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毕 业 设 计 任 务 书 200 8年2月19日 毕业设计题目全自动洗衣机控制系统的设计指导教师俞云强职称副教授专业名称机电一体化技术班级机电50532学生姓名许君健学号5020053234设计要求1.完成资料翻译一份（3000字以上）2.完成毕业设计调研报告一份；3.完成全自动洗衣机控制系统的设计4.完成系统程序设计；5.完成毕业设计说明书一份；6.完成相关图纸。完成毕业课题的计划安排序号内容时间安排1外文资料翻译2008.2.20至2008.2.292搜集相关资料并调研，完成调研报告2008.3.1至2008.3.53进行全自动洗衣机控制系统的设计，并完成相关系统程序的编写，编写说明书，绘制相关图纸。2008.3.6至2008.4.84整理毕业设计说明书并定稿，准备答辩2008.4.9至2008.4.105答辩2008.4.11答辩提交资料外文资料翻译，毕业设计调研报告，毕业设计说明书，相关图纸。计划答辩时间2008.4.12 无锡职业技术学院机电技术学院 2008 年 2 月 19日文档包括:说明书一份,33页,13400字左右.英文翻译一份.任务书一份.图纸共3张:A2-流程图3.dwgA2-流程图4.dwgA2-硬件接线.dwg分类号 密级 无锡职业技术学院毕业设计说明书毕业设计说明书题题 目：目：全自动洗衣机控制系统的设计英文并列题目英文并列题目：Entire automatic washer control system design学 生 姓 名： 许君健 专 业： 机电一体化技术指 导 教 师： 俞云强 职 称： 副教授 毕业设计说明书提交日期 2008.4.11 地址：机电学院IV无锡职业技术学院毕业设计说明书全自动洗衣机控制系统的设计摘要： 随着社会经济的发展和科学技术水平的提高，家庭电器全自动化成为必然的发展趋势。全自动洗衣机的产生极大的方便了人们的生活。洗衣机是国内家电业唯一不打价格战的行业，经过几年的平稳发展，国产洗衣机无论在质量上还是功能上都和世界领先水平同步。纵观洗衣机市场，高效节能、省水、省电、环保型洗衣机一直在市场上占主导地位。 该论文就怎样利用PLC来控制全自动洗衣机进行了调查，对其中软件设计、硬件设计等问题进行了分析和研究，实现了全自动洗衣机的正常运行和强制性停止功能。关键词： PLC 全自动洗衣机 控制Entire automatic washer control system designAbstract: Along with the social economy development and the science and technology level enhancement, the family electric appliance entire automation becomes the inevitable development tendency. Entire automatic washer production enormous convenience peoples life. The washer is the domestic electrical appliances industry does not only hit the profession which the price fights, passes through several year steady development, the domestically produced washer regardless of in quality or in function all with world leading horizontal synchronization. Looks over the washer market, the highly effective energy conservation, the province water, the province electricity, the environmental protection washer continuously occupy the dominant position in the market. How does this paper study controls the entire automatic washer using PLC, to question and so on software design, hardware design has carried on the analysis and the discussion, has realized the entire automatic washer normal operation and compulsory stops the function. Key word: PLC entire automatic washer control目 录第一章 概 述1第二章 课题任务分析2 2.1 整体功能介绍 22.2 设备控制要求2第三章 控制系统的设计3 3.1 控制系统框图33.2 控制系统对应设备及实现功能33.3 控制系统原理4第四章 硬件电路设计54.1 系统的选型54.2 CPU单元设计74.3 硬件接线图74.4 通讯方式74.5 储存模块74.6 电池模块74.7 通讯模块7第五章 软件的设计5.1 I/O分配115.2 流程图125.3 源程序145.4 程序运行过程分析235.5 程序的下载 安装和调试23第六章 PLC和单片机控制的对比246.1 简述PLC和单片机256.2 用PLC和单片机分别做系统的比较256.3 用PLC做系统洗衣机的特性27第七章 结束语29第八章 毕业设计总结30致谢32参考文献33IV外文资料翻译In the article has analyzed the elevator loadcharacteristics, elaborated uses the trapezoid acceleration curve theelevator ideal velocity curve, unifies the frequency changer and thePLC performance, elaborated the elevator control system constitutionand the operational factor. Elaborated the elevator speed curveproduces the method, has induced the characteristic which designs byPLC constitution control system software. Key word: Load characteristics ideal velocity curve control systemsoftware design 文中分析了电梯的负载特性，阐述了采用梯形加速曲线的电梯理想速度曲线，结合变频器和PLC的性能，论述了电梯控制系统的构成和工作特性。阐述了电梯速度曲线产生的方法，归纳了由PLC构成的控制系统软件设计的特点。关键词：负载特性理想速度曲线控制系统软件设计1. Outline Along with the urban construction unceasing development, thehigh-rise construction unceasingly increases, the elevator has thewidespread application in the national economy and the life. Theelevator took in the high-rise construction the vertical movementtransportation vehicle already and peoples daily life is inseparable.In fact the elevator is according to exterior movement and so oncalling signal as well as own control rule, but calls is stochastic,the elevator is a person machine interactive control system in fact,purely is cannot satisfy the control request with the sequentialcontrol or the logical control, Therefore, the elevator control system uses the stochastic logical waycontrol. At present the elevator control generally has selected twomethods, one is uses the microcomputer to take the signal controlunit, completes the elevator signal gathering, the running status andthe function hypothesis, realizes the elevator automatic dispatch andthe collection chooses the movement function, drives the control tocomplete by the frequency changer; The second control mode (PLC)substitutes for the microcomputer realization signal collection withthe programmable controller to choose the control. Said from the control mode and the performance, these two methodscertainly not too big difference. The domestic factory mostly choosesthe second way, its reason lies in the production scale slightly, owndesign and the manufacture microcomputer control device cost ishigher; But PLC reliability high, programming convenience nimble, theantijamming ability strong, the movement stable is reliable and so onthe characteristic, therefore the present elevator control systemwidely uses the programmable controller to realize.1.概述随着城市建设的不断发展，高层建筑不断增多，电梯在国民经济和生活中有着广泛的应用。电梯作为高层建筑中垂直运行的交通工具已与人们的日常生活密不可分。实际上电梯是根据外部呼叫信号以及自身控制规律等运行的，而呼叫是随机的，电梯实际上是一个人机交互式的控制系统，单纯用顺序控制或逻辑控制是不能满足控制要求的，因此，电梯控制系统采用随机逻辑方式控制。目前电梯的控制普遍采用了两种方式，一是采用微机作为信号控制单元，完成电梯信号的采集、运行状态和功能的设定，实现电梯的自动调度和集选运行功能，拖动控制则由变频器来完成；第二种控制方式用可编程控制器（PLC）取代微机实现信号集选控制。从控制方式和性能上来说，这两种方法并没有太大的区别。国内厂家大多选择第二种方式，其原因在于生产规模较小，自己设计和制造微机控制装置成本较高；而PLC可靠性高，程序设计方便灵活，抗干扰能力强、运行稳定可靠等特点，所以现在的电梯控制系统广泛采用可编程控制器来实现。2. Elevator ideal performance diagramIndicated according to the massive research and the experiment, theperson may accept the maximum acceleration is am = 1.5m/s2,acceleration rate of change rho m = the 3m/s3, elevator idealperformance diagram may divide according to the acceleration is thetriangle, the trapezoid and the sine profile, As a result of sine profile acceleration curve realization moredifficult, but the triangle curve maximum acceleration and is startingand applies the brake the section turning point acceleration rate ofchange to be bigger than the trapezoidal curve, namely + rho m jumpsto - rho m or jumps from - rho m to + rho the m acceleration rate ofchange, therefore very little uses, because the trapezoidal curve iseasy to realize and has the good acceleration rate of change frequenttarget, therefore is widely used, uses the trapezoidal accelerationcurve elevator ideal performance diagram like chart 1 to show:2.电梯理想运行曲线根据大量的研究和实验表明,人可接受的最大加速度为am1.5m/s2,加速度变化率m3m/s3,电梯的理想运行曲线按加速度可划分为三角形、梯形和正弦波形，由于正弦波形加速度曲线实现较为困难，而三角形曲线最大加速度和在启动及制动段的转折点处的加速度变化率均大于梯形曲线，即+m跳变到-m或由-m跳变到+m的加速度变化率，故很少采用，因梯形曲线容易实现并且有良好加速度变化率频繁指标，故被广泛采用。The intelligent frequency changer is for the elevator special-purposefrequency changer request and so on elevator nimble velocitymodulation, control and high accuracy even level which but speciallydesigns, may use for parts the general three-phase asynchronous motor,and has function and so on intellectualized software, standardconnection, menu prompt, input elevator curve and other essentialparameter. It has the debugging convenience quickly, moreover can automaticallyrealize the single multilayered function, and has the automaticoptimization deceleration curve the function, is composed the velocitymodulation system crawling time by it few, the even level distance isshort, no matter is the double winding electric motor, or electric motor suitable, its highest design speed may reach 4m/s, itsunique computer monitoring software, may choose the serial interfacerealization input/output signal the non- electronic contact control. The frequency changer constitutes elevator system, when the frequencychanger receives the controller to send out shouts the ladderdirection signal, the frequency changer basis hypothesis speed and theacceleration value, the starting motor, after achieved the maximumspeed, the uniform speed moves, when arrives the goal leveldecelerates, the controller sends out shuts off the high velocitysignal, reduces the speed which the frequency changer establishes themaximum speed to reduce to the crawling speed, In decelerates in the movement process, the frequency changer can theautomatic computation decelerate to the even level spot betweendistance, and calculates the optimized curve, thus can according tothe optimized curve movement, cause the low speed crawling time toreduce to 0.3s, the frequency changer through adjusts leveling thespeed in the elevator even level process or applies the brake thepitch to adjust leveling the precision. Namely when the elevator stops too early, the frequency changerincreases the low speed value or the reduction applies the brake thepitch value, otherwise reduces the low speed value or increasesapplies the brake the pitch value, when the elevator to leaves evenlevel position 4 - 10cm, has the even level switch automaticseparation low speed signal, the system according to the optimizedcurve realization high accuracy even level, thus achieved the evenlevel accurate is reliable.智能变频器是为电梯的灵活调速、控制及高精度平层等要求而专门设计的电梯专用变频器，可配用通用的三相异步电动机，并具有智能化软件、标准接口、菜单提示、输入电梯曲线及其它关键参数等功能。其具有调试方便快捷，而且能自动实现单多层功能，并具有自动优化减速曲线的功能，由其组成的调速系统的爬行时间少，平层距离短，不论是双绕组电动机，还是单绕组电动机均可适用，其最高设计速度可达4m/s，其独特的电脑监控软件，可选择串行接口实现输入/输出信号的无触点控制。变频器构成的电梯系统，当变频器接收到控制器发出的呼梯方向信号，变频器依据设定的速度及加速度值，启动电动机，达到最大速度后，匀速运行，在到达目的层的减速点时，控制器发出切断高速度信号，变频器以设定的减速度将最大速度减至爬行速度，在减速运行过程中，变频器的能够自动计算出减速点到平层点之间的距离，并计算出优化曲线，从而能够按优化曲线运行，使低速爬行时间缩短至0.3s,在电梯的平层过程中变频器通过调整平层速度或制动斜坡来调整平层精度。即当电梯停得太早时，变频器增大低速度值或减少制动斜坡值，反之则减少低速度值或增大制动斜坡值，在电梯到距平层位置410cm时，有平层开关自动断开低速信号，系统按优化曲线实现高精度的平层，从而达到平层的准确可靠。3. Elevator speed curve Elevator movement comfortableness is decided in its movementprocess acceleration a and the acceleration rate of change p size, theoversized acceleration or the acceleration rate of change can createpassengers ill feeling. At the same time, for guaranteed the elevatorthe operating efficiency, a, the p value not suitable excessively issmall. Can guarantee a, the p best value elevator performance diagramis called the elevator the ideal performance diagram. The elevatormovement ideal curve should be the parabola - straight linecomprehensive velocity curve, namely elevator Canada, reduces theprocess constitutes by the parabola and the straight line. Theelevator assigns the curve is whether ideal, direct influence actualperformance diagram. 3.电梯速度曲线电梯运行的舒适性取决于其运行过程中加速度a和加速度变化率p的大小，过大的加速度或加速度变化率会造成乘客的不适感。同时，为保证电梯的运行效率，a、p的值不宜过小。能保证a、p最佳取值的电梯运行曲线称为电梯的理想运行曲线。电梯运行的理想曲线应是抛物线-直线综合速度曲线，即电梯的加、减过程由抛物线和直线构成。电梯给定曲线是否理想，直接影响实际的运行曲线。3.1 velocity curves have the method Uses FX2-64MR PLC, and a consideration input output requestincreased FX-8EYT, FX-16EYR, the FX-8EYR three expansions modules andthe FX2-40AW twisted pair line correspondence adapter, FX2-40AW usesin the system serial communication. Using PLC the expansion functionmodule D/A module realization speed ideal curve output, whenbeforehand the digitized ideal velocity curve stores the PLC register,the procedure movement, through looks up the table way to read in D/A,transforms the simulation quantity after D/A the speed ideal curveoutput. 3.1速度曲线产生方法采用的FX2-64MRPLC，并考虑输入输出点要求增加了FX-8EYT、FX-16EYR、FX-8EYR三个扩展模块和FX2-40AW双绞线通信适配器，FX2-40AW用于系统串行通信。利用PLC扩展功能模块D/A模块实现速度理想曲线输出，事先将数字化的理想速度曲线存入PLC寄存器，程序运行时，通过查表方式写入D/A，由D/A转换成模拟量后将速度理想曲线输出。3.2 Acceleration assign the curve the production 8 D/A outputs 0 5V/0 10V, the corresponding numerical valueis 16 enters system several 00 FF, altogether 255 levels. Ifelevator rise time between 2.5 3 seconds. According to theconservative value computation, in the elevator acceleration processeach time Zha Biao time-gap not suitably surpasses 10ms. 3.2加速给定曲线的产生8位D/A输出05V/010V，对应数字值为16进制数00FF，共255级。若电梯加速时间在2.53秒之间。按保守值计算，电梯加速过程中每次查表的时间间隔不宜超过10ms。As a result of elevator logic control section procedure biggest, butthe PLC movement uses the cyclical scanning mechanism, thus usuallyuses looks up the table method, Zha Biao instruction time-gapexcessively is each time long, cannot satisfiedly assign the curve theprecision request. In the PLC movement process, its CPU with variousequipment between exchange of information, user program execution,signal gathering, control quantity operation and so on output all isdefers to the fixed order to circulate the scanning way to carry on,each circulation all must carry on the inquiry, the judgement and theoperation to all functions. This kind of order and the form capableperson are not the change. The usual scanning cycle, is basic mustcomplete six steps the work, including movement surveillance, andprogramming exchange information, and digital processor exchangeinformation, and communication processor exchange information,execution user program and input output connection service and so on.In a cycle, CPU only carries out to the entire user program. This kindof mechanism has its convenient one side, but timeliness is bad. Theexcessively long scanning time, directly affects the system to thesignal response effect, in under the guarantee control functionpremise, maximum limit reduces CPU the cyclical scanning time is avery complex question. Generally only can short adopt the method fromthe user program execution time. The elevator logic control sectionprocedure scanning time has surpassed 10ms, although has adopted somereduced procedure scanning time means, but still will be unable toscan the time to fall to 10ms below. At the same time, applies thebrake the section curve to use according to is away from theprinciple, each section of distances arrive the response time notsuitably surpasses 10ms. In order to satisfy the system the timelyrequest, in the velocity curve production way, uses the severancemethod, thus effectively has overcome the PLC scanning mechanismlimit.由于电梯逻辑控制部分程序最大，而PLC运行采用周期扫描机制，因而采用通常的查表方法，每次查表的指令时间间隔过长，不能满足给定曲线的精度要求。在PLC运行过程中，其CPU与各设备之间的信息交换、用户程序的执行、信号采集、控制量的输出等操作都是按照固定的顺序以循环扫描的方式进行的，每个循环都要对所有功能进行查询、判断和操作。这种顺序和格式不能人为改变。通常一个扫描周期，基本要完成六个步骤的工作，包括运行监视、与编程器交换信息、与数字处理器交换信息、与通讯处理器交换信息、执行用户程序和输入输出接口服务等。在一个周期内，CPU对整个用户程序只执行一遍。这种机制有其方便的一面，但实时性差。过长的扫描时间，直接影响系统对信号响应的效果，在保证控制功能的前提下，最大限度地缩短CPU的周期扫描时间是一个很复杂的问题。一般只能从用户程序执行时间最短采取方法。电梯逻辑控制部分的程序扫描时间已超过10ms，尽管采取了一些减少程序扫描时间的办法，但仍无法将扫描时间降到10ms以下。同时，制动段曲线采用按距离原则，每段距离到的响应时间也不宜超过10ms。为满足系统的实时性要求，在速度曲线的产生方式中，采用中断方法，从而有效地克服了PLC扫描机制的限制。The starting acceleration movement by decides the cycle interruptservice isr to complete. This kind of severance cannot carry on theswitch by the procedure, once establishes, continuously presses thehypothesis time-gap circulation severance, therefore, the startingmovement condition must put in the interrupt service isr, when doesnot satisfy the movement condition, the severance namely returns.起动加速运行由定周期中断服务程序完成。这种中断不能由程序进行开关，一旦设定，就一直按设定时间间隔循环中断，所以，起动运行条件需放在中断服务程序中，在不满足运行条件时，中断即返回。3.2 Decelerates applies the brake the curve production In order to guarantee applies the brake process completing,must carry on in the master routine applies the brake the condition tojudge and to decelerate a determination. In decelerates before adetermination, the elevator continuously is in the acceleration or thesteady fast movement process. The acceleration process completes bythe fixed cyclical severance, accelerates after the correspondingpattern maximum value, the acceleration procedure movement conditionno longer satisfies, after each time severs, no longer carries out theacceleration procedure, directly returns from the severance. Theelevator corresponds the pattern the maximum value movement,decelerates in this pattern to after, has the high-speed countingseverance, the execution decelerates the service routine. Revises thecounter in this interrupt service isr to suppose the definite valuethe condition, guaranteed the next time will sever the execution. In the PLC internal register, deceleration curve table value from big to small , each time severs all carries out time theindicator needle to add 1 the operation, then the next severance willlook up the table number is smaller than this severance to look up the table numbers. Thegate area peaceful level area judgement produces by exterior signal,guarantees the moderating process the reliability. 3.3减速制动曲线的产生为保证制动过程的完成，需在主程序中进行制动条件判断和减速点确定。在减速点确定之前，电梯一直处于加速或稳速运行过程中。加速过程由固定周期中断完成，加速到对应模式的最大值之后，加速程序运行条件不再满足，每次中断后，不再执行加速程序，直接从中断返回。电梯以对应模式的最大值运行，在该模式减速点到后，产生高速计数中断，执行减速服务程序。在该中断服务程序中修改计数器设定值的条件，保证下次中断执行。在PLC的内部寄存器中，减速曲线表的数值由大到小排列，每次中断都执行一次“表指针加1”操作，则下一次中断的查表值将小于本次中断的查表值。门区和平层区的判断均由外部信号给出，以保证减速过程的可靠性。4. Elevator control system4.1 Elevators control system characteristic Is relates the elevator movement comfortable feeling target in theelevator performance diagram start section the key link, but thecomfortable feeling with the acceleration direct correlation,according to controls the theory, must cause some quantity accordingto prearrange the rule change to have to carry on the positivegoverning to it, said regarding the elevator control system, mustcause the acceleration to have to use the acceleration feedbackaccording to the ideal curve change, according to electric motormoment of force equation: M - MZ= Delta M=J (dn/dt), obviously theacceleration rate of change had reflected the system dynamic extensionis apart from the change, the control acceleration is apart from DeltaM=M - MZ on the control system dynamic extension. Therefore uses theacceleration in this section the timing control principle, when thestart ascent portion speed achieved when stable state value 90%,systematically will cut the speed control from the accelerationcontrol, because in the steady fast section, the speed will besmaller for the permanent value control undulation, the accelerationchange will not be big, also will use the speed closed-loop controlto be allowed to cause the stable state speed hold certain precision,will be applies the brake the section precise even level to create thecondition. Uses the PI regulator control in the system speed ascentportion and steady fast Duan Suidu, but two section of PI parameter isdifferent, enhances the system the dynamic response target.4.电梯控制系统4.1电梯控制系统特性在电梯运行曲线中的启动段是关系到电梯运行舒适感指标的主要环节,而舒适感又与加速度直接相关,根据控制理论,要使某个量按预定规律变化必须对其进行直接控制,对于电梯控制系统来说,要使加速度按理想曲线变化就必须采用加速度反馈,根据电动机的力矩方程式:MMZ=M=J（dn/dt），可见加速度的变化率反映了系统动态转距的变化，控制加速度就控制系统的动态转距M=MMZ。故在此段采用加速度的时间控制原则，当启动上升段速度达到稳态值的90%时，将系统由加速度控制切换到速度控制，因为在稳速段，速度为恒值控制波动较小，加速度变化不大，且采用速度闭环控制可以使稳态速度保持一定的精度，为制动段的精确平层创造条件。在系统的速度上升段和稳速段虽都采用PI调节器控制，但两段的PI参数是不同的，以提高系统的动态响应指标。 Applies the brake the section in the system, namely must to reduce thespeed to carry on the essential control, guarantees the comfortablefeeling, also must strictly controls according to the elevatormovement speed and the distance relations, guarantees the even levelthe precision. In systems rotational speed reduces to 120r/min in front of, in orderto enable two to obtain the proper attention to both, adopts by theacceleration to the timing control primarily, simultaneously actsaccording to on each as soon as the stopping distance the actualrotational speed and the theory rotational speed deviation revises theacceleration to assign the curve the method. For example in is awayfrom the even level spot some as soon as to be away from L place, thespeed should reduce to Vm/s, but the actual rotational speed is highis V m/s, then explained adds the system turns is apart frominsufficiently, after therefore calculates the here to assign reducesspeed value -ag, causes it to add on a negative deviation againepsilon, even if the here reduces the speed given value to revise for- (ag+ epsilon) causes to assign reduces the speed and the true speednegative deviation enlarges, thus enlarged the system to turn thedistance, caused the speed very quickly to fall to the standard value,when electric motors rotational speed reduces to 120r/min after, this time thetheater box above the level only had several centimeters, The elevatorrunning rate is very low, for did not prevent phenomenon appearancewhich stops to the even level area, enables the elevator comparativelyquickly to enter the even level area, uses the proportional control inthis section, and uses the time optimization control, guaranteed theelevator accurately promptly enters the even level area, achieves theaccurate reliable even level.在系统的制动段，即要对减速度进行必要的控制，以保证舒适感，又要严格地按电梯运行的速度和距离的关系来控制，以保证平层的精度。在系统的转速降至120r/min之前，为了使两者得到兼顾，采取以加速度对时间控制为主，同时根据在每一制动距离上实际转速与理论转速的偏差来修正加速度给定曲线的方法。例如在距离平层点的某一距离L处，速度应降为Vm/s，而实际转速高为Vm/s，则说明所加的制动转距不够，因此计算出此处的给定减速度值-ag后，使其再加上一个负偏差，即使此处的减速度给定值修正为-（ag+）使给定减速度与实际速度负偏差加大，从而加大了制动转距，使速度很快降到标准值，当电动机的转速降到120r/min以后，此时轿厢距平层只有十几厘米，电梯的运行速度很低，为防止未到平层区就停车的现象出现，以使电梯能较快地进入平层区，在此段采用比例调节，并采用时间优化控制，以保证电梯准确及时地进入平层区，以达到准确可靠平层。4.2 elevators controls constitutionBecause the elevator movement is according to the floor and the theater box calling signal, the travelling schedule signalcarries on the control, but the floor and the theater box call isstochastic, therefore, the systems control uses the stochastic logicalcontrol. Namely in realizes in the elevator basic control requestfoundation by the smooth logic control, according to stochastic inputsignal, as well as elevator corresponding condition at the rightmoment control elevator movement. Moreover, the theater boxposition is determined by the pulse encoder pulse number that, anddelivers PLC the counter to carry on the control. At the same time,each building establishes to approach the switch to use in to examinethe system the floor signal. In order to be advantageous for the observation, is at the floor tothe elevator movement direction as well as the elevator to carry onthe demonstration, uses LED and the photo tube demonstrated, but tothe floor and the theater box calling signal to the indicating lampdemonstrated (on switch has indicating lamp).4.2电梯控制构成由于电梯的运行是根据楼层和轿厢的呼叫信号、行程信号进行控制，而楼层和轿厢的呼叫是随机的，因此，系统控制采用随机逻辑控制。即在以顺序逻辑控制实现电梯的基本控制要求的基础上，根据随机的输入信号，以及电梯的相应状态适时的控制电梯的运行。另外，轿厢的位置是由脉冲编码器的脉冲数确定，并送PLC的计数器来进行控制。同时，每层楼设置一个接近开关用于检测系统的楼层信号。 In order to enhance the elevator the operating efficiency peacefullevel precision, the system requests PLC to be able to theater boxCanada, to decelerate as well as to apply the brake to carry on theeffective control. Realizes according to the theater box physicallocation as well as the exchange velocity modulation system controlalgorithm. For the elevator movement security, the system shouldestablish the reliable fail safe and the corresponding demonstration.Uses the PLC realization the elevator control system to constitute byfollowing several main parts.为便于观察，对电梯的运行方向以及电梯所在的楼层进行显示，采用LED和发光管显示，而对楼层和轿厢的呼叫信号以指示灯显示(开关上带有指示灯)。为了提高电梯的运行效率和平层的精度，系统要求PLC能对轿厢的加、减速以及制动进行有效的控制。根据轿厢的实际位置以及交流调速系统的控制算法来实现。为了电梯的运行安全，系统应设置可靠的故障保护和相应的显示。采用PLC实现的电梯控制系统由以下几个主要部分构成。4.2.1 PLC control circuit; PLC receives shouts the ladder from thepanel board and each level to summon the signal, the theater boxand the gate system function signal as well as the well and thefrequency changer condition signal, realizes the elevator collectionafter the procedure judgement and the operation to choose the control.PLC during the output demonstration and supervisory signal, sends outthe movement direction, the start, Canada to the frequencychanger/decelerates moves and applies the brake to stop the ladderequisignal.4.2.1PLC控制电路；PLC接收来自操纵盘和每层呼梯的召唤信号、轿厢和门系统的功能信号以及井道和变频器的状态信号，经程序判断与运算实现电梯的集选控制。PLC在输出显示和监控信号的同时，向变频器发出运行方向、启动、加/减速运行和制动停梯等信号。4.2.2 electric currents, speed double closed loops electric circuit;Frequency changer itself is equipped with the electric currentdetector set, from this constitution electric current closed loop;Through revolves the encoder with the electrical machinery coaxialjoint, produces a, the b two pulses enters the frequency changer,during confirmation direction, counts the constitution speed closedloop using the pulse.4.2.2电流、速度双闭环电路；变频器本身设有电流检测装置，由此构成电流闭环；通过和电机同轴联接的旋转编码器，产生a、b两相脉冲进入变频器，在确认方向的同时，利用脉冲计数构成速度闭环。4.2.3 displacements control circuit; The elevator took one kindcarries the person tool, reigns under the potential state of loading,besides request safe reliable, but also requests the movement to besteady, rides comfortably, anchors accurately. Uses the frequencyconversion to modulate velocity Shuanghuan to control may basicallyanswer the purpose, the use existing revolves the encoder toconstitute the speed ring at the same time, moves the proportionthrough the frequency changer PG card output and the electricalmachinery speed and the elevator the pulse number, introduces it PLChigh-speed counting to input the port, through the accumulation pulsenumber, (1) calculates the pulse equivalent after the type, from thisdefinite elevator position. Elevator displacement H=SI In the formula I - accumulation pulse number; S - pulse equivalent; S = plD/(pr) (1) L Proportion of decelerates; D - tows the wheel diameter; P - revolves the encoder every time to transfer corresponding thepulse number; R - PG card frequency division ratio. 4.2.3位移控制电路；电梯作为一种载人工具，在位势负载状态下，除要求安全可靠外，还要求运行平稳，乘坐舒适，停靠准确。采用变频调速双环控制可基本满足要求，利用现有旋转编码器构成速度环的同时，通过变频器的PG卡输出与电机速度及电梯位移成比例的脉冲数，将其引入PLC的高速计数输入端口，通过累计脉冲数，经式（1）计算出脉冲当量，由此确定电梯位置。电梯位移h=SI式中I累计脉冲数；S脉冲当量；S=plD/(pr)（1）l减速比；D牵引轮直径；P旋转编码器每转对应的脉冲数；rPG卡分频比。4.2.4 ends stations protection; When in elevator direction detectionline, on the good directional relay, the express train assistancecontact device, the express train movement contact device, the doorlock relay, on the good contact device electricity attracts gathers, mechanical floodgate opens, on elevator line. When the theater box bumps intoforces speed changeing the switch, the PLC internal lock saves the relay toresult in the electricity to attract gathers, timer Tim10, Tim11 startfixed time, it fixed time time length visible end station leveldistance with ladder fast hypothesis. After on forces speed changing theswitch movement, the elevator transfers the slow train movement by theexpress train movement, in the normal condition, the previous line ofeven strata time elevator should stop. If the theater box has notstopped continues the line, when Tim10 supposes the definite value toreduce the zero hour, it the separation, the slow traincontact device and on the good contact device loses the electricity,the elevator stops moving. Bumps into after the arrogant theater boxon forces speed changing the switch, because certain reason elevators have notbeen able to transfer the slow train movement, and the express trainmovement contact device has not been able to release, when Tim11supposes the definite value to reduce the zero hour, it N.C. contactthe separation, the express train movement contact device and on thegood contact device loses the electricity, the elevator stops moving.Therefore, no matter is the slow train movement or the express trainmovement, so long as on forces speed changing the switch to send out thesignal, no matter the end stands other protection switches whetheract, can cause the elevator with the aid of Tim10 and Tim11 to stopmoving, thus causes the elevator end station protection to be morereliable.Under when the elevator needs the line, so long as had has chosen theladder instruction, got down the good directional relay to result inelectricity its Chang Kaidian closed, the lock saved the relay toreposition, Tim10 and Tim11 lost the electricity, it N.C. contactclosed for the elevator normal under line has prepared for. The lowerextremity stands the protection principle and the upper extremestation protection similar no longer duplicates.4.2.4端站保护；当电梯定向上行时，上行方向继电器、快车辅助接触器、快车运行接触器、门锁继电器、上行接触器均得电吸合，抱闸打开，电梯上行。当轿厢碰到上强迫换速开关时，PLC内部锁存继电器得电吸合，定时器Tim10、Tim11开始定时，其定时的时间长短可视端站层距和梯速设定。上强迫换速开关动作后，电梯由快车运行转为慢车运行，正常情况下，上行平层时电梯应停车。如果轿厢未停而继续上行，当Tim10设定值减到零时，其常闭点断开，慢车接触器和上行接触器失电，电梯停止运行。在骄厢碰到上强迫换速开关后，由于某些原因电梯未能转为慢车运行，及快车运行接触器未能释放，当Tim11设定值减到零时，其常闭点断开，快车运行接触器和上行接触器均失电，电梯停止运行。因此，不管是慢车运行还是快车运行，只要上强迫换速开关发出信号，不论端站其他保护开关是否动作，借助Tim10和Tim11均能使电梯停止运行，从而使电梯端站保护更加可靠。当电梯需要下行，只要有了选梯指令，下行方向继电器得电其常开点闭合，锁存继电器被复位，Tim10和Tim11均失电，其常闭点闭合为电梯正常下行做好了准备。下端站的保护原理与上端站保护类似不再重复。4.2.5 floors count; The floor counts uses relatively counts the way.Before the movement through from the study way, determines thecorresponding floor highly pulse number, corresponds 17 elevatorsseparately to store 16 memories units DM06 DM21. The floor counter(CNT46) is a bidirectional counter, when arrives each level the floorcounts, according to moves the direction to carry on adds 1 or reduces1 to count. In the movement, the high speed counter tiredly estimates the valuereal-time counts the point correspondence pulse number with the floorto carry on the comparison, is equal when sends out the floor to countthe signal, the previous line of Canada 1, the next line reduces 1. Inorder to prevent the counter in counts the pulse high level periodrepetition to count, uses the floor to count on the signal along totrigger the floor counter.4.2.5楼层计数；楼层计数采用相对计数方式。运行前通过自学习方式，测出相应楼层高度脉冲数，对应17层电梯分别存入16个内存单元DM06DM21。楼层计数器（CNT46）为一双向计数器，当到达各层的楼层计数点时，根据运行方向进行加1或减1计数。运行中，高速计数器累计值实时与楼层计数点对应的脉冲数进行比较，相等时发出楼层计数信号，上行加1，下行减1。为防止计数器在计数脉冲高电平期间重复计数，采用楼层计数信号上沿触发楼层计数器。 4.2.6 is fast speed changing; When the high speed counter value and the fastspeed changing point correspondence pulse number is equal, if the elevator isin the quick operating also this level has chooses the level signal,sends the fast speed changing signal. If the elevator medium speed movement oralthough the quick operating but this not chooses the level signal,then does not send speed changing the signal. 4.2.6快速换速；当高速计数器值与快速换速点对应的脉冲数相等时，若电梯处于快速运行且本层有选层信号，发快速换速信号。若电梯中速运行或虽快速运行但本层无选层信号，则不发换速信号。4.2.7 areas signals; When high speed counter CNT47 value correspondsin the pulse number scope when the gate area, sends the gate areasignal.4.2.7门区信号；当高速计数器CNT47数值在门区所对应脉冲数范围内时，发门区信号。 4.2.8 pulses signals failure detection; Pulse signal accurategathering and the transmission appears in the system especiallyimportantly, revolves the encoder for the examination and the pulsetransmission circuit breakdown, whether there is has designed thepulse signal and the errors and omissions pulse examination electriccircuit, guarantees the system normal operation through the real-timeexamination. In order to eliminate the pulse to count the accumulativeerror, in base station the establishment reset switch, turns on PLC highspeed counter CNT47 the replacement end.4.2.8脉冲信号故障检测；脉冲信号的准确采集和传输在系统中显得尤为重要，为检测旋转编码器和脉冲传输电路故障，设计了有无脉冲信号和错漏脉冲检测电路，通过实时检测确保系统正常运行。为消除脉冲计数累计误差，在基站设置复位开关，接入PLC高速计数器CNT47的复位端。5. Software design characteristic5.1 uses the priority formation Position and movement direction locates which according to theelevator, in the programming, has used four priorities formations,namely on good priority formation, on line of inferior priorityformation, under good priority formation, next line of inferiorpriority formation. When among them, on good priority formation forelevator upward movement, locates the upward movement calling signalin the elevator which above the position the floor sends out, thearray which should call which the signal cabin correspondence thefloor to have the pulse number depositing register constitutes. Whenprevious line of inferior priority formation for elevator upwardmovement, locates the upward movement calling signal in the elevatorwhich below the position the floor sends out, the formation whichshould call which the signal cabin correspondence the floor to havethe pulse number depositing register constitutes. Control system inelevator movement real-time arrangement four priorities exhibition,has provided the foundation for the realization stoch