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毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书 设计（论文）题目：泵体机加工工艺及其夹具设计 学生姓名：发任务书日期：年月日 任务书填写要求1毕业设计（论文）任务书由指导教师根据各课题的具体情况填写，经学生所在专业的负责人审查、系（院）领导签字后生效。此任务书应在毕业设计（论文）开始前一周内填好并发给学生。2任务书内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写，不得涂改或潦草书写；或者按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式（可从教务处网页上下载）打印，要求正文小4号宋体，1.5倍行距，禁止打印在其它纸上剪贴。3任务书内填写的内容，必须和学生毕业设计（论文）完成的情况相一致，若有变更，应当经过所在专业及系（院）主管领导审批后方可重新填写。4任务书内有关“学院”、“专业”等名称的填写，应写中文全称，不能写数字代码。学生的“学号”要写全号，不能只写最后2位或1位数字。 5任务书内“主要参考文献”的填写，应按照金陵科技学院本科毕业设计（论文）撰写规范的要求书写。 6有关年月日等日期的填写，应当按照国标GB/T 740894数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日期和时间表示法规定的要求，一律用阿拉伯数字书写。如“2002年4月2日”或“2002-04-02”。毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书1本毕业设计（论文）课题应达到的目的： 培养学生综合运用所学的基础理论、专业知识和专业基本技能结合实际独立完成课题的能力；提高其专业英语水平，计算机运用水平及书面及口头表达能力；训练其初步工程设计的能力，为顺利走向相关专业工作岗位打下基础 2本毕业设计（论文）课题任务的内容和要求（包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等）： 针对一种泵体，设计其机加工工艺及专用夹具，主要包括：确定毛坯种类、加工余量，并绘制毛坯零件综合图；编制机械加工工艺过程卡片一套；编制全部工序的机械加工工序卡片；绘制专用夹具零件和装配图，专用夹具三维造型设计等。 毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书3对本毕业设计（论文）课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求：1.外文参考资料及译文（附原文）；2.毕业设计开题报告一份；3.编写设计说明书一份；4.完整的设计图纸和工艺卡片一套。 4主要参考文献： 1 崇凯.机械设计指南M.北京:化学工业出版社，2006.2 吉卫喜.机械制造技术M.北京:机械工业出版社，2011.3 黄鹤汀.机械制造装备.第二版M.北京：机械工业出版社，2009.4 关慧贞.机械制造装备设计.第三版M.北京:机械工业出版社，2009.5 刘鸿文.材料力学.第四版M.北京:高等教育出版社，2010.6 刘品.机械精度设计与检测基础.第六版M.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社，20097 王光斗.机床夹具设计手册.第五版M.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2000.8 周开勤.机械零件手册M. 北京：高等教育出版社，2001.9 许福玲.液压与气压传动.第三版M.北京:机械工业出版社，2007.10 南京市机械研究所金属切削机床夹具图册.下册 M.南京:机械工业出版社，1984.11 李洪机械加工工艺手册M.北京:北京出版社，1990.12 李益民.机械工艺设计手册M.北京:机械工业出版社，2003.13 何爱华. 不规则零件的夹具设计J. 现代制造工程，2007，（5）；12-1514 刘战强. 先进切削加工技术综述J. 工具技术，2003，37（5）：3-615 Rajput RK.Element of Mechanical EngineeringM.Katson Publ.House,1985.16 A. R. C. Sharman.Tool life and surface integrity aspects when drilling and hole making in Inconel 718J. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2008,vol.200 /no.1-3: 424-432.17 Design and execution of manufacturing enterprise models. InternationalJ. Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing. Vol 13,NO,1,2000 毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书5本毕业设计（论文）课题工作进度计划：2015.12.16-2.16.3.9 毕业实习调研，完成开题报告、中英文翻译、论文大纲2016.3.19-2016.4.25 提交论文草稿，4月中旬中期检查2016.4.26-2016.5.6 提交论文定稿2016.5.6-2016.5.13 准备答辩2016.5.13-2016.5.26 答辩，成绩评定，修改完成最终稿 所在专业审查意见： 通过 负责人： 2016 年 1 月 13 日毕 业 设 计（论 文）开 题 报 告 设计（论文）题目：泵体机加工工艺及其夹具设计 学生姓名： 年 月 日 开题报告填写要求 1开题报告（含“文献综述”）作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。此报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期内完成，经指导教师签署意见及所在专业审查后生效；2开题报告内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写或按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式打印，禁止打印在其它纸上后剪贴，完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见；3“文献综述”应按论文的框架成文，并直接书写（或打印）在本开题报告第一栏目内，学生写文献综述的参考文献应不少于15篇（不包括辞典、手册）；4有关年月日等日期的填写，应当按照国标GB/T 740894数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日期和时间表示法规定的要求，一律用阿拉伯数字书写。如“2004年4月26日”或“2004-04-26”。5、开题报告（文献综述）字体请按宋体、小四号书写，行间距1.5倍。 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写不少于1000字左右的文献综述： 一、课题研究背景 泵体机广泛应用于石油、化工、船舶、电力、医疗、建材、冶金及国防科研等行业。目前国内的泵体机产品的技术基本源自美国、德国、日本等几个传统的工业国家，我国现有的技术基本上是引进国外的基础上发展的，而且已经有了一定的规模。但目前还没有自己的核心技术产品，在技术开发上还有很长的路要走。 泵在我国是应用最广泛的通用机械产品。据统计，我国每年泵类产品的生产产值在40亿元以上。全国每年发电量的四分之一都消耗在泵产品上，全国泵类产品的制造厂家在6000家以上。泵在输送液体和提供化学反应的压力流量中起作用，并在很多装置中起到调节温度的作用。在农业中，农村大片耕地，每年都需要大量的水泵对耕地进行灌溉。在汽车业中，泵的应用更为广泛，气泵、油泵及水泵都在汽车也中显得特别的重要，是汽车生产中不可缺少的一部分。在建筑业中，泵主要用于混凝土的运输。在矿业和冶金工业中，泵也是使用最多的设备。 国内泵技术的现状 我国泵工业起步于20世纪初,由于多年战争劫难,基本处于停滞状态。新中国成立后,早期主要汲取前苏联泵技术,在当时的特定历史条件下推动了泵的发展。接着不少泵行业厂在农业排灌、电站、矿山、石油、化工及军工配套等方面研制出较高水平的新型泵.改革开放以来,伴随着中国经济的飞速发展,泵业也得到长足的发展。 国内泵体类零件加工线的一个新突破是以三台德国高速加工中心为主体的VE分配泵泵体新的生产线，实践证明，它工序高度集中，生产率高，加工精度高，辅助工序减少，并使生产计划组织工作得以简化。当然由于工序高度集中，如果设备可靠性、使用维修、刀具管理跟不上，有可能产生单机瓶颈。这就要求加工设备具有良好的稳定性和可靠性。因此对机床的主轴、传动部件、导轨、液压系统、润滑系统、控制系统等提出了很高的要求。在生产中采用先进的机床和刀具，采用气动、液动、多件装夹等高效夹具，采用可换工作台、可换夹具、多位夹具等可以使加工高效、简洁、可靠。二、课题研究意义 在大型泵体部件的加工工艺中，采用先进的设备、工装和检测手段确保产品质量，是泵行业不断追求工艺技术创新和突破的努力方向。 综上所述，在泵体零件机械加工工艺和专用夹具设计方面的研究，主要是从采用先进的设备、工装和检测手段以及对机床夹具的要求等方面入手，尽量使工序集中，提高生产率，提高加工精度，减少辅助工序，降低成本，使生产计划组织工作得以简化。但是由于工序高度集中容易造成单机瓶颈，这是一个需要解决的问题，这些问题出现在机床的稳定性、可靠性，对设备的使用维护以及刀具的制造管理上。泵是一种通用机械,应用非常广泛,而且新领域用泵不断出现。例如:心脏泵、喷水推进泵、计算机冷却泵、空调泵、导热油泵、油气混输泵、烟气脱硫泵、石油平台注水泵等。可能还存在着应当用泵的地方而没有用泵,新的用泵领域也会不断出现,这就需要我们注意发现并致力开发。所以，对泵体零件机械加工工艺和专用夹具设计的研究仍要不断进行。 1 崇凯.机械设计指南M.北京:化学工业出版社，2006. 2 吉卫喜.机械制造技术M.北京:机械工业出版社，2011. 3 黄鹤汀.机械制造装备.第二版M.北京：机械工业出版社，2009. 4 关慧贞.机械制造装备设计.第三版M.北京:机械工业出版社，2009. 5 刘鸿文.材料力学.第四版M.北京:高等教育出版社，2010. 6 刘品.机械精度设计与检测基础.第六版M.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社，2009 7 许福玲.液压与气压传动.第三版M.北京:机械工业出版社，2007. 8 南京市机械研究所金属切削机床夹具图册.下册 M.南京:机械工业出版社，1984. 9 何爱华. 不规则零件的夹具设计J. 现代制造工程，2007，（5）；12-15 10 刘战强. 先进切削加工技术综述J. 工具技术，2003，37（5）：3-6 11 机械设计手册编委会机械设计手册单行本滑动轴承M北京： 机械工业出版社，2007 12王大康，卢颂峰机械设计课程设计M北京：北京工业大学出版社200056-99 13濮良贵，纪名刚机械设计M北京：高等教育出版社2001312-316 14陈立德机械设计基础M北京：高等教育出版社2008 15陈立德机械制造技术基础M北京：高等教育出版社2008 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）： 课题研究内容 在我国泵体机广泛运用于各行各业中，该课题主要选取其中一种泵体进行研究，设计其加工工艺及其专业夹具。 主要包括以下几个方面 1、零件工艺性分析。 2、确定毛坯种类、制造方法及加工余量。 3、拟定零件的机械加工工艺过程包括定位基准选择、表面加工方案的确定、加工阶段的划分、热处理和辅助工序的安排、工序顺序确定、工艺方案的对比分析。 4、确定各工序尺寸及公差、切削用量选择、工序时间定额及经济分析。 5、设计一道工序的专用机床夹具包括夹具的定位、夹紧方案、定位原件选择、定位误差计算、夹紧力计算。 6、对所设计夹具进行分析与说明。课题研究手段 1）前期准备：收集相关资料，查阅中外文献、请教老师和同学讨论。学习掌握机械制造工艺规程和装备设计的基本方法，熟悉机械设计、工艺设计的基本理论，并且学习使用Auto CAD、Pro/e软件。 2）设计工艺过程卡及工序卡一套，并且绘制夹具装配图、夹具零件图及专用夹具三维造型设计等。 3）查找相关资料，完成设计说明书。 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见：1对“文献综述”的评语：从“文献综述”看该生在做论文之前对相关资料进行了收集及查阅，对所要研究的对象及研究的步骤有了一定的认识。相信该生通过努力能顺利完成本次毕业设计。 2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计（论文）结果的预测：本课题工作量、难度适中。课题具有一定的实际意义，相信通过本课题的研究，能设计出在性能符合实际应用的产品。 3.是否同意开题： 同意 不同意 指导教师： 2016 年 03 月 07 日所在专业审查意见：同意 负责人： 2016 年 03 月 08 日毕 业 设 计（论 文）大 纲 设计(论文)题目： 泵体机加工工艺及其夹具设计 学生姓名：2016年1 月22 日一、绪论1、讲述泵体机广泛应用于石油、化工、船舶、电力、医疗、建材、冶金 及国防科研等行业。2、对泵体进行定位夹紧，对零件进行工艺分析。3、通过机械加工工艺制造泵体以及其专用夹具的基本结构和设计内容。二、泵体机械加工工艺规程设计1、主要包括分析零件的作用、零件工艺分析以及其生产类型。2、确定毛胚的类型、铸件及其形状。3、选择其定位基准，并拟定工艺过程及制定工艺卡片。4、选择其加工的机床、夹具、刀具以及必要的工艺装备。5、确定工序尺寸，方便其加工并且留有一定的加工余量，并按照工序卡片加工每一个工序。 三、专用夹具设计1、为了提高工作效率，保证加工质量，降低工作强度，要求设计一套专用夹具。2、一般以底面为基准，先进行粗加工，再精加工，保证加工精度。3、设计一套夹紧机构，以保证加工精度及粗糙度。4、分析夹具设计中存在的误差，了解误差对加工结果造成的影响。5、绘制夹具体装配图。四、夹具建模绘制其定位元件、夹紧元件、导向元件以及一些其他元件，最后通过组装出夹具装配图。五、总结与修改 1、对以往的工作成果进行总结。 2、听取老师同学的指导意见并加以修改。 3、将多方面的结果汇总，对自己设计的模型进行模拟。 4、整理，结题。 毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 参 考 资 料 及 译 文译文题目： Mechanical processing and fixture design 论如何提高机械加工精度 学生姓名：Mechanical processing and fixture designHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the work piece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.Machining methods roughly in the following situations: 1) vehicles, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and other general machining parts, and then necessary bench repair, assembly into component parts. 2) high precision parts, only ordinary machining to ensure high machining accuracy, and thus requires the use of precision machine tools for processing. 3) in order to make parts especially complex shape punch and concave model hole and cavity machining becomes more automated, reduce fitter repair workload, requires the use of CNC machine tools (such as three coordinate CNC milling machine, machining center, NC grinder equipment processing parts.Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.Strict precision and good surface finish, machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Mechanical processing is the most important part of the high speed machining. High-speed machining is contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component of the high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality, and other features. This article presents the technical definition of the current state of development of Chinas application fields and the demand situation. High-speed machining is oriented to the 21st century a new high-tech, high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality as a basic feature, in the automobile industry, aerospace, Die Manufacturing and instrumentation industries gained increasingly widespread application, and has made significant technical and economic benefits. contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component part. HSC is to achieve high efficiency of the core technology manufacturers, intensive processes and equipment packaged so that it has a high production efficiency. It can be said that the high-speed machining is an increase in the quantity of equipment significantly improve processing efficiency essential to the technology. High-speed machining is the major advantages : improve production efficiency, improve accuracy and reduce the processing of cutting resistance. The high-speed machining of meaning, at present there is no uniform understanding, there are generally several points as follows : high cutting speed. usually faster than that of their normal cutting 5 -10 times; machine tool spindle speed high, generally spindle speed in -20000r/min above 10,000 for high-speed cutting; Feed at high velocity, usually 15 -50m/min up to 90m/min; For different cutting materials and the wiring used the tool material, high-speed cutting the meaning is not necessarily the same; Cutting process, bladed through frequency (Tooth Passing Frequency) closer to the machine-tool - Workpiece system the dominant natural frequency (Dominant Natural Frequency), can be considered to be high-speed cutting. Visibility high-speed machining is a comprehensive concept. 1992. Germany, the Darmstadt University of Technology, Professor H. Schulz in the 52th on the increase of high-speed cutting for the concept and the scope, as shown in Figure 1. Think different cutting targets, shown in the figure of the transition area (Transition), to be what is commonly called the high-speed cutting, This is also the time of metal cutting process related to the technical staff are looking forward to, or is expected to achieve the cutting speed. High-speed machining of machine tools, knives and cutting process, and other aspects specific requirements. Several were from the following aspects : high-speed machining technology development status and trends. At this stage, in order to achieve high-speed machining, general wiring with high flexibility of high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, By using a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. These equipment in common is : We must also have h igh-speed and high-speed spindle system feeding system, Cutting can be achieved in high-speed process. High-speed cutting with the traditional cutting the biggest difference is that Machine-tool-workpiece the dynamic characteristics of cutting performance is stronger influence. In the system, the machine spindle stiffness, grip or form, a long knife set, spindle Broach, torque tool set, Performance high-speed impact are important factors.The machining process is the soul, the core and key manufacturing technology, is the most active factor in production. The process is the metal cutting tool or grinding and other processing methods to processing the workpiece, the workpiece to achieve the required shape, size, surface rough degree and the mechanical and physical properties of, and become qualified parts. The machining process planning is the process documents of products or parts machining process and operation method, all relevant production personnel should strictly enforce discipline, conscientiously implement the file . The fixture is a device of machine tool clamping workpiece, its role is to enable the workpiece relative to the machine tool and cutter has a correct position, and keep this position unchanged in the process. Use jig can effectively guarantee the processing quality, improve production efficiency, reduce production costs, expanding the scope of machine tool technology, reduces the labor intensity of the workers, to guarantee the safety in production and therefore fixture in machinery manufacturing occupies important position . Considering the machining process planning and fixture used in the production of pump body directly affects the processing quality and production efficiency, so the research subject of pump body of machining process and fixture design has a very important significance.Automatic Fixture DesignAssembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixture mobile center, to ensure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheduled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the center line, it may cause parts or equipment damage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance again or when the request is a sophisticated, it would rather let the fixture to adapt to the location of parts, and not the contrary. For these tasks, Elyria, Ohio, the company has developed Zaytran a general non-functional data synchronization West category FLEXIBILITY fixture. Fixture because of the interaction and synchronization devices is independent; the synchronous device can use sophisticated equipment to replace the slip without affecting the fixture force. Fixture specification range from 0.2 inches itinerary, 5 pounds clamping force of the six-inch trip, 400-inch clamping force. The characteristics of modern production are becoming smaller and smaller quantities and product specifications biggest changes. Therefore, in the final stages of production, assembly of production, quantity and product design changes appear to be particularly vulnerable. This situation is forcing many companies to make greater efforts to rationalize the extensive reform and the previously mentioned case of assembly automation. Despite flexible fixture behind the rapid development of flexible transport and handling devices, such as backward in the development of industrial robots, it is still expected to increase the flexibility fixture. In fact the important fixture devices - the production of the devices to strengthen investment on the fixture so that more flexibility in economic support holders.According to their flexibility and fixture can be divided into: special fixture, the fixture combinations, the standard fixture, high flexible fixture. Flexible fixture on different parts of their high adaptability and the few low-cost replacement for the characteristic.Forms can transform the structure of the flexible fixture can be installed with the change of structure components (such as needle cheek plate, Multi-chip components and flake cheek plate), a non-standard work piece gripper or clamping elements (for example: commencement standard with a clamping fixture and mobile components fixture supporting documents), or with ceramic or hardening of the intermediary substances (such as : Mobile particle bed fixture and heat fixture tight fixture). To production, the parts were secured fixture, the need to generate clamping function, its fixture with a few unrelated to the sexual submissive steps.According to the processing was part of that foundation and working characteristics to determine the work piece fixture in the required position, then need to select some stability flat combination, These constitute a stable plane was fixed in the work piece fixture set position on the clamp-profile structure, all balanced and torque, it has also ensured that the work features close to the work piece. Finally, it must be calculated and adjusted, assembly or disassembly be standard fixture components required for the position, so that the work piece firmly by clamping fixture in China. In accordance with this procedure, the outline fixture structure and equipped with the planning and recording process can be automated control.Structural modeling task is to produce some stable flat combination, Thus, these plane of the work pieces clamping force and will fixture stability. According to usual practice, this task can be human-machine dialogue that is almost completely automated way to completion. A man-machine dialogue that is automated fixture structure modeling to determine the merits can be conducted in an organized and planning fixture design reduce the amount of the design, shortening the study period and better distribution of work conditions. In short, can be successfully achieved significantly improve fixture efficiency and effectiveness.Fully prepared to structure programs and the number of material circumstances, the completion of the first successful assembly can save up to 60% of the time.Therefore fixture process modeling agencies is the purpose of the program has appropriate documents.The current national standard parts and components of the existing fixture in China: GB/T2148T2259 - 91 and all kinds of general fixture fixture standard, etc. The fixture is conducive to the standardization of commercial production fixture, shorten production preparation period and reduce the total cost of production. 2, precision: with precision mechanical products is increasing, will increase the accuracy requirements of the fixture. 3, efficiency: efficient fixture is mainly used to reduce the processing time and auxiliary time, to improve labor productivity, reduce labor intensity recognized. Efficient common clip has high-speed automated fixture fixture and fixture device with clamping force. At present, in addition to the production line, automatic line configuration corresponding efficient automated fixtures and, in CNC machine tools, especially on the machining center appeared a variety of automatic clamping fixture and jig automatic replacement device, give full play to the efficiency of NC machine tool. 4, flexible, flexible and flexible machine tool fixture is similar, it refers to the fixture by adjusting the combination, etc., in order to adapt to the capability of the process variable factors. The new type of fixture with flexible features are: combination fixture, universal adjustable fixture, fixture, modular fixture, NC fixture etc. In order to meet the needs of modern mechanical industry, many varieties, small batch production, expand the fixture flexible degree of change of special fixture for non detachable structure, the development of adjustable clamp, and will be the main direction of the current fixture development in 7. In summary, fixture in mechanical machining process plays an important role, the development of fixture is in order to meet the needs of modern machinery processing technology, it can be said is the needs of social development, production drives the development of fixture, the development process is inevitable.机械加工及其夹具设计机械加工是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。机械加工过程是一个产生形状的过程，在这过程中，驱动装置使工件上的一些材料以切屑的形式被去除。尽管在某些场合，工件无承受情况下，使用移动式装备来实现加工，但大多数的机械加工是通过既支承工件又支承刀具的装备来完成。机械加工方法大致有以下几种情况： （1）用车、铣、刨、钻、磨等通用机床加工零件，然后进行必要的钳工修配，装配成各种组合零件。 （2）精度要求高的零件，只用普通机床加工难以保证高的加工精度，因而需要采用精密机床进行加工。 （3）为了使零件特别是形状复杂的凸模、凹模型孔和型腔的加工更趋自动化，减少钳工修配的工作量，需采用数控机床(如三坐标数控铣床、加工中心、数控磨床等设备)加工零件。机械加工过程中具备两方面。小批生产低费用。对于铸造、锻造和压力加工，每一个要生产的具体工件形状，即使是一个零件，几乎都要花费高额的加工费用。靠焊接来产生的结构形状，在很大程度上取决于有效的原材料的形式。一般来说，通过利用贵重设备而又无需特种加工条件下，几乎可以以任何种类原材料开始，借助机械加工把原材料加工成任意所需要的结构形状，只要外部尺寸足够大，那都是可能的。因此对于生产一个零件，甚至当零件结构及要生产的批量大小上按原来都适于用铸造、锻造或者压力加工来生产的，但通常宁可选择机械加工。严密的精度和良好的表面粗糙度，机械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面粗糙度基础上。许多零件，如果用别的其他方法来生产属于大批量生产的话，那么在机械加工中则是属于低公差且又能满足要求的小批量生产了。另一方面，许多零件靠比较粗糙的生产加工工艺制造其表面形状，而仅仅是在需要高精度的且选择过的表面才进行机械加工。例如内螺纹，除了机械加工之外，几乎没有别的加工方法能进行加工。又如已锻工件上的小孔加工，也是被锻后紧接着进行机械加工才完成的。机械加工中最主要的是高速切削加工。 高速切削加工是当代先进制造技术的重要组成部分，拥有高效率、高精度及高表面质量等特征。本文介绍此技术的定义、发展现状、适用领域以及中国的需求情况。 高速切削加工是面向21世纪的一项高新技术，它以高效率、高精度和高表面质量为基本特征，在汽车工业、航空航天、模具制造和仪器仪表等行业中获得了愈来愈广泛的应用，并已取得了重大的技术经济效益，是当代先进制造技术的重要组成部分。 高速切削是实现高效率制造的核心技术，工序的集约化和设备的通用化使之具有很高的生产效率。可以说，高速切削加工是一种不增加设备数量而大幅度提高加工效率所必不可少的技术。高速切削加工的优点主要在于：提高生产效率、提高加工精度及降低切削阻力。 有关高速切削加工的含义，目前尚无统一的认识，通常有如下几种观点：切削速度很高，通常认为其速度超过普通切削的5-10倍；机床主轴转速很高，一般将主轴转速在10000-20000r/min以上定为高速切削；进给速度很高，通常达15-50m/min，最高可达90m/min；对于不同的切削材料和所釆用的刀具材料，高速切削的含义也不尽相同；切削过程中，刀刃的通过频率(Tooth Passing Frequency)接近于“机床刀具工件”系统的主导自然频率(Dominant Natural Frequency)时，可认为是高速切削。可见高速切削加工是一个综合的概念。 1992年，德国Darmstadt工业大学的H. Schulz教授在CIRP上提出了高速切削加工的概念及其涵盖的范围，如图1所示。认为对于不同的切削对象，图中所示的过渡区(Transit