英文摘要的写作.ppt

英文摘要的写作,概述,文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。 国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。 科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。,摘要的分类和组成,陈述性的（Descriptive)：陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。 资料性的(informational）：资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。 点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图； 介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌； 提出结论或建议，以供读者参考,陈述型论文摘要示例,ABSTRACT (1) This issue presents a complete survey on the immunog-lobulin,and cellular expression patterns on resident cells and graft infiltrating cells in human stomach, heart ,and lung transplants. (2) It describes the patterns of cellular expression and inducibility in different pathological conditions of the graft. (3) It also discusses the implications for the organ specific appearance of inflammatory reactions in human stomach, heart and lung transplants as for immunosuppressive and therapeutic interventions,信息型论文摘要示例,ABSTRACT This article reviews the past achievements in agricultural mechanization and aims to predict the developments in the immediate future.It is acknowledged that to cope with greater crop output, it is necessary to make use of more powerful equipment that is capable of more extensive work within the limited time. The main problems are discussed under the following headings. 1)General Trend of Mechanization 2)Mechanization of Crop Farming 3)Mechanization of Animal Husbandry The article concludes that further progress of agricultural mechanization depends on, to a great extent the development of mechanical industry, which should be spurred and encouraged.,Air quality impacts of speed-restriction zones for road traffic,Bethan Owen* Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK,Abstract This study investigates the air quality impacts of six 20 mph zones implemented in the North West of England. A monitoring study has been undertaken to measure the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and benzene in ambient air both before and after the implementation of the zones. An emissions estimation and simple dispersion modelling study has also been undertaken using traffic survey data collected at the zones at corresponding periods. The ambient air quality measurements and the modelling predictions did not show any significant impacts after implementation of the 20 mph zones.,常见的摘要句型,1）This paper deals with. 2）This article focuses on the topics of (that,having,etc). 3）This essay presents knowledge that. 4）This thesis discusses. 5）This thesis analyzes. 6）This paper provides an overview of. 7) This paper elaborates on . 8）This article gives an overview of. 9）This article compares.and summarizes key findings. 10) This paper includes discussions concerning. 11) This paper presents up-to-date information on. 12) This article covers the role of chemicals in. 13) This paper addresses important topics including. 14) This paper touches upon.,15) This paper strongly emphasizes. 16) This essay represents the proceedings of . 17) This article not only describes.but also suggests. 18) This paper considers 19) This paper provides a method of . 20) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze. 21) This paper offers the latest information regarding. 22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of. 23) This article explores. 24) This paper expresses views on. 25) This paper reflects the state of the art in. 26) This paper explains the procedures for. 27) This paper develops the theory of . 28) This article reviews the techniques used in.,破题用语，一般有： The author of this article reviews (or: discusses, describes, summarizes,examines)something This article reviews (or:reports, tells of, is about, concerns) something. This article has been prepared (or: designed,written). The purpose of this article is to determine something. The problem of something is discussed .,结论和建议，一般有以下几种写法： The author suggests (recommends, concludes) that. This article shows that. It is suggested that. The authors suggestion (or: conclusion )is that The author finds it necessary to .,语言特征,标题 标题的结构 短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见 例如:The Frequent Bryophytes in the Mountain Helanshan(贺兰山习见苔藓植物)； Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water Absorption of Heattreated Wood(热处理木材水分吸收的热力学特性)。 题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义；况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。 例如：Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum?(农业机械化能离开石油吗?)。,题名的字数。题名不应过长。国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。因此，题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好。 中英文题名的一致性。同一篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。 例如：工业湿蒸汽的直接热量计算，The Direct Measurement of Heat Transmitted Wet Steam。英文题名的直译中译文是“由湿蒸汽所传热量的直接计量”，与中文题名相比较，二者用词虽有差别，但内容上是一致的。,题名中的冠词。在早年，科技论文题名中的冠词用得较多，近些年有简化的趋势，凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。 例如：The Effect of Groundwater Quality on the Wheat Yield and Quality其中两处的冠词the 均可不用。 题名中的大小写。题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式。 1. 全部字母大写。 例如：OPTIMAL DISPOSITION OF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE 2. 每个词的首字母大写，但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全 部小写。 例如：The Deformation and Strength of Concrete Dams with Defects 3. 题名第1个词的首字母大写，其余字母均小写。 例如：Topographic inversion of interval velocities,作者与作者单位的英译 作者。中国人名按汉语拼音拼写；其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的罗马字母拼法拼写。 单位。单位名称要写全(由小到大)，并附地址和邮政编码，确保联系方便。尽可能使用全称，否则会引起误解。FAO,WHO,MIT尽人皆知，而BFU是Beijing Forestry University,Verb tenses,B. Background information One of the basic principles of communication is that the message should be understood by the intended audience. P. Principal activity In this study the readability of tax booklets from nine states was evaluated.,M. Methodology (past tense) Children performed a 5-trial task R. Results (past tense) Older workers surpassed younger ones in both speed and skill jobs. C. Conclusions/modal auxiliaries The results suggest that the presence of unique sets of industry factors can be used to explain variation in economic growth,英文摘要 英文摘要的时态。英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳，常用一般现 在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。 一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。分别举例如下：This study (investiga-tion) is (conducted, undertaken) toThe anatomy of secondary xylem(次生木质部) in stem of Davidia involucrata (珙桐) and Camptotheca acuminata (喜树) is compared. The result shows (reveals)，It is found thatThe conclusions areThe author suggests涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，当然也要用一般现在时 .,一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。例如：The heat pulse technique was applied to study the stemstaflow (树干液流) of two main deciduous broadleaved tree species in July and August,1996. 需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何；所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。 现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用，但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如：Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy.,英文摘要的语态 采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。 主动语态。现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多，因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically语感要强。必要时，The author systematically都可以去掉，而直接以Introduces开头。,被动语态。以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。事实上，在指示性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中，有些情况下被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。例如：In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained. 英文摘要的人称。原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如：To describe， To study， To investigate， To assess，To determine，The torrent classification model and the hazard zone mapping model are developed based on the geography information system.行文时最好不用第一人称，以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。,注意事项。应避免一些常见的错误 冠词。主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用the时，听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如：The author designed a new machine.The machine is operated with solar energy.由于现在缩略语越来越多，要注意区分a和an，如an X ray. 数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，如：Three hundred Dendrolimus tabulaeformis larvae are collected中的 Three hundred不要写成300. 单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。 尽量使用短句。因为，长句容易造成语义不清；,EI对英文摘要的写作要求,EI中国信息部要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(一般不超过150 words)将论文的“目的(Purposes)”，主要的研究“过程(Procedures)”及所采用的“方法(Methods)”，由此得到的主要“结果(Results)”和得出的重要“结论(Conclusions)”表达清楚。如有可能，还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。也就是说，要写好英文摘要，作者必须回答好以下几个问题： 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?),目的（What I want to do?） 主要说明作者写作此文的目的，或本文主要解决的问题。一般来说，一篇好的英文摘要，一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。必要时，可利用论文中所列的最新文献，简要介绍前人的工作，但这种介绍一定要极其简练。在这方面EI提出了两点具体要求： Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息) Avoid repeating