佳专业班级08机设2班学号0828070125一、 选题的目的和意义：目的：随着社会经济和科学技术的日新月异，起重机的应用领域不断加宽，起重机的种类层出不穷。制造厂和装卸作业厂所逐渐转向室内，使桥式起重机占了主导地位。最典型简便并且实用性强的要数电动单梁桥式起重机。它对于发展国民经济，改善人们的事物、文化生活的需要都起着重要的作用。一些企业由于没有起重机械，不仅工作效率低，劳动强度大，甚至难以工作。意义：由于单梁桥式起重机主要用于室内移动吨位数相对较小的重物，它的制造简单，制造成本相对较低，主要由机械部分和电气部分组成，其中机械部分主要由一个单主梁和两个端梁组成，电气部分主要是外购件电动葫芦。比起其他起重机花费的成本要小很多，但是它的功能绝不亚于其他起重机。当室内跨度较大，而移动的重物相对较小，移动速度需求较快时就必须优先考虑单梁桥式起重机。但是由于各户需求的跨度和最大起重量等条件个不相同，为了既满足客户需求又能使起重机公司获利，实现双赢，所以有必要对单梁桥式起重机不断的进行探索和改进。通过毕业设计，能从各个方面综合考查大学四年所学过的专业知识。能代表机械选型设计的一般过程。可以开阔视野，提高我们的解决问题和分析问题的能力，以及提高综合运用理论知识的能力；通过此次毕业设计，更能激发学习和探索问题的兴趣，为未来的学习和工作打下良好的基础；通过此次的毕业设计，我们可以把学过的课本知识在设计工作中综合地加以应用，使这些知识得到巩固和发展；通过毕业设计，能够初步培养我们对机械设计的独立工作能力，为以后进行设计工作打下良好的基础；通过毕业设计，我们能够熟练应用有关参考资料、计算图表、手册；熟悉有关的国家标准和部颁标准，以完成一个工程技术人员在机械设计方面所必须具备的基本技能训练。二、 国内外研究综述：单梁桥式起重机桥架的主梁多采用工字型钢或钢型于钢板的组合截面。起重小车常为手拉葫芦，电动葫芦或用葫芦座位起升机构部件装配而成。按桥架支撑式和悬挂式两种，前者桥架沿车梁上的起重机轨道运行；后者的桥架沿悬挂在厂房屋架下的起重机轨道运行。 随着我国基础设施建设的刺激发展和城市化建设的推进，起重机械的市场需求不断升温，应用领域不断扩大。近年来我国的起重机遇发展良机，市场空间巨大，国内众多企业为了争夺国内起重机械市场，不断改进，升级，研发出性价比较高，适应国情的产品，加上维修成本低，速度快等优点，国产起重机械逐渐受到广大用户的认可。由于工业生产规模的不断扩大，生产效率日益提高，以及产品生产过程中物料装卸搬运费用。相较于国外研究桥式起重机主梁金属结构的健康 和疲劳状况, 国对于桥式起重机的安全检测主要体 现在: 通过使用不同的检测方法, 完成对起重机主梁一 系列安全参数的逐项检测。 桥式起重机安全参数主要 为: 主梁上拱度、 上翘 度、 挠度、 下 静刚 度 等。早期 主要 采 用拉 钢 丝测 量 法 、 水准仪法 等; 目前主要采用光学仪器测量法, 如经纬仪法、 全站仪法、 激光 准直仪法及激光 测距仪法。 国外研究状况 . 目前, 国外对桥式起重机的安全检测主要着眼于 对金属结构 ( 主梁和端梁等组成桥架的主要构件 ) 健 康状况和疲劳状况的监测。 M a和 Asund i 率先采用光纤偏振传感 ( FOPS) 和 光纤弯曲传感器 ( FOCS) 对带不同裂纹的金属铝梁进 行了整体健康监测。试验中, 将传感器粘贴在铝梁底 面中心。试件的刚度下降和含裂纹梁的损伤程度分别 采用静态损伤因子 ( SDF )和动态损伤因子 ( DDF ) 来描 述。实验结论显示, 两类传感器都可以作为结构整体 健康监测的定量监测元件。 H a le 采用光纤传 感器进 行了对金 属结构疲 劳 裂纹监测的 研究工 作。试 验中, 其将 光纤用 高模 量 粘接剂粘在 结构表 面上, 然后 用电子 红外 衰减检 出 装置检测光 的衰减。如果 用钨灯 代替 红外光 源, 则 可由 纤 维 断 裂 逸 出 的 可 见 光 清 楚 地 显 示 出 裂 纹 位置。 L ee 等人也采用基于强度的光纤传感器 ( I FS) O 研究了由循环载荷引起的低碳钢疲劳裂纹扩展的监测 问题。试件裂纹的起始长度为 1 mm, 其采用 MTS 液 压试验机对试件施加频率为 4 H z的正弦波形循环载 荷。 IOFS将采集的数据经过 A /D 转换后传送给计算 机, 计算机再将分析结果实时地显示到监视器上, 从而 实现钢板疲劳裂纹扩展的实时监测。 4 Ich in ose 等人也通过与此类似的方法, 采用光纤 传感器研究了由循环载荷引起的钢结构破坏区域的监 测问题。 综上所述, 国外使用光纤传感器等智能结构对起重 机金属结构进行健康监测, 取得了一些阶段性研究成 果。但这些基础性研究中还有许多问题亟待解决, 也还 没有设计出成型的仪器, 推广起来还需一定的时间 。三、 毕业设计（论文）所用的主要技术与方法：主要技术：运用了理论力学和材料力学中的有关力的分析和计算，例如刚度，强度，可行性，载荷的分析，扭转力矩等的分析与计算。采用机械图形设计软件AutoCAD2007 进行绘图，借助相关资料，结合大学所学知识来完成毕业设计。 方法：首先对产品进行总体设计，确定系统的要求，选择工作原理；其次，计算和确定主要尺寸，绘制部件装配图和总图；最后，绘制全部零件工作图，编写说明书。如果设计的过程中如果发现遗漏我还会及时补充上去。四、 主要参考文献与资料获得情况：起重机国家标准 葫芦式起重机 起重机设计制造新工艺 机械设计手册 桥式起重机设计计算 起重机设计手册以上资料基本都具备了！五、 毕业设计（论文）进度安排（按周说明）1）68周：毕业实习、期间还收集部分资料。2）910周：写开题报告，进行毕业设计的基本计算。3）1113周：排版整理毕业设计说明书和用CAD软件进行绘图。4）1415周：对毕业设计进行修改、完善，准备答辩。六、 指导教师审批意见： 指导教师： （签名）年 月 日 河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文翻译 The history of crane A significant word for the decade as far as the crane industry was concerned, was railways, as cranes for this industry were still very important. On 7 September 1949, for example, the Deutsche Bundesbahn (Federal German Railway) was founded. It needed high-capacity lifting devices that could be taken to the job site as part of a train. Four steam-driven cranes, each of which could lift 57 tonnes, were ordered from Ardelt. In 1950 followed a special type of crane with a boom designed for working below overhead wires. The cranes featured a counterweight attachment system which was connected to the lifting gean This innovative design did not prove successful, but was replaced in 1955/56 by a similar hydraulic mechanism. Also in Germany, MAN had been actively building not just harbour, dockyard and travelling cranes, but also diesel-powered slewing cranes with pneumatic steering. These had been built since 1946 (picture 204), were driven by a 70 kilowatt six cylinder truck engine and could lift 6 tonnes at 7 metres radius and weighed 48 tonnes. A small concession to safety was also introduced as the company brochure tells us: A load moment safety device, built in to the boom mechanism and thus linked to the lifting mechanism, cuts in if the permitted load moment is exceeded. The brochure writer realised the significance of the fact that the device acted when the load was exceeded and not . as was the case ten years ago, at the point when the superstructure has already tipped over!”These load moment safety devices,although a small part of the overall crane,were very important in the development ot the cranes.Bridge crane Bridge crane is horizontal plane in workshop, warehouse and yard over rigger materials of lifting equipment. Because of its ends located in tall cement posts or metal stents, shape like bridge. Bridge crane along the bridge on both sides laying in elevated the orbit of longitudinal operation, can make full use of the space below girder hoisting materials, does not suffer ground equipment obstacles. It is to use the widest range, the largest number of a kind of hoisting machinery. Bridge crane is the modern industrial production and lifting transportation in realizing realize mechanization, automation production process to important tools and equipment. So bridge crane in interior industrial and mining enterprises, steel chemical industry, railway transportation, ports and logistics departments and establishments are widely used. Bridge crane can be divided into ordinary bridge crane, simple girder crane and metallurgical special bridge crane 3 kinds. Ordinary bridge crane is general by lifting trolley and bridge operation organization, bridge metal structure group into. Lifting car again by lifting mechanism, trolley mechanism and the car frame of three parts. Lifting mechanism including motor, brakes, reducer, drum and pulleys. Driving speed reducer, electromotor through reel rotation of wire rope around the drum drum down, or from lifting weights with. Car frame is a torre and installation of hoisting mechanism and the car mechanism, etc. Parts of the frame, usually for welding structure. Crane operation organization drive mode can be divided into two kinds: one kind is concentrated drive, which is a motor driving long shaft drive on both sides of the active wheels, Another kind is respectively driven, namely on both sides of the active wheel each with a motor drives. Medium and small bridge crane is increasingly used brakes, reducer and electric generator synthetic one of three-in-one drive mode, a big weight of ordinary bridge crane for ease of installation and adjustment, device drivers often adopt universal shaft coupling. Crane operation organization generally in four active and driven wheels, if lifting weight is very big, commonly used to increase the wheel to reduce the pulley. When more than four wheels when, must use hinged equilibrium frame device to make the crane load evenly distributed in each wheel. Bridge of metal structure composed by main girder and girders, divided into the single girder frame and main double girder frame two kinds. Single main girder bridge girder and frame is located in single span on both sides of the girders composition, double girder frame girder by two root and girders composition. Girder and girders rigid connection, girders, supporting both ends with wheels in elevated bridge to run on. The main welding have orbit, for lifting car running. Bridge girder structure type more comparatively typical have box structure, four truss structure and open-web truss structure. Box structure can divide again on track box shuang liang, slant rail box shuang liang, slant rail box single girder to wait for a few kinds. Track box shuang liang is widespread adoption of a basic form the girder, consists of flange plate and bilateral vertical webs composition, car rail decorate in the center of the flange plate online, its simple structure, easy fabrication, suitable for mass production, but self-respect greatly. Partial rail box double beam and partial rail box single main section is by the upper and lower flange plate and the different thickness of the Lord vice webs composition, car rail decorate in the main webs, short circuits inside above stiffening plate can save, including partial rail box girder is composed of a single root box girder wide flange instead of two root girder, respect smaller, but manufacturing complex. Four truss structure featured by four plane truss by combined into closing in on the spatial structure, the level of general shop to have walked surface truss bedplate, light dead weight, stiffness big, but compared with other structure size, shape, manufacturing is relatively complex, fatigue strength low, has less production. Open-web truss structure similar to slant box girder by rail, four plates form a closed structure, in addition to the main webs for real abdomen i-section beam outside, the rest 3-piece plate according to the design demand cutting into many window, forming a without rods of open-web truss, in the upper and lower horizontal truss surface covered go bedplate, crane operation organization and electrical equipment installed in bridge internal, self-respect lighter, whole stiffness big in China is that more widespread adoption of a type. Ordinary bridge crane mainly adopts electric drive, it is to be in commonly driver indoor manipulation, also have long-distance bridge crane ，Control. Lifting weight can reach 500 tons, span of 60 meters. payments and plate steel composed of simple beam, with the hand type hoists or electric hoist match on simple car as lifting car, the car is in commonly strander beam under operation on the flange. Bridge along on a high orbits, also can along the suspensory on elevated the following orbits, this kind of crane beam cranes called suspension. Metallurgy special bridge crane in steel production process can participate in particular process operation, its basic structure and ordinary bridge crane is similar, but in lifting cars also has a special working organs or device. This kind of crane characteristics of the work is used frequently, conditions and job level is higher. Basically has five types. Bridge crane safety check to ensure the safe operation of the bridge cranes, in crane operation period to some general safety inspections and inspection items and points as follows: (1) the hoisting height peneumatied device, travel limit switches and all the interlock device performance is bridge crane Often, safe and reliable. (2) the main parts meet safety requirements: less than the original size increase openings less than 10%, 15% torsional deformation, Board hook bushing wear less than the original size, 50% of the board hook mandrels wear less than 5%, no spalling, burr, weld repairs. Hook rack and pulley without obvious flaw. Wire rope surface wire wear and corrosion is less than 40% of wire diameter, broken wires in a twined within less than the total silk from the number of 10%, no bufo, without obvious attenuate, without mandrel department of emergence, blind Angle twisting, extrusion, annealing, burning phenomenon. At the end of the wire rope connection and fixed clip next, clips, -200 block connect intact, without loosing, linking piece not less than 2, clip next amount not less than 3. S no crack, links, fixed without shake, A hollow wear less than 20% of the original wall thickness, Safety coil not less than 2 laps, drum and wire rope diameter ratio meets the requirement. Balance wheel fixed intact, the wire rope should comply with the requirements. Brake flawless, without loose, no serious wear and brake clearance sides equal size, have enough braking force, brake with less than 50% of the original thickness wear. Through the bridge crane safety routine inspection, to prevent accidents and reduce equipment accidents and improve equipment availability, reducing maintenance cost etc are plays a remarkable role.Welding equipment and welding machinery roller Welding equipment and welding machinery roller-welding is a manufacturing technology, it is to adapt to the needs of industrial development. modern industrial development as a basis for development, and direct services in the machinery manufacturing industry. Welding technology development and manufacturing industries closely linked to the needs of general industrial advanced countries, Steel output in general about the need for welding technology products can be formed, the laborers in the oil, mining metallurgy, metal structure, Lifting transport, surface transportation, aerospace, computer flu bridge construction machinery and equipment manufacturing sector, Welding has important and wide-ranging role. Many of the equipment of large-scale structure, almost all of welded structures. Now with the development of science and technology, the scale of production growing, welded structure is moving in super high-capacity high parameters in the direction of development, which is not only the need for welding production of higher quality and better performance of the welder, welding material and welding technology, but also to provide the superior performance of the welding process equipment, welding production mechanization and automation, reducing anthropogenic factors, guarantee the quality and stability of welding, Welder improve working conditions, increase productivity purposes. However welding production is integrated production and welding pieces of the manufacturing process, a welding process itself theres also a lot of co-ordination processes, and therefore welding production mechanization and automation, not only confined to the welding process itself, including the welding process, the ministry convergence of various processes of mechanization and automation, Only by achieving the various processes of mechanization and automation of welding production can be achieved comprehensive mechanization and automation. Welding machinery and equipment is divided into the following types : welding fixture, welding-machine and welding pieces of machinery and transport equipment other affiliation. From the use of scale, welding machinery and equipment is divided into two categories of general and special. General welding machinery and equipment strong common use of sexual Canton, the entire machinery products can adapt to changes in the structure of the repeated use. They can use combination can also mix in welding production line as a production welding components. Specialized welding machinery and equipment in order to meet but varieties, a large amount of specialized welding production needs of design and manufacturing. Such equipment specialized, high productivity, advanced control system, a good product mix to meet the welding process, Mass production requirements. Welding machinery and equipment for the production of welding the beneficial effect of the following aspects : 1) using welding fixture. Parts are positioning device positioning, not crossed, we can not accurately measure the location of assembly, thereby ensuring the accuracy of assembly, accelerated the progress of the assembly work. 2) As in the welding fixture can be forced to give advance or reinforce anti-distortion, they are able to control or eliminate welding deformation. 3) using welding fixture, due to the welding assembly to ensure the accuracy and control of welding deformation, Therefore, to enhance the exchange of welding performance and welding pieces of the tie hole, groove with mechanical elements to be reduced from the first welding processing into first after the welding process, thus avoiding the large welded structure welding process on behalf of difficulties, to shorten the production cycle of welding. 4) using welding machine building can be shortened assembly and welding process, welding pieces of anti-change time reduce auxiliary working hours, increased utilization of welding and welding productivity. 5) using welding machinery spaces will welding pieces in the most favorable position welding. This is conducive to operate, enabling welding quality assurance, but also intensify the welding process norms, full welding performance. 6) Use of chanting positioner to expand the scope of the welding welder. 7) using welding machinery and equipment, will enable the manual modification of machinery and the only person in control of the position, factors that reduce the quality of the welding impact, but also lowers the level of manipulating welder requirements. 8) Only with mutual welding machinery and equipment to be matched in difficult conditions, environmental hazards, not directly manipulated by artificial occasions welding operations. For example, in the heat, Sham Shui Po, a radioactive environment for the conduct of welding operations, need with the corresponding welding machinery and equipment interfaces can be achieved. 9) To Make welding process itself mechanization and automation, or welding production process to achieve comprehensive automation, require welding machinery and equipment support can be achieved. In short, welding machinery and equipment for welding production process enabling role is multifaceted. In a nutshell, is to ensure that the welding quality, and improve welding productivity, improve workers Zuye environment, mechanization and automation of welding production process four aspects. So in the welding shop or at the construction site. Welding machinery and equipment has become welding production process indispensable equipment, which was widely used. Welding is a roller-roller through the initiative and welding pieces of friction, lead welding pieces of rotating machinery modification. Welding roller stand for the main pieces of tube welding and welding assembly. If the right owners, the high roller follower appropriate adjustments will be able to conduct Cone, ranging from sub-diameter rotating assembly and welding. Some non-circular shape welding long pieces, if their card installed in a special card for the ring, Also available on the shelves of welding roller welded assembly work. Roller-welding to the structure and the breakdown is as follows : the first is the long axis of the wheel-F. Roller along with two parallel axes, and the driving device linked to a row to take the initiative wheel, another row of the roller follower. there are two rows of rollers are aware of, mainly for the slender-thin pieces of welding and welding of the group. Some long axis of its F - scroll wheel for a roller-long, has a diameter of 0.3-0.4m, a length of 5m. Shell placed on the axial deformation not apply to thin, small-diameter, multi-cylinder welding pieces of the team up and girth welding. Some long axis of its F - scroll wheel for a long-roller, diameter and a length of 5. Shell placed on deformation not apply to thin, small-diameter, multi-cylinder welding pieces of the team up and girth welding. F-long axis of the wheel are based on users welding pieces of the characteristics of its own design and manufacture, market for the selected few stereotypes products. The second category is modular roller stand, its active wheel racks, roller-follower. Hybrid wheel frame (that is, in a stent with an initiative on the wheel and a roller follower Block) is an independent, using welding pieces under the weight and length of arbitrary composition, its composition ratio is not only a more than one combination. Therefore, it is flexible, the applicability of welded pieces of a strong, which is the most widely used form of the structure. Domestic and foreign manufacturers have their own series of products supply market. If welding thickness and length of the smaller long welded pieces, it is appropriate several mixed-wheel combination, This direction along the length of the cylinder have the initiative wheel drive, welding pieces from slipping and distortions. If welding thickness larger, better rigid tube welding pieces, we would often take the initiative to use the wheel - and-roller follower of the portfolio, Even though the initiative is the roller-cylinder side-driven rotating welding pieces, but due to the welding pieces of rigid, and managed to maintain a uniform speed, not causing distortion. To diameter of the welding of different welding, the welding Roller roller-spacing should be able to adjust. Adjust two ways : one is self-tuning; A non-self-tuning of. Self-tuning based on the diameter of the welding automatically adjust the wheel spacing; Non-self-tuning the mobile scaffold on the wheel on the Block, to adjust the wheel spacing. Non-self-tuning of the roller frame is welded mobile scaffold on the wheel on the Block, to adjust the wheel spacing. The heavy roller stand, and use the shop lifting equipment moved roller Block Sub-conditioning. Roller-right light, the use of manual and electric screw-nut body to Block Mobile scroll continuously. In order to facilitate adjustment wheel the distance between planes to accommodate different length welding pieces of welding assembly, Some roller shelves are also installed mobile or non-motorized travel agencies, along the migration path to adjust the distance between each other. Welding roller-use DC motor-driven, pressure-relief governor. But for the assembly work roller frame is used AC motor-driven, constant speed operation. Recent years, with Crystal Gateway flow control inverter and improve the performance of lower prices, AC motor drive, VVVF welding roller frame is also increasing. MULTI-metal wheel with steel and ductile iron alloy production, the surface hardness of about 50 heat treatment HRC, roller diameter between 200-700mm. Foreign welding roller stand many varieties, than the entire series, facing an 1500. apply welding pieces 8m diameter of a standard modular roller frame (two active and two blocks roller follower rollers Block Portfolio) supply all series. Roller its multi-line speed in 6 90 m / h between non-adjustable level, there is some welding to prevent axial movement functions. China has many manufacturers to produce welding roller stand, the biggest loading capacity has reached 400 t, apply welding pieces of up to 6 m in diameter. Roller line speed over 60m in 6 / h between variable speed. Preventing axial movement of the wheel-welding production already, but need to improve the quality of performance. 1997 China Statistical Yearbook welding, China has 23 auxiliary welding machine manufacturers of various types and specifications of welding roller stand, user needs, should first be selected. Selection, in addition to the wheel frame welding meet welding weight, tube diameter and welding speed requirements, should also enable the wheel-drive torque than welding pieces of the eccentric resistance moment. However, the current domestic and international manufacturers, marking the roller-performance parameters, no such data, so as to enable welding speed stability, avoid skidding or emphasis caused by the switch to the next, the eccentric big moment welding pieces of the roller frame. for torque calibration and the adhesion is very necessary. Another pair of large thin-walled welded pieces of sedative used roller frame, in order to prevent the axial deformation of the cylinder, to choose a number of mixed-wheel combination. Welding pieces of the axial movement of the reasons for and consequences of factors, first of all, issues, Welding wheel-drive Rao welding pieces of its own axis, rotation, often associated with the axial movement, thereby affecting the quality of welding and welding process in a normal way, and will lead to serious disruptions welding process. even welding pieces of equipment such as subversion personal accident. Therefore, some domestic factories often used in welding pieces End stubborn resistance to the mandatory stop welding pieces of axial movement. This approach to small tonnage weldment also effective, But for large tonnage or welding pieces of the implementation of the weld location precision welding shouting demands high speed stability with a very narrow gap welding and welding work stop rigidly applied, will inevitably lead to resistance welding pieces of rotating increased speed caused instability, have welding defects. can make welding end processing has been a good groove because of the squeezing of damage, sometimes will even take a motor overload burn accidents. In this context, the development of the defense over the axial movement of technology, in the 20th century and the mid-1980s to prevent the introduction of the welding traverse the welding roller stand, Welded to the displacement volume control, to meet a variety of welding methods of welding location accuracy requirements. Ever since the 20th century the late 1980s began this technology, and developed a prototype. 20 early 1990s, domestic individual auxiliary welding factory has been the product on the market, but for the formation of scale. The anti-channeling accuracy and reliability, compared with countries such as Sweden and Italy still lags behind. Then, the occurrence of welding axial movement of the causes and factors of influence of the welding roller stand, When welding pieces and are ideal cylindrical roller and the roller and the pieces are welded cylinders, and the roller axis in the same horizontal plane and parallel to the axis of welding, from the dynamic wheel drive welding pieces role in the welding, and the role of follower roller welding pieces of the force, both circumferential edge. At this time, the welding pieces of Raos own axis rotation, no axial movement, but when the condition is devastated, For example, manufacture and installation of roller frame error and welding pieces of irregular geometry, make arrangements before and after the existence of differences in elevation, and the wheel axis of the wheel and welding pieces axis is not parallel, resulting in welding pieces of self-respect and initiative roller, Follower roller contact with the welding pieces of the existence of the axial part of the formation when the axial movement of welding conditions, However, the direction of the axial force is not totally consistent. In the production practice, before and after the row height precision roller is easier to control, and after the row spacing larger roller, Therefore welding pieces of the axial forces have little weight, not produce axial movement of the main reasons and the installation of the wheel manufacturing error and welding pieces of geometry from ideal combination of factors such as cylinder role so that the wheel axis with the axis of welding without parallel and the creation of space angle, the wheel has led to the axial force on welding pieces This is the axial movement of the main reasons. Through the analysis of experimental results showed that : 1) the wheel axis with the axis welding pieces of the more parallel, formed by the helix angle, the larger the pieces of welding axial displacement of the greater speed. 2) axial movement welding speed is proportional to its speed. 3) with the same deflection angle to the roller number more and welding pieces of the axial movement speed and faster growth in the non-linear relationship. Welding pieces of the ellipse and welding pieces of the emphasis will enable the welding speed axial movement into cyclical changes. 4) the roller axis in the same horizontal plane, the wheel and the wheel spacing between the distance, on the speed of the axial movement will not be affected. 5) Welding weight increase of welded pieces of the axial movement of speed almost no impact. Evidently, the roller axis with the axis of the welding pieces of parallelism should be welding pieces of axial movement of the most important reasons. In the manufacture and use of welding roller stand, attention should be given to achieve the following three points : the wheel axis in the same horizontal plane, and parallel to each other; Roller spacing should be equal; Roller-located with the center line. 起重机历史 就起重机工业而言，二十世纪四十年代的一个重要词汇是“铁路”，因为起重机对于铁路行业来说仍然十分重要。例如，在1949年9月7日，Deutsche Bundesbahn（联邦德国铁路公司）成立。公司需要大载重量起重设备，将火车的一部分吊到工地现场。他们从Ardelt订购了四台起重量各57吨的蒸汽驱动起重机。1950年，出现了一种特殊的带有悬臂设计的起重机，用于在高架电线下工作。这种起重机带有一个连接到起重装置上的配重附着系统。这种创新设计被证明并不成功，但它于1955/56年被一种类似的液压机制所取代。也是在德国，MAN公司一直以来不仅积极制造港用、造船厂用和自走式起重机，还制造柴油动力驱动的带有汽动转向的旋臂式起重机。这种起重机自1946年起就开始制造（图204），它由70千瓦六缸卡车引擎驱动，起重量6吨，起重半径7米，自重48吨。公司还为了安全性作了一些小妥协而推出了一种装置，其宣传册上写着：这种载荷矩安全装置内置于悬臂机制内，从而与起重机制相连，在载荷矩超过允许值时断开。宣传册的作者认识到设备在负载超过极限时需要有所动作的重要性，而非. 如十年前那样，上层构造已经到了翻倒的临界点!。尽管这种载荷矩安全装置只是整台起重机的一小部分，但在起重机的发展过程中起着非常重要的作用。桥式起重机 桥式起重机是横架于车间、仓库和料场上空进行物料吊运的起重设备。由于它的两端坐落在高大的水泥柱或者金属支架上，形状似桥。桥式起重机的桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行，可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料，不受地面设备的阻碍。它是使用范围最广、数量最多的一种起重机械。 桥式起重机是现代工业生产和起重运输中实现实现生产过程 机械化、自动化得重要工具和设备。所以桥式起重机在室内外工矿企业、钢铁化工、铁路交通、港口码头以及物流周转等部门和场所均得到广泛的运用。 桥式起重机可分为普通桥式起重机、简易梁桥式起重机和冶金专用桥式起重机三种。普通桥式起重机一般由起重小车、桥架运行机构、桥架金属结构组 成。起重小车又由起升机构、小车运行机构和小车架三部分组成。起升机构包括电动机、制动器、减速器、卷筒和滑轮组。电动机通过减速器，带动卷筒转动，使钢丝绳绕上卷筒或从卷筒放下，以升降重物。小车架是支托和安装起升机构和小车运行机构等部件的机架，通常为焊接结构。起重机运行机构的驱动方式可分为两大类：一类为集中驱动，即用一台电动机带动长传动轴驱动两边的主动车轮；另一类为分别驱动、即两边的主动车轮各用一台电动机驱动。中、小型桥式起重机较多采用制动器、减速器和电动机组合成一体的“三合一”驱动方式，大起重量的普通桥式起重机为便于安装和调整，驱动装置常采用万向联轴器。起重机运行机构一般只用四个主动和从动车轮，如果起重量很大，常用增加车轮的办法来降低轮压。当车轮超过四个时，必须采用铰接均衡车架装置，使起重机的载荷均匀地分布在各车轮上。桥架的金属结构由主梁和端梁组成，分为单主梁桥架和双梁桥架两类。单主梁桥架由单根主梁和位于跨度两边的端梁组成，双梁桥架由两根主梁和端梁组成。主梁与端梁刚性连接，端梁两端装有车轮，用以支承桥架在高架上运行。主梁上焊有轨道，供起重小车运行。桥架主梁的结构类型较多比较典型的有箱形结构、四桁架结构和空腹桁架结构。 箱形结构又可分为正轨箱形双梁、偏轨箱形双梁、偏轨箱形单主梁等几种。正轨箱形双梁是广泛采用的一种基本形式，主梁由上、下翼缘板和两侧的垂直腹板组成，小车钢轨布置在上翼缘板的中心线上，它的结构简单，制造方便，适于成批生产，但自重较大。偏轨箱形双梁和偏轨箱形单主梁的截面都是由上、下翼缘板和不等厚的主副腹板组成，小车钢轨布置在主腹板上方，箱体内的短加劲板可以省去，其中偏轨箱形单主梁是由一根宽翼缘箱形主梁代替两根主梁，自重较小，但制造较复杂。四桁架式结构由四片平面桁架组合成封闭型空间结构，在上水平桁架表面一般铺有走台板，自重轻，刚度大，但与其他结构相比，外形尺寸大，制造较复杂，疲劳强度较低，已较少生产。空腹桁架结构类似偏轨箱形主梁，由四片钢板组成一封闭结构，除主腹板为实腹工字形梁外，其余三片钢板上按照设计要求切割成许多窗口，形成一个无斜杆的空腹桁架，在上、下水平桁架表面铺有走台板，起重机运行机构及电气设备装在桥架内部，自重较轻，整体刚度大，这在中国是较为广泛采用的一种型式。普通桥式起重机主要采用电力驱动，一般是在司机室内操纵，也有远距离桥式起重机控制的。起重量可达五百吨，跨度可达60米。 简易梁桥式起重机又称梁式起重机，其结构组成与普通桥式起重机类似，起重量、跨度和工作速度均较小。桥架主梁是由工字钢或其他型钢和板钢组成的简单截面梁，用手拉葫芦或电动葫芦配上简易小车作为起重小车，小车一般在工字梁的下翼缘上运行。桥架可以沿高架上的轨道运行，也可沿悬吊在高架下面的轨道运行，这种起重机称为悬挂梁式起重机。 冶金专用桥式起重机在钢铁生产过程中可参与特定的工艺操作，其基本结构与普通桥式起重机相似，但在起重小车上还装有特殊的工作机构或装置。这种起重机的工作特点是使用频繁、条件恶劣，工作级别较高。主要有五种类型。 桥式起重机的安全检查为了保证桥式起重机的安全运行，在起重机运行期间需进行一些安全常规检查，检查项目及要点如下： （1） 起升高度限位器、行程限位开关及各联锁机构性能正 桥式起重机常，安全可靠。 （2） 各主要零部件符合安全要求：开口增大小于原尺寸的15%，扭转变形小于10%；板钩衬套磨损小于原尺寸的50%，板钩心轴磨损小于5%，无剥落、毛刺、焊补。吊钩挂架及滑轮无明显缺陷。钢丝绳表面钢丝磨损、腐蚀量小于钢丝直径的40%，断丝在一个捻距内小于总丝数的10%，无断头，无明显变细，无芯部脱出、死角扭拧、挤压变形、退火、烧损现象。钢丝绳端部连接及固定的卡子、压板、锲块连接完好，无松动，压板不少于2个，卡子数量不少于3个。卷筒无裂纹，连接、固定无松动；筒壁磨损小于原壁厚的20%；安全卷不少于2圈，卷筒与钢丝绳直径比例符合要求。平衡轮固定完好，钢丝绳应符合的要求。制动器无裂纹，无松动，无严重磨损，制动间隙两侧相等尺寸合适，有足够的制动力，制动带磨损小于原厚度的50%。 通过对桥式起重机的安全常规检查，对杜绝人身事故，减少设备事故，提高设备运转率，降低检修费用等均起到了显著作用。焊接机械装备和焊接滚轮架 焊接是一种制造技术，它是适应工业发展的需要，以现代工业发展为基础发展起来的，并且直接服务于机械制造工业。焊接技术的发展与制造工业的需要紧密联系，一般工业先进国家，钢产量的一般左右需要采用焊接工艺才能形成产品，在石油华工、矿山冶金、金属结构、起重运输、水陆交通、航空航天、桥梁建筑电脑感机械设备制造部门，焊接有着重要而广泛的作用。许多设备中的大型结构，几乎都是焊接结构。现在随着科学技术的发展，生产规模的日益扩大，焊接结构正朝着超大型、高容量、高参数等的方向发展，这就不仅需要为焊接生产提供质量更高、性能更好的各种焊机、焊接材料和焊接工艺，而且要提供各性能优越的焊接工装设备，使焊接生产实现机械化和自动化，减少人为因素的干扰，达到保证和稳定焊接质量、改善焊工劳动条件、提高生产率的目的。但是焊接生产是综合性生产，在焊件制造过程中，出了焊接工序本身外还有还有很多工序的配合，因此焊接生产的机械化、自动化，不仅仅局限于焊接工序本身，还包括焊接工序衔接的上下各种工序的机械化、自动化，只有各个工序实现了机械化和自动化，才能实现焊接生产的综合性机械化和自动化。 焊接机械装备分为以下类型：焊接工装夹具、焊接变位机械、焊件输送机械和其他从属装置。从使用范围来看，焊接机械装备又分为通用和专用两类。通用焊接机械装备通用性强使用性广,整台机械能适应产品结构的变化重复使用。它们可以组合在一起使用，也可以组合在焊接生产线上，成为焊接生产的一个组成部分。专用焊接机械装备为了适应但品种、大