微型汽车乘客座椅设计【含CATIA三维图纸】
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毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书 设计（论文）题目：微型汽车乘客座椅设计 学生姓名：任务书填写要求1毕业设计（论文）任务书由指导教师根据各课题的具体情况填写，经学生所在专业的负责人审查、系（院）领导签字后生效。此任务书应在毕业设计（论文）开始前一周内填好并发给学生。2任务书内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写，不得涂改或潦草书写；或者按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式（可从教务处网页上下载）打印，要求正文小4号宋体，1.5倍行距，禁止打印在其它纸上剪贴。3任务书内填写的内容，必须和学生毕业设计（论文）完成的情况相一致，若有变更，应当经过所在专业及系（院）主管领导审批后方可重新填写。4任务书内有关“学院”、“专业”等名称的填写，应写中文全称，不能写数字代码。学生的“学号”要写全号，不能只写最后2位或1位数字。 5任务书内“主要参考文献”的填写，应按照金陵科技学院本科毕业设计（论文）撰写规范的要求书写。 6有关年月日等日期的填写，应当按照国标GB/T 740894数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日期和时间表示法规定的要求，一律用阿拉伯数字书写。如“2002年4月2日”或“2002-04-02”。毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书1本毕业设计（论文）课题应达到的目的： 能够综合运用所学的基础理论、专业知识和基本技能分析和解决实际问题，具有初步科学研究的能力。能够进行调查研究，能够对一定数量的中外文献进行检索与阅读。具有定性与定量相结合的独立研究与论证的能力。汽车座椅是用来支撑成员的质量，缓和和衰减由车身传来的冲击和振动，从而为乘员提供良好的工作条件，并为乘员创造舒适和安全的乘坐条件，是影响汽车舒适性和安全性的重要内饰部件。分析人体尺寸和舒适坐姿，根据人机工程学原理，结合乘员的安全性与舒适性，设计一款微型汽车乘员座椅，满足安全性和舒适性要求。 2本毕业设计（论文）课题任务的内容和要求（包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等）： 汽车中的座椅是影响驾驶与乘坐舒适度的重要设施，舒适而安全的乘客座椅，可以减少乘客的疲劳程度，提高乘坐舒适性。结合实际，运用相关知识，分析研究微型车乘坐环境，着重考虑乘员坐姿生理特性及人体对车内振动、微气候的反应等两大方面，设计出合理的乘员座椅来满足乘员人体安全、舒适抗疲劳的目标。主要内容： 1.分析汽车座椅的国内外研究现状及发展趋势。 2.研究目标用户群体的人体尺寸，确定舒适坐姿。 3.对舒适坐姿相关的人体生理学进行研究； 4.从满足乘员的需求出发，以某款微型车为研究对象，通过计算分析确定中排座椅的各项参数，并突出座椅尺寸设计与人体尺寸的相关性。 5.对汽车座椅系统强度和舒适性进行验证，并绘制所设计座椅的三维实体造型。 毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书3对本毕业设计（论文）课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求：1、对汽车座椅系统强度特性进行研究； 2、对汽车座椅与人体生理学和解剖学进行相关研究； 3、对汽车座椅用户需求分析、用户人体尺寸研究、人体静态尺寸、人体测量尺寸、人体坐姿功能尺寸进行分析和研究； 4、根据人机工程学原理，结合乘员的安全性与舒适性，确定了汽车座椅的结构尺寸；学习三维制图软件，并绘制所设计座椅的三维实体造型，用软件设计出人性化舒适性的座椅模型； 5、按要求撰写论文，查阅相关书籍和手册，综合运用所学知识,撰写论文。 4主要参考文献： 1陈家瑞等.汽车构造(下册)M.机械工业出版社.2005年.第一版 2黄天泽,黄金陵.车身结构与设计M.机械工业出版社.1999年.第1版. 3刘建中,铃木近等.汽车乘坐舒适性主观评价模型的构筑.汽车技术N.1994.9 4肖艳荣.座椅舒适度与人体工程学.铁道车辆J.1997年.第五期 5温吾凡.汽车人体工程学.吉林科学技术出版社M.1991年.第一版 6邱少波.汽车座椅系统的安全性要求及评价.汽车技术J.1996年.第7期 7姚为民,孙丹丹.汽车座椅系统安全性综述.汽车技术J.2002年.第8期 8武一民,阎世竟.从安全性谈汽车座椅系统参数设计.汽车研究与开发J.1997第3期 9焦冠东,轿车座椅若干问题的研究.上海交通大学硕士论文D.1998年 10周一鸣.车辆人机工程学.北京理工大学出版社M.1999.12 11刘金秋.人机工程在汽车驾驶室设计中的应用研究.汽车技术N.1989年 12姚为民,孙丹丹.汽车座持系统安全性综述J.汽车技术.2002年 13王暄.现代汽车安全M北京:人民交通出版社.1998年 14董玉石.汽车座椅骨架有限元分析D.北京:清华大学硕士学位论文.1997年 15张洪欣,林逸.汽车座椅的性能、设计与实验J.长春:吉林工业大学汽车工程系1988年 毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书5本毕业设计（论文）课题工作进度计划：2015.12.05-2015.12.22 确定选题，填写审题表；指导教师下发任务书，学生查阅课题相关参考文献、资料，撰写开题报告。 2015.12.23-2016.01.22 提交开题报告、外文参考资料及译文、毕业设计（论文）大纲；开始毕业设计(论文)。 2016.01.23-2016.04.15 具体设计或研究方案实施，提交毕业设计（论文）草稿，填写中期检查表。 2016.04.16-2016.05.04 完成论文或设计说明书、图纸等材料，提交毕业设计（论文）定稿，指导老师审核。 2016.05.05-2016.05.09 提交毕业设计纸质文档，学生准备答辩；评阅教师评阅学生毕业设计（论文）。 2016.05.10-2016.05.16 根据学院统一安排，进行毕业设计（论文）答辩。 所在专业审查意见： 通过 负责人： 2016 年 1 月 10 日毕 业 设 计（论 文）开 题 报 告 设计（论文）题目：微型汽车乘客座椅设计 学生姓名：开题报告填写要求 1开题报告（含“文献综述”）作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。此报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期内完成，经指导教师签署意见及所在专业审查后生效；2开题报告内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写或按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式打印，禁止打印在其它纸上后剪贴，完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见；3“文献综述”应按论文的框架成文，并直接书写（或打印）在本开题报告第一栏目内，学生写文献综述的参考文献应不少于15篇（不包括辞典、手册）；4有关年月日等日期的填写，应当按照国标GB/T 740894数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日期和时间表示法规定的要求，一律用阿拉伯数字书写。如“2004年4月26日”或“2004-04-26”。5、开题报告（文献综述）字体请按宋体、小四号书写，行间距1.5倍。 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写不少于1000字左右的文献综述： 汽车座椅属于汽车的基本装置，是汽车的重要安全部件。在汽车中它将人体和车身联系在一起，直接关系到乘员的驾乘舒适性和安全性。社会经济的发展，人们生活节奏的加快，这些客观因素使现代社会的人们处于繁忙而紧张的工作中。研究表明，80%的驾驶员都受到腰椎疼痛，腰骨酸痛，腰椎键盘突出，臀部及腰部肩部肌肉酸痛的困扰1 。交通事故统计分析表明，疲劳驾驶是造成交通事故的主要原因之一，驾驶座椅是影响驾驶与乘坐舒适程度的重要设施，对减少驾驶员座椅设计优劣与否直接关系到驾驶质量与安全2 。汽车座椅是用来支撑成员的质量，缓和和衰减由车身传来的冲击和振动，从而为乘员提供良好的工作条件，并为乘员创造舒适和安全的乘坐条件。因此，座椅设计的好坏，对汽车的平顺性、乘坐舒适性、安全性及操纵方便性等有很大的影响，必需要全面综合的考虑，才能设计生产出满足各方面要求的产品。汽车座椅伴随着汽车的诞生而出现，一百多年来，随着汽车的发展和人们要求的不断提高，汽车座椅已不是单纯满足乘坐和美观需要的车身部件，而是关系到汽车的乘坐舒适性和安全性，集人机工程学、机械振动、控制工程等为一体的系统工程产品。乘员坐姿生理特性分析，主要是1.坐姿时脊柱形态。只有座椅的结构和尺寸设计使驾驶员的脊柱接近于正常自然状态，才会减少腰椎的负荷以及腰背的负荷，防止驾驶员疲劳发生。2.坐姿的体压分布。当座椅上的人处于坐姿状态时，人的身体重量作用于坐垫和靠背上的压力分布，称作坐姿的体压分布；它包括坐垫上的和靠背上的两种体压分布3。2008年，罗卫东，李鹏，邱望标在论文4中提出了汽车座椅的人机工程学要求：1.各部贴合感。2.背部和腰部的合理支撑。3.各部分合适的软硬感。4.振动舒适性。汽车的设计开发必须围绕以人为中心的人性化前提展开。因此汽车人机工程设计的任务就是开发出使乘员感到操作方便、高效、不易疲劳，使乘坐着感到舒适安全的汽车产品。2013年，李石在毕业论文5中详细叙述了座椅尺寸结构设计包括：1.座椅尺寸设计。座椅尺寸设计主要参数包括：椅面高度、宽度、深度、椅面倾角；靠背的高度、宽度和倾角。2.座椅结构设计。为了保证坐垫上合理的体压分布，坐垫应坚实平坦。3.座椅材料选择。座椅材料的选择主要考虑到以下两个方面：振动舒适性以及座椅对人体热环境的主要影响。汽车座椅是最重要的被动安全系统之一。阐述了汽车座椅设计的安全性能及其影响因素,从乘员约束系统及座椅的结构设计出发,总结了国内外汽车座椅安全性研究的基本方法及相关理论,介绍了相关方法的实施策略,并针对汽车座椅系统及其固定部件的安全性能要求及试验方法作了说明6。孙琳琳在论文7中从多个角度对汽车座椅的舒适度进行了测量与评价，把难以测量的美学及舒适性的内心感受，用工学的方法进行研究，用定量的数据科学地评价了消费者对这种美和舒适性的感受。为汽车座椅的设计和评价提供了科学，简单和便于操作的方法。汽车是二十世纪最显著的人文标志之一，它改变了人们的生活方式以及对时空和价值的观念，为丰富人类社会的物质生活和精神文明做出了巨大贡献。随着数字化设计应用的不断深入，人机工程应用在汽车设计中的方法也更加精确，人机工程学将更注重人的信息处理能力，更注重人机环境的完整研究，并运用系统论、信息论等新兴科学来研究这个新的系统，以创造出更适合于人类使用的汽车，使人机系统的综合效率达到最佳水平8 。 参考文献：1陈蓉蓉.基于维持健康坐姿的工作椅设计研究D.浙江：浙江大学，20072冯飞燕,侯俊杰.基于人机工程学的抗疲劳汽车座椅设计J.机械管理开发，2010,25（3):16-193许英.汽车与安全M. 北京：清华大学出版社，20094罗卫东,李鹏,邱望标.基于人机工程汽车座椅设计J.现代机械,2008,59（3):59-695李石.人机工程学与汽车座椅设计D.江苏：江苏大学，20136姚为民,孙丹丹.汽车座椅系统安全性综述.汽车技术J,2002年.第8期7孙琳琳.汽车座椅舒适度的创新设计及其主客观评价研究.吉林大学，20148王望予.汽车设计M.第4版.北京:机械工业出版社,2004：35-739邱少波.汽车座椅系统的安全性要求及评价.汽车技术J,1996年.第7期10肖艳荣.座椅舒适度与人体工程学.铁道车辆J,1997年.第五期11武一民,阎世竟.从安全性谈汽车座椅系统参数设计.汽车研究与开发J,1997第3期 12焦冠东,轿车座椅若干问题的研究.上海交通大学硕士论文D,199813周一鸣.车辆人机工程学.北京理工大学出版社M,1999.1214余志生.汽车理论(第二版).北京:机械工业出版社M，199015温吾凡.汽车人体工程学.吉林科学技术出版社M,1991年.第一版毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）： 本课题要研究或解决的问题： 结合我国汽车座椅的设计和使用现状，对现有汽车座椅的不足进行弥补，然后分析人体尺寸和舒适坐姿，根据人机工程学原理，结合乘员的安全性与舒适性，设计一款微型汽车乘员座椅，满足安全性和舒适性要求。拟采用的研究手段（途径）：主要技术路线是：1.先对汽车座椅系统强度的特性进行研究、对汽车座椅与人体生理学和解剖学进行相关内容的研究。2.接着对汽车座椅用户需求的分析、用户人体尺寸的研究、人体静态尺寸、人体测量尺寸、人体坐姿功能尺寸进行有关的分析和研究。3.调查主要针对长安CM9中排座椅的主要参数，然后确定有关参数。4.然后对汽车座椅进行结构设计和造型设计。5.最后制出相应的三维视图。毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见：1对“文献综述”的评语：黄煜铭同学对汽车座椅设计的重要性和使用过程中造成的问题进行了综述，接着对汽车座椅设计的研究现状、研究内容等进行了综合阐述，并列举了相关的研究实例。最后总结了合理进行座椅设计的重要性。文献综述写作符合要求。 2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计（论文）结果的预测：毕业设计选题符合所学专业方向和专业要求，设计内容符合社会经济发展实际，设计计划切实可行。本课题深度和广度适中，工作量饱满，预计设计结果能够完成。同意开题。 3.是否同意开题： 同意 不同意 指导教师： 2016 年 02 月 20 日所在专业审查意见：同意 负责人： 2016 年 04 月 07 日毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 参 考 资 料 及 译 文 译文题目： Transmission design 汽车变速器设计 学生姓名：专 业：所在学院：指导教师：职 称： 说明：要求学生结合毕业设计（论文）课题参阅一篇以上的外文资料，并翻译至少一万印刷符（或译出3千汉字）以上的译文。译文原则上要求打印（如手写，一律用400字方格稿纸书写），连同学校提供的统一封面及英文原文装订，于毕业设计（论文）工作开始后2周内完成，作为成绩考核的一部分。 Transmission designAs we all know automobile engine to a certain speed can be achieved under the best conditions, when compared issued by the power, fuel economy is relatively good. Therefore, we hope that the engine is always in the best of conditions to work under. However, the use of motor vehicles need to have different speeds, thus creating a conflict. Transmission through this conflict to resolve.Automotive Transmission role sum up in one sentence, called variable speed twisting, twisting or slow down the growth rate by increasing torsional. Why can slow down by twisting, and the growth rate but also by twisting? For the same engine power output, power can be expressed as N = WT, where w is the angular velocity of rotation. When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the. Therefore, the growth rate will reduce twisting, twisting slowdown will increase. Automotive Transmission speed gear based on the principle of variable twisted into various stalls of different transmission ratio corresponding to adapt to different operational conditions. General to set up a manual gearbox input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft, also known as the three-axis, as well as Daodang axis. Three-axis is the main transmission structure, input shaft speed is the speed of the engine, the output shaft speed is the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing between different from the speed. Different gears are different transmission ratio, and will have a different speed. When drivers choose a launch vehicle stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2 file synchronization engagement with a back stall gear and output shaft lock it, the power input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft gear of a stall, a stall the output shaft gear driven, and the output shaft power will be transmitted to the drive shaft (red arrow). A typical stall Biansuchilun transmission ratio is 3:1, that is to say three laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle. When the growth rate of car drivers choose two stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2-file synchronization and file a joint separation after 2 stall and lock the output shaft gear, power transmission line similar, the difference is that the output shaft gear of a stall 2 stall replaced by the output shaft gear driven. 2 stall Biansuchilun typical transmission ratio is 2.2:1, 2.2 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle than a stall speed increase, lower torque. When refueling vehicle drivers growth stalls option 3, Plectrum to 1 / 2 back to the free file-synchronization position, and also allows the 3 / 4 file synchronization Mobile stall until 3 in the output shaft gear lock, power can be into the shaft axis - intermediate shaft - the output shaft of the three stalls Biansuchilun, led through three stalls Biansuchilun output shaft. 3 stalls typical transmission ratio is 1.7:1, 1.7 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle is further growth. When car drivers Option 4 refueling growth stalls, Plectrum will be 3 / 4 from the 3-file synchronization stall gear directly with the input shaft gear joint initiative, and power transmission directly from the input shaft to the output shaft, the transmission ratio at 1:1, that the input shaft and output shaft speed the same. The driving force without intermediate shaft, also known as direct file, the file transmission than the maximum transmission efficiency. Most cars run-time files are used directly to achieve the best fuel economy. Shift into the first interval when, in a free transmission when Biansuchilun output shaft is not locked in, they cannot rotate the output shaft driven, not power output. General automotive manual transmission than the main 1-4 stalls, usually the first designers to determine the minimum (one stall) and maximum (4 files) transmission ratio, the middle stall drive by geometric progression than the general distribution. In addition, there are stalls Daodang and speeding, speeding file is also known as the five stalls. When the car to accelerate to more than car drivers with the choice of five stalls, and a typical five-transmission ratio is 0.87:1, which is driven by a pinion gear, the gear when the initiative to 0.87 zone, passive gear have been transferred to a circle of the End. Dao Dang, the opposite direction to the output shaft rotation. If one pair of meshing gears when we reverse rotation, with a middle gear, it will become the same to the rotation. Use of this principle, we should add a gear Daodang the media will be rotational direction reversed, it will have a Daodang axis. Daodang installed in the transmission shaft independent crust, and the intermediate shaft parallel axis gear with the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, will be contrary to the output shaft. Daodang usually used for the synchronization control also joins five stalls, stalls and Daodang 5 position in the same side. As a middle gear, the general transmission Daodang transmission ratio greater than 1 file transmission ratio, by twisting, steep slope with some vehicles encountered on the progress stalls falters with a Daodang boost. Ride from the driver of the considerations, better transmission stall, stall adjacent stall more than the transmission changes the ratio of small, and easy to shift smoothly. However, the short comings of the stalls is more transmission structure is complicated, bulky, light vehicle transmission is generally 4-5 stalls. At the same time, transmission ratio is not integral, but with all of the decimal point, it is because of the gear teeth meshing is not caused by the whole multiples of two gear teeth can lead to the whole multiples of two meshing gears of uneven wear, making the tooth surface quality have a greater difference. Manual transmission and synchronizerManual transmission is the most common transmission, or MT. Its basic structure sum up in one sentence, is a two-axle shaft, where input shaft, the shaft axis and intermediate shaft, which constitute the main body of the transmission and, of course, a Daodang axis. Manual transmission known as manual gear transmission, which can be in the axial sliding gears, the gears meshing different variable speed reached twisting purpose. Typical manual transmission structure and principles are as follows. Input shaft also said that the first axis, and its front-end spline driven directly with the clutch disc sets with the spline , by the transfer of torque from the engine. The first axis of the intermediate shaft and gears meshing gears often, as long as the shaft axis to a turn, the intermediate shaft and gear also will be rotating. Vice also said intermediate shaft axis, the axis-even more than the size gear. Also known as the second output shaft axis, the axis of various sets of gear stall progress can be manipulated at any time in the role of the device and the corresponding intermediate shaft gear meshing, thus changing its speed and torque. With the end of the output shaft spline associated with the drive shaft through the drive shaft torque transmitted to the drive axle reducer. Thus, progress stalls drive transmission path is: input shaft gear often rodents - often rodents intermediate shaft gear - corresponding intermediate shaft gear - the second axis corresponding gear. Reversing the gear shaft can be manipulated by the device pick in the axis movement, and the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, to the contrary to the direction of rotation output. Most cars have five stalls and a Daodang forward, a certain degree of each stall transmission ratio, the majority of stalls transmission ratio greater than 1, 4 file transmission ratio of 1, known as direct stalls, and transmission ratio is less than 1 No. 5 stall called accelerated stall. Free at the output shaft gear in a position of non-engagement, unacceptable power transmission. The transmission input shaft and output shaft rotational speed to their own, transform a stall when there is a synchronous. Two different rotational speed gear meshing force will impact the collision occurred, damage gear. Therefore, the old transmission shift to a feet-off approach, or stall on the location of the free stay for a while by stalls in the free position refueling doors, in order to reduce the speed differential gear. However, this operation is relatively more complicated and difficult to grasp accurate. So designers create a synchronized, and allows synchronization through the meshing of gears to be consistent speed and smooth meshing. At present Synchronous Transmission is based on the synchronization of inertia, mainly from joint sets, synchronous lock ring, and so on, it is characterized by friction on the role of synchronization. Splice sets Genlock engagement ring gear and the ring gear when it had Chamfer (Lock angle), Genlock within the cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear contact friction. Lock and cone angle has been made in the design of an appropriate choice to be made friction cone of the teeth meshing with the ring gear quickly sets pace at the same time will have a Lock role and to prevent the gears meshing in sync before. When synchronization lock cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear after contact in the effects of friction torque gear speed quickly lower (or higher) with the same speed synchronous lock ring, the two synchronous rotation of the gear Genlock Central zero speed, thus moment of inertia also disappear, then in force under the impetus of engagement sets unhindered and synchronization lock ring gear engagement, and further engagement with the question of gear engagement and the completion Gear Shift Process.The automatic gearboxThe automatic gearbox chooses to block the pole the equal to moving the stick shift of the gearbox, having generally below several blocks:P( parking), R( pour to block), N( get empty to block), D( go forward), S( or2, namely for 2 block soon), L.( or1, namely for 1 block soon)This several an usage for blocking a right usages coming driver the automatic gearbox is automotive of person to say particularly important, underneath let us very much familiar with once automatic gearbox eachly blockings main theme.The usage of the P ( the parking blocks)The launches the luck turns as long as choose to block the pole in driving the position, automatic gearbox car run about very easily.But park, choose to block the pole must pull into of P, from but pass the internal parking system in gearbox moves the device will output the stalk lock lives, combining to tense the hand system move, preventing the car ambulation.The usage of the R( pour to block)R a control for is pouring blocking, using inside wanting slicing recording, automatic gearbox car unlike moving gearbox car so can using half moving, so while reversing the car wanting special attention accelerating pedal.The usage of the N( get empty to block)The N is equal to get empty to block, can while starting or hour of trailer usage.At wait for the signal or block up the car will often often choose to block the pole keeps in the of D, trampling at the same time the next system move.If time is very short, do like this is an admission of, but if stop the time long time had better change into of N, combine to tense the hand system moves.Because choose to block the pole in driving the position, the automatic gearbox car has generally and all to drive the trend faintly, long hours trample the system move same as a deterrent this kind of trend, make gearbox oil gone up, the oil liquid changes in character easily.Particularly in the air condition machine work, launch the soon higher circumstance in machine bottom more disadvantageous.Some pilots for the sake of stanza oil, at made good time or go down slope will choose to block the pole pull the of N skids, this burn the bad gearbox very easily, launching the machine to revolves soon in the however because the gearbox outputs at this time the stalk turns soon very high, the oil pump provides the oil shortage, lubricating the condition worsen, burn the bad gearbox easily.The usage of the D( go forward to block)Will choose to block when is normal to drive the pole put in the of D, car can at 1 4 block( or 3 block) its change to block automatically.The of D drives the position most in common usely. What demand control is: Because the automatic gearbox is soon high and low with car to come to make sure to block according to the accelerator size a, so accelerate the pedal operation method is different, changing to block the hour of the car is soon too not same alike.If start hour quick accelerate the pedal tramples the bottom, rising to block the night, accelerating the ability is strong, arriving certain car soon behind, then will accelerate the pedal loosen to open very quickly, car can rise to block immediately, launch like this the machine voice is small, comfortable good.The another characteristics of the D is a compulsory low blocking, easy to high speed the hour overtakes a car, will accelerate quickly in of D drove the pedal trample after all, connect the compulsory low fend off the pass and then can reduce to block automatically, the car accelerates very quickly, after overtaking a car loosen to open the pedal of acceleration to can rise to block automatically again.The usage of the S, of L low the usage that blockThe automatic gearbox in in is placed in the low blocking the scope on of S or of Ls, can usage under an etc. circumstance.It change to can make use of to launch well into of S or of Ls the mechanism move, avoiding the car wheel system move the machine over hot, cause the system move the effect descent while going down slope.But change into from the of D of S or of L, car soon cant higher than rise to block the car homologously soon, otherwise strong vibration in opportunity to launch, make gearbox oil hoicked, even will damage the gearbox.The is another at rain fog weather hour, if the road adheres to the term bad, can change into a position for or of L, fixing at somely first lowly blocking driving, doing not use can automatically changing blocking, in order to prevent the car beats slippery.Must keep firmly in mind at the same time, beat the slippery hour can will choose to block the pole pushes into a motive for, cutting off launching machine, toing guarantee a car the safety. 汽车变速器设计正如我们所知道的汽车发动机在一定的速度下才能达到最佳的状态，相比之下发出的动力比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们总是希望发动机能始终处于最佳状态下工作。然而，使用汽车时需要有不同的速度，从而与之产生冲突，这些冲突要通过变速器才能解决。汽车变速器的作用用一句话来总结，称为变速扭矩，就是速度增加扭矩减小或速度减小扭矩增大。为什么可以速度增加扭矩减小，速度减小扭矩增大呢？对于发动机输出功率相同，功率可以表示为N = wT，其中w是转动角速度。当N相同时，T和w是成反比的。因此，速度增加扭矩减小，速度减小扭矩增大。对于变扭原理的汽车变速器变速器，各种档位对应于不同的传动比，并且能适应不同的运行工况。一般一个手动变速箱里设有输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，也被称为三轴式，以及还有倒档轴。三轴是传动部分的主要结构，输入轴的转速就是发动机的转速，中间轴与输出轴之间的啮合，从而产生的速度就是输出轴的转速。不同的齿轮啮合产生的传动比也是不同的，从而产生不同的速度。司机们在选择启动车档1档时，拨叉将1 / 2档齿轮和1档同步啮合并且锁定在输出轴上，1档齿轮上的动力输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，1档齿轮带动输出轴，然后将输出轴上的动力传递到驱动轴上（红色箭头）。一个典型的1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1，也就是说输入轴转三圈和输出轴转一圈。当汽车加速的时候司机选择2档，拨叉将1 / 2档齿轮同步器和1档分离后与2档齿轮相连接并锁定输出轴上，功率传输线相同，不同的是，输出轴齿轮从原来的1档变为2档，然后2档来使输出轴齿轮转动。典型2档变速齿轮传动比为2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈时，输出轴转一圈，相对于比1档转速增加，扭矩减小。当汽车加速的时候司机选择3档，拨叉将1 / 2档同步器回到空档，并且还允许3 / 4档同步器移动直到3档在输出轴齿轮上锁定，可以在输入轴、中间轴、输出轴中输出动力，3档变速齿轮带动输出轴转动。典型3档变速齿轮传动比为1.7:1，输入轴转1.7圈，输出轴只要转1圈，是速度进一步增加。当汽车加速的时候司机选择4档，拨叉将3 / 4档齿轮同步器与3档脱离直接与输入轴主动齿轮相连接，动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴，在传动比1:1，即输入轴和输出轴转速相同。因为动力不经过中间轴，也被称为直接档，直接档输出比中间档输出大。大多数汽车运行时使用直接档，从而来实现最佳的燃油经济性。当变速齿轮输出轴不能被锁定时换档要先挂入空档，他们不能带动输出轴转动，从而就没有动力输出。一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分1-4档，通常设计者首先确定最小（1档）和最大（4档）的传动比，中间各档传动比一般按等比级数分配。此外，还有倒档和超速档，超速档也被称为5档。当汽车加速的时候司机选择五档，一个典型的5档传动比为0.87:1，这是由一个小齿轮带动，当主动齿轮转0.87圈，被动齿轮已经转完1圈结束。倒档，是相反方向旋转的输出轴。如果一对齿轮啮合时，大
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