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编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目： 超声清洗机吊运机械手设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化专业学 号： 0923045学生姓名： 宋 波 指导教师： 过金超 （职称： 副教授 ） （职称： ）2013年5月25日目 录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目： 超声清洗机吊运机械手设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业学 号： 0923045 学生姓名： 宋 波 指导教师： 过金超 （职称：副教授 ） （职称： ）2012年11月12日 课题来源 实验室课题。科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等） 工业生产劳动过程中涉及到的超声波清洗机清洗都属于工业清洗的范畴：食品工业、纺织工业、造纸工业、印刷工业、石油加工业、交通运输业、电力工业、金属加工业、机械工业、汽车制造、仪器仪表、电子工业、邮电通讯、家用电器、医疗仪器、光学产品、军事装备、航空航天、原子能工业等都大量应用到超声波清洗机清洗技术。 一般工业超声波清洗机清洗包括车辆、轮船、飞机表面的清洗，一般只能去掉比较粗大的污垢；精密工业超声波清洗机清洗包括各种产品加工生产过程中的清洗，各种材料及设备表面的清洗等，以能够去除微小的污垢粒子为特点；超精密超声波清洗机清洗包括精密工业生产过程中对机械零件、电子元件，光学部件等的超精密清洗，以清除极微小污垢颗粒为目的。根据超声波清洗机清洗方法的不同，也可以分为物理超声波清洗机清洗和化学超声波清洗机清洗。利用力学、声学、光学、电学、热学的原理，依靠外来能量的作用，如机械摩擦、超声波、负压、高压冲击、紫外线、蒸汽等去除物体表面污垢的方法叫物理清洗；依靠化学反应的作用，利用化学药品或其它溶剂清除物体表面污垢的方法叫化学清洗，如用各种无机或有机酸去除物体表面的锈迹、水垢，用氧化剂去除物体表面的色斑，用杀菌剂、消毒剂杀灭微生物并去除霉斑等。物理清洗和化学清洗都存在着各自的优缺点，又具有很好的互补性。在实际应用过程中，通常都是把两者结合起来使用，以获得更好的超声波清洗机清洗效果。 根据超声波清洗机清洗媒介的不同，又可以分为湿式清洗和干式清洗。一般将在液体介质中进行的清洗称为湿式超声波清洗机清洗，在气体介质中进行的清洗称为干式超声波清洗机清洗。传统的清洗方式大多为湿式清洗，而人们比较容易理解的干式清洗也就是吸尘器。但近年来，干式清洗发展迅速如激光清洗、紫外线清洗、等离子清洗、干冰清洗等，在高、精、尖工业技术领域得到快速发展。近年来，新技术也不断地被应用于清洗技术之中，如随着生物技术的发展，越来越多的酶和微生物在超声波清洗机清洗技术中被使用，这利用的是生物化学反应，在空气净化和水处理过程中，活性炭的使用也越来越普及，这利用的是吸附作用。另外，还有电解清洗等。因此将清洗简单地分为几类。已经不能完全涵盖当前清超声波清洗机洗技术飞速发展的现实状况工业超声波清洗机清洗与各种工业活动密切相关，有的是产品生产工艺的一个组成部分。清洗不提供最终的产品，而是许多工业生产过程中的一个局部工序、工艺或辅助活动。在一些传统工业中，清洗已经被人们看作是一个简单的过程或常识，往往不被人们重视，但清洗的好坏却决定最终产品的性能和质量。特别是在当今的高科技产业中，超声波清洗机清洗技术的作用尤为突出。 新型的超声波清洗机清洗技术和设备逐步得到开发和应用，如真空清洗，等离子清洗、紫外臭氢清洗，激光清洗。干冰清洗等崭露头角，展示了良好的效果和应用前景。研究内容 一般工业超声波清洗机清洗包括车辆、轮船、飞机表面的清洗，一般只能去掉比较粗大的污垢；精密工业超声波清洗机清洗包括各种产品加工生产过程中的清洗，各种材料及设备表面的清洗等，以能够去除微小的污垢粒子为特点；超精密超声波清洗机清洗包括精密工业生产过程中对机械零件、电子元件，光学部件等的超精密清洗，以清除极微小污垢颗粒为目的。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析（1）达到技术指标所规定要求，满足实际工作需要。（2）工作时定位准确，启停无冲击。（3）工作时噪音小，发热较小，工作可靠。研究计划及预期成果2012年11月12日-2009年12月25日：按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料。2013年1月11日-2013年3月5日：填写毕业实习报告。2013年3月8日-2013年3月14日：按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告。2013年3月15日-2013年3月21日：学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2013年3月22日-2013年4月11日：超声波清洗机的结构设计。2013年4月12日-2013年4月25日：超声波清洗机的结构校核计算。2013年4月26日-2013年5月21日：毕业论文撰写和修改工作。特色或创新之处（1）机架：采用强度高的方形型钢，焊接也采用特种高强度材料，防止长梁的强度不足。（2）气缸导杆：为防止升降吊钩的前法兰气缸在上下运动时左右方向的不平衡在气缸两侧安装导杆，起到导向作用，保护气缸。（3）双推缸：后脚架气缸、后法兰气缸这些横向运动起推动作用的气缸均采用双缸设计，保证运动方向的精度。（4）导轨机构：由于机架的跨度十分大，而且横向运动精度要求相对较高，所以在导轨上间隔安装直线轴承，以保证运动精度。（5）控制器：采用德国西门子可编程控制器，可靠性强。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题已具备的条件：（1）计算机以及绘图软件；（2）各种技术参考以及课题背景资料尚需解决的问题：对一些结构设计部分的具体设计，以及三维软件的高级运用技巧。指导教师意见 指导教师（签名）： 年 月 日 系主任（签名）： 年 月 日 英文原文 Water-based hydraulic systems Water-based hydraulic systems traditionally have been used in hot-metal areas of steel mills. The obvious advantage of water systems in these industries is their fire resistance. Water-based hydraulic systems also have obvious cost advantages over oil-based fluid. First, non-toxic, biodegradable synthetic additives for water cost $5 to $6 per gallon. One gallon of concentrate can make 20 gallons of a 5% solution, so the cost of water-based hydraulic fluid actually can be less than 30 cents per gallon. Considering the costs associated with preventing and cleaning up environmental contamination, water-based hydraulic systems hold the potential for tremendous cost savings at the plant level. Oil that has leaked already becomes a very important problem. It must be collected, properly contained. Water containing synthetic additives, however, can by dumped into plant effluent systems. Cost savings at the plant level dont stop at the lower cost of the fluid and its disposal. Because water-based hydraulic fluid consists of 10 parts water and one part synthetic additive, 5 gallons of additive mixes with water to make 100 gallons of water-based fluid. A 50gallon container is certainly easier to handle than two 55-gallon drums, so warehousing is simpler, cleaner, and less cluttered. Transportation costs also are lower.5 o: p# a6 |% N! e! Other potential plant-wide savings include improved safety for workers because the water-based fluid is non-toxic as well as non-flammable. These attributes can reduce plant insurance rates. Spills cost less to clean up because granular absorbents or absorbent socks are unnecessary. Water is hot again# g# D W* zThe oil embargo in the 1970s sparked interest in water-based fluids as a less-costly alternative to oils. Even the most expensive water additives became attractive when designers learned that one gallon of concentrate would make 20 gallons of fluid. Y9 y7 q& ?* d, r As oil prices gradually dropped, so did interest in water-based hydraulics. In retrospect, interest in water-based fluids centered around their cost saving potential. Most designers lost interest when they discovered that they could not just change the fluid in their systems from oil to water without making other substantial changes. They then become reluctant to accept other disadvantages - read substantial changes - of switching over to water-based hydraulics.& 4 w: G, R) u# j7 e4 + p. _8 I What were viewed as disadvantages were really different rules that apply to water-based hydraulic systems? Designers probably resisted learning more about water-based hydraulics because they were intimated by all the work required to lean about how to design a new system or retrofit an older system. By closing their minds to this different technology, they missed the many other advantages of water-based fluid beyond initial cost. Now that environmental concerns have added disposal costs to the price of hydraulic fluids, water-based hydraulics has again become a hot topic. Fighting freeze9 W, y+ J4 j0 I8 o6 V- F9 y Water-based hydraulic systems do, of course, have limits to their applications. One limitation is the potential of freezing. This possibility is probably the most significant blockade to more widespread application of water-based systems, especially in the mobile equipment industry. Longwall mining is by far the largest sector of mobile equipment that has been able to take advantage of water-based systems. Temperatures underground do not approach the freezing point of water, and fire resistance is essential. Mobile and even marine equipment used in temperate climates could cash in one the advantages of water based systems, but there is no guarantee that such equipment always will be used in above-freezing temperatures. Nevertheless, adding an anti-freeze to a water-based fluid can depress its freezing temperature to well below 32F. Ethylene glycol - used in automotive anti-freeze - is toxic and is not biodegradable, so its use for anti-freeze in water-based hydraulic fluid would defeat the environmental advantage water-based fluid has. There is an alternative. Propylene glycol is not toxic and is biodegradable. It costs more than ethylene glycol and is not quite as effective antifreeze, so it must be used in slightly higher concentrations. Two more techniques to reduce freezing potential are to keep fluid circulating continuously and use hose where practical. Sealing the system9 n$ i$ a. V i$ U$ u; J Two more perceived problems with water hydraulic systems are bacterial infestation and difficulty in maintain proper concentrations. Sealing the system from atmosphere can hold bacterial growth in check. Addition of an anti-bacterial agent to the fluid can have a lasting effect on preventing bacterial buildup if air is excluded from the system. t! h0 B8 P1 K: i& s A sealed reservoir eliminates another problem suffered by many hydraulic systems: water ingression. This addresses another misconception about water-based systems: water-based systems not sealed from the atmosphere must be closely monitored to ensure that the additive concentration stays within tolerance. That is because water evaporates from the reservoir more readily than the additive does. Consequently, water evaporation causes the additive concentration to increase. When new fluid is added to a system, samples of the existing fluid must be taken to determine the concentration of additive in solution. These results then reveal the ratio of additive to fluid that must be added so that fluid concentration is correct. p z- & v N: n$ With a system that seals fluid from the atmosphere, the evaporation problem is virtually eliminated. Fluid that escapes by leakage is a solution containing water and additive. Therefore, the quantity of fluid in the system changes, but concentration does not. System fluid is replenished simply by adding a pre-mixed solution of water and additive to the reservoir.3 s1 v6 Y; v* S Special considerations Water-based hydraulic systems can be more prone to pump cavitation if they are not properly designed. Generous porting and other passageways should be provided to keep fluid velocities below 20 ft/sec - preferably, below 15 ft/sec in pressure lines. Velocity in suction lines, in general, should not exceed 2-3 ft/sec. Velocities in return lines should be held below 5-10ft/sec.Higher return velocities can promote foaming when fluid re-enters the reservoir. Components should also be carefully sized because rapid changes in fluid pressure and velocity can cause dissolved air to precipitate from solution and cause damage similar to that produced by cavitations.( m/ n- q+ u* 0 X# X An important consideration for water-based systems is that major components should be designed specifically for use with water fluid, rather than modified from versions originally intended for oil service. Tubing, hose, and fittings usually can be identical to those for oil systems. Pumps, valves, and actuators for water service, however, exhibit some significant differences from components for oil systems. Pump gears, for example, should be made of super-hard alloys to resist wear. A pumps gear face should be wider than that of an oil pump because waters low viscosity requires a larger area to form an adequate lubricant film. Cylinders used in water systems should have bronze-clad pistons to minimize wear between pistons and cylinder walls. Spring- or O-ring-energized seals should be used to minimize leakage across the piston.2 d; Y- _. Z( Valves for water Valves for water-based fluid usually are packed with seals separating metal parts to prevent metal-to-metal contact. This is because water - even with lubricant additives - does not provide the full-film lubrication of oil. Metal surfaces in relative motion in valves for water-based fluid are separated by bearing-type materials. ; x# g 8 f0 u- Valves for water service also are slightly larger than those for oil. This may be another reason why water-based systems have not gained wide acceptance. Originally, the larger size of components for water-based fluid created a handicap when designing systems, and more costly construction inflated prices of valves for water-based fluid to three times or more that of valves for oil. Now, however, valve sizes are comparable to those for oil. Many valves are available with standard NFPA footprints. The price differential has also become less. Components for water-based fluid still may cost perhaps 3% more than those for oil systems, but this may be a bargain when you consider the cost-saving potential of water-based systems.$ x9 Y* b)Fluid leakage Leakage continues to be a nagging problem in many hydraulic systems. New seal materials and designs, and O-ring face-seal fittings are powerful weapons in the battle against leakage. But the battle is far from over because of misapplication, improper installation, or simple lack of understanding. Although theres no excuse for leakage in most systems, it still occurs. Assuming that leakage will not be eliminated in the near future, water-based fluid can dramatically reduce the costs associated with leakage. ! Q: P/ U( R4 a: h Internal leakage can be just as wasteful. This leakage can carburize the oil by generating heat. Internal leakage typically is routed back to tank, so this technique transforms mechanical energy into heat instead of useful work. Using a stainless steel spool with PTFE seals in a valve for water-based fluid eliminates the need for clearance between moving components. Because there is no clearance, there is no internal leakage., O, a; w, i4 c; But beyond the obvious and intangible costs of fluid leakage, disposing of the fluid that has leaked from a system becomes a concern. Allowing hydraulic oil to enter plant effluent systems becomes an expensive proposition when removal and disposal costs are considered. Realizing that cleanup and disposal costs will only go up, and that the price of oil is unstable suggests that water-based hydraulics can be an economical solution to environmental problems.中文译文 水基液压系统 传统上水基液压系统已经应用在钢铁厂炼铁领域。 这些产业中水基液压系统的明显的优点是它们的耐火性。 而且水基液压系统在费用上也优于油基的液压系统。 首先，无毒的、可被生物分解的综合性添加剂每加仑花费5到6美元。一加仑集中可生成20加仑的5%溶液，因此实际上水基液压流体的费用可以比油基的每加仑少30分。在工厂的水平下，考虑到相关费用、防止和清理环境的污染，水基液压系统拥有节省巨大成本的潜力。液压油的泄漏已经成为一个非常重要的问题。它必须被收集、妥善控制。不过，含有合成添加剂的水，可以倾倒入工厂的污水系统。 j, L, ( D2 b9 O( l* 在工厂水平下，节省成本不停留在流体的较低成本及其处理上。因为水基液压液由十部分水和一部份合成添加剂， 5加仑添加剂与水的混合物构成100加仑水基流体。 50加仑的容器当然比两个55加仑的桶更容易处理，因此储藏更简单、更清洁、更不凌乱，运输成本也较低。. J0 _7 2 i: Z# a 其他工厂范围下潜在的节约是为工人改善安全，因为水基液是不含毒性，并且非易燃。这些特点可以减少工厂的保险费率。泄漏的成本比清理低，因为不再需要颗粒吸收剂或吸附棉条。水基流体再次变成“热门话题”3 u# Y3 l+ s& r, D9 Q在20世纪70年代石油禁运引发了较低成本的水基液压流体替代高昂的液压油的兴趣。当设计师们获悉，一加仑聚合物可以制造出二十加仑的流体时，即使是最昂贵的水添加剂都更有吸引力。$ O! e2 ?; L d; J 由于石油价格逐渐的回落，因此人们对水基液压也没有那么大的兴趣了。回想起来，对水基流体的兴趣集中在其节省成本的潜力上。当设计师发现他们不能在他们的系统中改变流体从液压油到水的状况并且也没有其他重大的改变时，他们就失去了兴趣。然后，他们不情愿的接受其他的“缺点” 了解到很大的变化-又切换到水基液压。适用于水基液压系统的不同的规则被认为是缺点。设计师可能不愿意学习更多关于水基液压，因为他们被暗示，所有的工作需要依靠如何设计一个新的系统或改造旧系统的知识。因为他们结束了对这另外技术的思维，他们错过了除水基流体初始成本以外的许多其他的优点。现在，环境问题，增加了液压油处理成本的价格，水基液压便再次成为热门话题。, m5 N* S3 N3 D: y5 I6 o抵抗凝固. 7 D) m# h) t* k8 A 当然，水基液压系统确实在应用上有它的局限性。一个限制就是潜在的凝固。这个可能性可能是更广泛地应用水基系统，特别是在移动设备业最重要的阻碍。长壁开采法是迄今为止最大的能够充分利用水基系统的移动设备部门。地下的温度不接近水的凝点和耐火性是必不可少的条件。用于温带气候海上设备和移动设备获利于水基系统的优点，但不能保证这些设备将始终用在上述凝固温度。 不过，给水基流体加入防冻液可以使其凝固温度远低于32华氏度。用在汽车上的防冻液-乙二醇-是有毒的，是不能生物降解的，因此它在水基液压中添加防冻液将击败水基液压流体在环境上的优势。7 V: 有一个替代的方法。丙二醇是没有毒性，而且是可生物降解的。它比乙二醇花费更多，并且是不太有效的一种防冻液，因此它必须使用较高浓度的溶液。减少凝固潜力的另外两个技术是要保持流体的不断循环和在实际中使用胶管。系统的密封 水基液压系统的两个个容易被察觉的问题是细菌的大批出没，并且很难保持适当的浓度。大气下的密封系统在控制中可容纳细菌成长。此外，如果从系统