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含CAD图纸、说明书
轿车
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轿车转向系设计【含CAD图纸、说明书】,含CAD图纸、说明书,轿车,转向,设计,CAD,图纸,说明书
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毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书 设计(论文)题目:轿车转向系设计 学生姓名:任务书填写要求1毕业设计(论文)任务书由指导教师根据各课题的具体情况填写,经学生所在专业的负责人审查、系(院)领导签字后生效。此任务书应在毕业设计(论文)开始前一周内填好并发给学生。2任务书内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写,不得涂改或潦草书写;或者按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式(可从教务处网页上下载)打印,要求正文小4号宋体,1.5倍行距,禁止打印在其它纸上剪贴。3任务书内填写的内容,必须和学生毕业设计(论文)完成的情况相一致,若有变更,应当经过所在专业及系(院)主管领导审批后方可重新填写。4任务书内有关“学院”、“专业”等名称的填写,应写中文全称,不能写数字代码。学生的“学号”要写全号,不能只写最后2位或1位数字。 5任务书内“主要参考文献”的填写,应按照金陵科技学院本科毕业设计(论文)撰写规范的要求书写。 6有关年月日等日期的填写,应当按照国标GB/T 740894数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日期和时间表示法规定的要求,一律用阿拉伯数字书写。如“2002年4月2日”或“2002-04-02”。毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书1本毕业设计(论文)课题应达到的目的: 1.通过本毕业设计使学生巩固、深化和扩展所学知识,培养和锻炼学生运用所学专业知识和技术解决工程实际问题的能力。2.本设计通过根据某型轿车主要性能参数及对转向系的要求,查阅相关资料、书籍,确定该车型转向系总体方案,设计其主要零部件,并进行装配,使学生学会资料的调研、收集、整理和正确使用工具,掌握实验、测试等科学研究的基本方法;锻炼学生运用现代设计方法分析与解决工程实际问题的能力,树立正确的设计思想。同时培养学生独立分析和处理专业问题的能力,使学生初步具有工程设计和从事科学研究的能力。为从事本专业工作打下坚实的基础。 2本毕业设计(论文)课题任务的内容和要求(包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等): 主要内容和要求:汽车转向系是用来保持或改变汽车行驶方向的机构,在汽车转向行驶时,保证各转向轮之间有协调的转角关系。机械转向系依靠驾驶员的手力转动转向盘,经转向器和转向传动机构使转向轮偏转,采用动力转向的汽车,还装有动力系统,并借助此系统减轻驾驶员的手力。要求完成:确定轿车转向系统总体方案,选定转向器;转向器及转向传动机构设计计算;绘制零件图及装配图。工作要求:结合实习及实验开展,完成设计。所需条件:相关测试工具及手段(仪器、仪表等);相关的手册及文献资料;实验车辆及设备;电脑及相关CAD软件并能上网收集资料。 毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书3对本毕业设计(论文)课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求:对本毕业设计课题成果的要求为:1.在调研和实验基础上,确定轿车转向系统总体方案,选定转向器;转向器及转向传动机构设计计算。2.符合要求的零件图及装配图。3.符合规范的毕业设计说明书一份。4.翻译一篇1万印刷符以上与课题相关的专业外文资料。 4主要参考文献: 1 陈家瑞.汽车构造(上下册)(第3版)M.北京:机械工业出版社,2009.2 余志生.汽车理论(第5版)M.北京:机械工业出版社,2009.3 王望予.汽车设计(第4版)M.北京:机械工业出版社,2004.4 喻凡,林逸.汽车系统动力学M.北京:机械工业出版社,2005.5 徐石安.汽车构造底盘工程M.北京:清华大学出版社,2008.6 王国权,龚国庆.汽车设计课程设计指导书M.北京:机械工业出版社,2010.7 刘涛.汽车设计M.北京:北京大学出版社.2008.8 汽车工程手册编辑委员会.汽车工程手册(设计篇)M.北京:人民交通出版社,2001.9 王霄峰.汽车底盘设计M.北京:清华大学出版社,2010.10 黄金陵.汽车车身设计M.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.11 彭莫,刁增祥.汽车动力系统计算匹配及评价M.北京:北京理工大学出版社,2009.12 濮良贵,纪名刚.机械设计(第八版)M.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.13 范钦珊,殷雅俊.材料力学(第2版)M.北京:清华大学出版社,2008.14 刘平安.AutoCAD2011中文版机械设计实例教程M.北京:机械工业出版社,2010.15 林清安.完全精通Pro/ENGINEER野火5.0中文版零件设计基础入门M.北京:电子工业出版社,2010.16 王登峰.CATIA V5机械(汽车)产品CAD/CAE/CAM全精通教程M.北京:人民交通出版社,2007.17 牛多青.汽车转向系与悬架系统匹配优化设计J.机械工程师,2007,08期. 毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书5本毕业设计(论文)课题工作进度计划:2015-11-04至2015-12-31 2016-01-02至2016-03-05 2016-03-06至2016-03-20 2016-03-21至2016-04-20 2016-04-21至2016-05-05 2016-05-06至2016-05-26 选题,查看任务书,收集整理课题相关参考资料; 进行毕业设计调研,完成开题报告,毕业设计外文资料翻译,毕业设计提纲; 确定轿车转向系统总体方案,选定转向器; 转向器及转向传动机构设计计算;绘制零件图及装配图;提交毕业设计草稿,进行中期检查; 完成毕业设计说明书、设计图纸等定稿交由指导老师审阅,指导老师审核通过后,提交毕业设计全套材料,准备答辩; 根据学院及专业安排,进行毕业设计(论文)答辩。 所在专业审查意见: 通过 负责人: 2016 年 1 月 22 日毕 业 设 计(论 文)开 题 报 告 设计(论文)题目:轿车转向系设计 学生姓名:开题报告填写要求 1开题报告(含“文献综述”)作为毕业设计(论文)答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。此报告应在指导教师指导下,由学生在毕业设计(论文)工作前期内完成,经指导教师签署意见及所在专业审查后生效;2开题报告内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写或按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式打印,禁止打印在其它纸上后剪贴,完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见;3“文献综述”应按论文的框架成文,并直接书写(或打印)在本开题报告第一栏目内,学生写文献综述的参考文献应不少于15篇(不包括辞典、手册);4有关年月日等日期的填写,应当按照国标GB/T 740894数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日期和时间表示法规定的要求,一律用阿拉伯数字书写。如“2004年4月26日”或“2004-04-26”。5、开题报告(文献综述)字体请按宋体、小四号书写,行间距1.5倍。 毕 业 设 计(论文) 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计(论文)课题情况,根据所查阅的文献资料,每人撰写不少于1000字左右的文献综述: 一、前言汽车转向系统是整车系统中必不可少的最基本的组成系统,主要由转向操纵机构、转向器和转向传动机构三大部分组成,其作用是通过驾驶员的操作,根据需要改变或保持汽车行驶或倒退方向。转向系统是汽车底盘的重要组成部分,转向系统性能的好坏直接影响到汽车行驶的安全性、操纵稳定性和驾驶舒适性,它对于确保车辆的行驶安全、减少交通事故以及保护驾驶员的人身安全、改善驾驶员的工作条件起着重要作用。汽车转向系统按转向力能源的不同,可将转向系分为机械转向系统和动力转向系统两大类。转向系统以驾驶员的体力作为转向能源的转向系,叫机械转向系统;兼用驾驶员体力和发动机的动力为转向能源的转向系统叫动力转向系统。二、课题研究领域的现状、动态及发展方向据LMC Automotive公司日前发布的数据,2015年中国汽车销量同比增长5.3%达2489.24万台。销量再次刷新全球记录,已连续七年蝉联全球第一。汽车销量超过了第二名美国(1744万辆)和第三名日本(490万辆)的总和,占全球销量的27.9%。汽车产业作为国民经济支柱型产业之一,对我国国民经济发展具有重要影响。而作为汽车的一个重要组成部分,汽车转向系统是决定汽车主动安全性的关键总成,如何设计汽车的转向特性,使汽车具有良好的操纵性能,始终是各汽车生产厂家和科研机构的重要研究课题。特别是在车辆高速化、驾驶人员非职业化、车流密集化的今天,针对更多不同水平的驾驶人群,汽车的操纵设计显得尤为重要。汽车转向系统经历了纯机械式转向系统、液压助力转向系统、电动液压助力转向系统、电动助力转向系统4个阶段。纯机械式转向系统结构简单、工作可靠、造价低廉,目前在一部分转向操纵力不大、对操控性能要求不高的微型轿车、农用车上仍有使用;液压助力转向系统技术成熟、能提供大的转向操纵助力,在重型车辆上广泛应用电动助力系统无疑是未来的发展趋势,结构简单紧凑、低成本、低能耗、高精度、高响应速度、便于集成控制、便于功能扩展(如自动泊车)的特性是那些基于液压助力衍生而来的可变助力系统所无法比拟的,尤其在注重“能耗”和“环保”的今天,电动助力系统发展的趋势是不可逆转的,并且未来其可靠性、负载能力也将会进一步提升。三、汽车转向系统的设计要求1)汽车转弯行驶时,全部车轮应绕瞬时转向中心旋转,任何车轮不应有侧滑。不满足这项要求会加速轮胎磨损,降低汽车的行驶稳定性。2)汽车转向行驶后,在驾驶员松开转向盘的条件下,转向轮能自动返回到直线行驶位置,并稳定行驶。 3)汽车在任何行驶状态下,转向轮都不得产生自振,转向盘没有摆动。4) 转向传动机构和悬架导向装置共同工作时,由于运动不协调使车轮产生摆动应最小。 5) 保证汽车有较高的机动性,具有迅速和小转弯行驶的能力。6) 操纵轻便。 7)转向轮碰撞到障碍物后,传给转向盘的反冲力要尽可能的小。 转向器和转向传动机构的球头处,有消除因磨损而产生间隙的调整机构。 8)在车祸中,当转向轴和转向盘由于车架或车身变形而共同后移时,转向系应有能使驾驶员免遭或减轻伤害的防伤装置。四、结语最终通过本次毕业设计对汽车转向系统有进一步的了解,并且通过实习、实践了解的知识对转向系统可能出现的问题进行分析和解决方法,设计出符合实际应用的轿车转向系统,从而提高自身对转向系统的深入认识,并希望设计出更环保更高效的轿车转向系统。 参考文献:1 陈家瑞.汽车构造(上下册)(第3版)M.北京:机械工业出版社,2009.2 余志生.汽车理论(第5版)M.北京:机械工业出版社,2009.3 王望予.汽车设计(第4版)M.北京:机械工业出版社,2004.4 喻凡,林逸.汽车系统动力学M.北京:机械工业出版社,2005.5 徐石安.汽车构造底盘工程M.北京:清华大学出版社,2008.6 王国权,龚国庆.汽车设计课程设计指导书M.北京:机械工业出版社,2010.7 刘涛.汽车设计M.北京:北京大学出版社.2008.8 汽车工程手册编辑委员会.汽车工程手册(设计篇)M.北京:人民交通出版社,2001.9 王霄峰.汽车底盘设计M.北京:清华大学出版社,2010.10 黄金陵.汽车车身设计M.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.11 彭莫,刁增祥.汽车动力系统计算匹配及评价M.北京:北京理工大学出版社,2009.12 濮良贵,纪名刚.机械设计(第八版)M.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.13 范钦珊,殷雅俊.材料力学(第2版)M.北京:清华大学出版社,2008.14 刘平安.AutoCAD2011中文版机械设计实例教程M.北京:机械工业出版社,2010.15 林清安.完全精通Pro/ENGINEER野火5.0中文版零件设计基础入门M.北京:电子工业出版社,2010.16 王登峰.CATIA V5机械(汽车)产品CAD/CAE/CAM全精通教程M.北京:人民交通出版社,2007.17 牛多青.汽车转向系与悬架系统匹配优化设计J.机械工程师,2007,08期. 毕 业 设 计(论文) 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段(途径): 一、本课题要研究或解决的问题本课题主要研究的对象是轿车转向系统设计。(1)确定轿车转向系统总体设计方案(2)选定机械式轿车转向系统主要零部件的参数及设计计算(3)通过Pro/E、CAD等软件绘制相关零件及其装配图。二、拟采用的研究手段(途按径)(1)查阅轿车转向系统设计相关资料,深入了解轿车转向系统总体结构;(2)熟悉CATIA,Pro/E,CAD等绘图软件;(3)查阅相关期刊、论文了解新的设计、分析方法;(4)拟定论文大纲并按照论文大纲逐步实施。 (5)遇到问题及时与指导老师交流、请教。 毕 业 设 计(论文) 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见:1对“文献综述”的评语:学生能够在收集查阅毕业设计(论文)课题相关文献资料的基础上总结撰写文献综述,文献综述调理清晰、格式规范,符合文献综述的特点与要求。 2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计(论文)结果的预测:本课题深度广度适中,工作量符合毕业设计要求;经过认真充分的准备工作,应当能够如期完成毕业设计(论文)工作。 3.是否同意开题: 同意 不同意 指导教师: 2016 年 03 月 13 日所在专业审查意见:同意 负责人: 2016 年 04 月 07 日毕 业 设 计(论 文)外 文 参 考 资 料 及 译 文译文题目: 动力转向系统的演变 学生姓名:专 业: 所在学院: 指导教师:职 称: 年 02月 18日The Evolution of Power SteeringBy Randy WilsonBrief introduction for power steering Power steering helps drivers steer vehicles by augmenting steering effort of the steering wheel. Hydraulic or electric actuators add controlled energy to the steering mechanism, so the driver needs to provide only modest effort regardless of conditions. Power steering helps considerably when a vehicle is stopped or moving slowly. Also, power steering provides some feedback of forces acting on the front wheels to give an ongoing sense of how the wheels are interacting with the road; this is typically called rad feel. Representative power steering systems for cars augment steering effort via an actuator, a hydraulic cylinder, which is part of a servo system. These systems have a direct mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the linkage that steers the wheels. This means that power-steering system failure still permits the vehicle to be steered using manual effort alone. In other power steering systems, electric motors provide the assistance instead of hydraulic systems. As with hydraulic types, power to the actuator is controlled by the rest of the power-steering system. Some construction vehicles have a two-part frame with a rugged hinge in the middle; this hinge allows the front and rear axles to become non-parallel to steer the vehicle. Opposing hydraulic cylinders move the halves of the frame relative to each other to steer.History about power steering The first power steering system on an automobile was apparently installed in 1876 by a man with the surname of Fitts. Little else is known about him. The next power steering system was put on a Columbia 5-ton truck in 1903. Robert E. Twyford, a resident of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, included a mechanical power steering mechanism as part of his patent issued on April 3, 1900 for the first four wheel drive system. Francis W. Davis, an engineer of the truck division of Pierce Arrow began exploring how steering could be made easier, and in 1926 invented and demonstrated the first practical power steering system. Davis moved to General Motors and refined the hydraulic-assisted power steering system, but the automaker calculated it would be too expensive to produce. Davis then signed up with Bendix, a parts manufacturer for automakers. Military needs during World War II for easier steering on heavy vehicles boosted the need for power assistance on armored cars and tank-recovery vehicles for the British and American armies. Chrysler Corporation introduced the first commercially available passenger car power steering system on the 1951 Chrysler Imperial under the name Hydraguide. The Chrysler system was based on some of Davis expired patents. General Motors introduced the 1952 Cadillac with a power steering system using the work Davis had done for the company almost twenty years earlier. Charles F. Hammond, an American, born in Detroit, filed several patents for improvements of power steering with the Canadian Intellectual Property Office in 1958. Most new vehicles now have power steering, owing to the trends toward front wheel drive, greater vehicle mass, and wider tires, which all increase the required steering effort. Heavier vehicles as common in some countries would be extremely difficult to maneuver at low speeds, while vehicles of lighter weight may not need power assisted steering at all.These systems have come a long way but still require regular maintenance. Steering assist and control is one of the many systems we have seen continually change and evolve over the years. All of the OEMs have invested millions of dollars into the advancement of steering controls. We, as technicians, have seen simple manual gear boxes replaced by hydraulic ones. Weve seen gear boxes, or sectors, give way to rack and pinion assemblies that operate with more advanced hydraulics. And now, electronic steering systems are not uncommon. Not only do we have to continually learn new material as these systems come to market, but we have to maintain our knowledge of past and present systems. Whatever the age of the system or how advanced it might seem, regular inspection and maintenance is the common factor they all share and need to work properly.Pieces, Parts and Components at a Glance With steering being such a safety related aspect, and with such a high demand placed on this part of a vehicle, inspection of the steering and suspension system on every vehicle should be a priority. An important thing to look at first, of course, is the hardware, it takes very little time to do a good, thorough inspection of steering components when you have a customers vehicle in the air. Dont be afraid to grab a tire at the top and bottom and give it a good flexing in and out to make sure a hub and bearing assembly doesnt have excessive play. Bearings carry a lot of weight and pressure and should be checked on a regular basis. Almost no play at all should be felt in a sealed hub and bearing assembly. Tapered bearings should be cleaned, lubricated and properly adjusted for preload to prevent overheating and bearing failure. Upper and lower ball joints are a must for inspection. Many are sealed and have no accessible grease fittings for service. These take quit a beating. Not only are they the pivot point for the front steering knuckles, but they also endure a ton of lateral force. Always inspect the boots for splitting or damage and make sure to check for play in both upper and lower joints. To accurately test ball joints for wear, be sure to follow the specific procedure outlined in your service information system for the vehicle you are working on. Some vehicles use visual indicators; some require specific lifting procedures to unload the joints for inspection. Tie rod ends, both inner and outer, should be checked in much the same way. Inspect the boots and check for excessive play or wear. Most vehicles can be checked by grabbing each wheel at the 9 and 3 oclock positions, and attempting to rock the wheel back and forth. If any noticeable movement is felt, use one hand to grab the outer tie rod assembly to see if it is the cause of the play. If not, grabbing the tie rod shaft will allow you to feel any movement that may exist in the inner tie rod joint. Steering systems that use a drag link or center link set up with idler and pitman arms should be inspected just like the tie rod ends. Wear in these components can have some serious safety concerns and cause excessive tire wear. Always make sure that any of these parts having fitting for service are properly lubricated. Do not overfill the grease boots, as this will lead to rupture and premature failure of the components. If the system is hydraulic, always inspect for leaks. Whether its a rack and pinion or worm gear and sector type unit, both operate under high pressures. Pressures can exceed 1,000 psi in many systems, and a leak can deplete the system of fluid rapidly. Make sure hoses and lines are routed properly and away from exhaust components or moving parts. Make sure to look at compression fitting, as well as connection to power steering pumps and gears, for leaks. Always inspect pumps for leaks at case seams and shaft seals and make sure to maintain the correct level of fluid in the reservoir. If the pump is belt driven, inspect the belt for wear or damage. Listen for unusual noise from the pumps as compared to a like vehicle. A noisy pump is a definite indication of a problem whether its a failure or something like air being induced into the system that can lead to a failure. Air being pulled into a system can cause an excessive whine and can lead to premature pump failure if not addressed. Of course the drivers feedback for the entire system is the steering wheel. Always inspect the steering shaft from the gear back up to the column no matter what the design. Most systems entail a series of universal joints, slip yokes, crush shafts or some type of intermediate steering shaft that leaves the gear and connects to the column. This is the last thing you want to fail on a curvy stretch of highway at 65 mph. Most of these are manufacturer specific and require very little in the area of maintenance, except for inspection, but are a vital part of the steering system. The column itself should be checked for freedom of rotation to make sure there is no loose play in the column bearings. Electric power steering systems will usually have an integral column and an electric assist design. These systems are usually replaced as an assembly and will not likely have serviceable components in the column except for the electric components themselves. With that being said, they should still be inspected as any other column design.Service is Still the Answer As with any other system on the vehicle, we know power steering needs service as well. There are many serviceable hard parts in any steering system, but with good routine maintenance, most components will last for a long time. Our customers have to be educated on the need for regular service to a system like power steering. Pivot points and fittings should always be lubricated or greased at regular service intervals. Pinch points or steering stops should be lubricated as well. And of course lets not forget about that fluid in the hydraulic systems. These fluids are under very high pressures and operate at extremely high temperatures. Even though the fluids are designed for this kind of environment, viscosity and thermal breakdown can and will occur. The fluid can begin to burn and break down, and as components in the system degrade where the fluid travels, contaminants begin to build up in the fluid. Should these fluids be serviced like any other fluid in the vehicle? Absolutely. It takes only a few minutes to pull a sample of fluid from a system and inspect it for burning and contamination. If theyre present, its probably a good time to flush, clean and refill the system. There are many good systems on the market for flushing and cleaning power steering systems. Some systems will connect right into the vehicle power steering system, while others simply extract and reintroduce fluid or cleaners right through the fluid reservoir. There are also some pretty good conditioning products that come along with these systems as well. With the advent of high quality synthetic power steering fluids, you can offer your customer an even better choice when it comes to fluids operating under extreme conditions. With these products we can offer a good service that can save customers a lot of money and give them peace of mind.动力转向系统的演变兰迪威尔森动力转向系统简介动力转向系统帮助司机通过增大方向盘转向力度来操纵汽车。液压或电动执行器往转向机构增加控制的能量,因此不管任何条件下,驾驶员只需要提供适度的力就可以了。当车辆需要停止或缓慢移动时,动力转向系统对此有相当大的帮助。此外,动力转向系统提供一些力反馈作用在前轮上,得到车轮与路面如何相互作用的持续感,这是通常被称为“路感”。代表汽车的动力转向系统通过一个执行器-液压缸来增大汽车转向力,这是一个伺服系统的一部分。这些系统在转向盘和转向轮联动之间有一个直接的机械连接来操纵车轮。这意味着,动力转向系统故障时,仍然允许车辆转向单独使用手动力来操纵车辆。在其他的动力转向系统中,电动马达提供的帮助代替了液压系统提供的帮助。对于液压类型,致动器的动力是被动力转向系统的其余部分控制的。有些施工的车辆配有一个由两部分组成的框架,在框架中间连接有坚固的铰链,这铰链允许前轴和后轴成为非平行轴来使车辆转向。对置的液压缸移动相对于对方的框架的一半来转向。关于动力转向系统的历史汽车的第一动力转向系统显然是在1876年由一个姓菲茨的人安装在汽车上的。很少有人知道他。下一个动力转向系统是在1903年被安装在一辆哥伦比亚5吨的卡车上。罗伯特E.特福德,美国宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的一个居民,在1900年4月3日第一次发行四轮驱动系统作为其专利的一部分,其中包括机械动力转向机构。弗兰西斯戴维斯一名皮尔斯阿诺的卡车部门的工程师,开始探索如何转向可以变得更容易,并在1926发明和展示了第一个实用的动力转向系统。戴维斯之后到了通用汽车公司工作,然后完善了液压助力转向系统,但通用汽车公司计算出若生产液压转向助力系统将太过昂贵。戴维斯随后与为汽车制造商提供零部件的本迪克斯公司签约。在第二次世界大战期间,更容易转向的重型车辆的军事需求带动了英国和美国的军队的配有转向助力的装甲车和坦克救援车需求。克莱斯勒汽车公司推出了第一款商用轿车动力转向系统,在1951年克莱斯勒帝国为它取名为“液压转向装置”。克莱斯勒公司的系统是基于一些戴维斯的一些过期的专利。通用汽车公司在1952年推出了一款凯迪拉克,这款凯迪拉克的动力转向系统用的是大约二十年前戴维斯就已经为公司做过的工作。查尔斯F哈蒙德,一个出生在底特律的美国人,在1958年向加拿大知识产权局申请多项关于动力转向系统的改进的专利。现在大部分新的汽车都有动力转向系统,由于前轮驱动的车辆,有更大的质量,和更宽的轮胎,这些都增加了所需转向力的需求。在一些国家,常见的较重车辆低速行驶将是非常困难的,但重量更轻的机动车可能根本就不需要助力转向。这些系统已经走过了漫长的道路,但仍需要定期维护在过去的一些年中,转向助力与控制是我们看过的许多不断改变和发展的系统之一。所有的原始设备制造商已经投入了数百万美元在转向控制的提升上。作为技术人员的我们,已经看到了简单手动齿轮箱被液压式的所取代。我们已经看到了齿轮齿扇式的转向装置让位给更先进的液压齿轮齿条式组件。现在,电子转向系统并不少见。因为这些系统进入市场,我们不仅必须不断地学习新的材料,我们还必须保持我们的过去的和现在的系统知识。无论是什么年代的系统或
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