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含CAD图纸、说明书 50 10 桥式起重机 小车 机构 设计 CAD 图纸 说明书

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【温馨提示】压缩包内含CAD图有下方大图片预览，下拉即可直观呈现眼前查看、尽收眼底纵观。打包内容里dwg后缀的文件为CAD图，可编辑，无水印，高清图，压缩包内文档可直接点开预览，需要原稿请自助充值下载，所见才能所得，请见压缩包内的文件及下方预览，请细心查看有疑问可以咨询QQ：11970985或197216396

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压缩包内含有CAD图纸和说明书,咨询Q 197216396 或 11970985摘 要桥式起重机桥架的纵向静止是顺着铺设在两边高高的架子上的轨道运转的，而起重小车是顺着桥框上的轨道做横向运动，充沛利用了桥架下面空地段来吊运货物，它不受低空设施的防碍。这次选用的起重机是在厂房应用的。本次课题钻研的是起重机中小车起吊部分的构造设计，要求结构运转结实，定位要精确，安然并牢靠，技术功用强大。绪论局部简要地引荐了 50/10t 双梁桥式起重机的定义、功能、分类等，并参照起重机械设计对起重机小车起升机构及其各个零部件的设计计算，从桥式起重机起升机构各部件的介绍到详细零部件设计计算，起重机械设计为我做了具体参考， 大大提高了我的工作效率。关键词：桥梁式起重机；起升机构；零部件的设计计算压缩包内含有CAD图纸和说明书,咨询Q 197216396 或 11970985AbstractLongitudinal static of overhead traveling crane is laying tracks on both sides of a high shelf running down, and heavy vehicle is along a track on the bridge frame do lateral movement, make full use of the bridge below empty lots to lift goods, it is not subject to the low-level facilities prevented. Select the crane is applied in the workshop.Study of this topic is crane small car lifting part of the structural design, operation structure strong, positioning must be accurate, safe and reliable, has a strong technical function.The introduction partial briefly recommended the 50/10t double beam bridge type hoist crane definition, the function, the classification and so on, and refers to Hoisting machinery Design to lift the organization to the hoist crane car and each spare part design calculation, lifts the organization various parts introduction detailed spare part design calculation from the bridge type hoist crane, Hoisting machinery Design has made the concrete reference for me, enhanced my working efficiency greatly.Key words: Bridge-type hoist craneHoisting mechanismSpare part design calculation目录摘要IIAbstraIII1、绪论11.1 设计范围11.2 桥式起重机的分类11.3 桥式起重机的结构组成21.4 桥式起重机小车及其运行机构22、确定传动的方案32.1 传动方案的分类32.2 传动方案的选择33、起升机构中各个部件的计算与选择53.1 钢丝绳的计算与选择53.2 滑轮的计算与选择53.3 吊钩的选择53.4 卷筒组的选择与计算63.5 初选电动机型号与计算83.6 减速器选择与计算93.7 制动器的选择与计算113.8 联轴器的选择与计算123.9 制动时间的验算133.10 起动时间的验算143.11 电动机发热验算143.12 高速浮动轴的验算14结论16参考文献17IX第 1 章绪论1 绪 论1.1 设计范围本次设计的选题运行范围是针对厂房内的双梁桥式起重机，它生产批量大，材料消耗多。而我主要围绕起重机起吊部分展开设计计算及校核，下图所示就是经典的双梁桥式起重机展示。双梁桥式起重机1.2 桥式起重机的分类桥式起重机分为两大类：用在车间的物料装卸、吊运普遍是通用桥式起重机，而其往往装在车间的厂房立柱上；专用桥式起重机主要用在冶金厂的厂房、发电厂的厂房等地。它的组成部分包括架框和运行小车， 两根主梁和两根端梁组成了架框，而端梁上有行走的车轮，这样桥架的全体能够沿着车间上局部的轨道运转，小车车轮也能够沿着桥架运转。因为取物安装、特用性能和构造特点等的差异分红桥式起重机又存有各类模式。此次主题选用通用桥式起重机，大都是电动的双梁起重机，依照取物安装和构造之间的差异可分为：（1） 吊钩式桥式起重机吊钩式桥式起重机是把吊钩当做取物安装的起重机，其组成局部有起重小车、架框运转机构、架框金属构造和电气管制设施等。（2） 抓斗式桥式起重机抓斗式桥式起重机是把抓斗当做取物安装的起重机，用来抓碎散资料。剩下的局部地方和吊钩式桥式起动机一致。（3） 电磁式桥式起重机9电磁式桥式起重机是运用电磁盘当做取物安装的桥式起重机，吊运的是有导磁性的金属料。（4） 两用桥式起重机两用桥式起重机的两种取物安装分别是吊钩抓斗和抓斗电磁。其中的一种是用于吊钩，配有的别的一种起吊装备用于抓斗；而另外一种中的一套用于抓斗，配有的另一种起吊机构用于电磁盘。（5） 三用桥式起重机三用桥式起重机依据任务性质的差异，能够将其中恣意一种吊具变更运用。电动抓斗运用交流电，而电磁盘则反之，使用的时分变动电源需要经过转换开关来管制。这种桥式起动机在相比之下适宜用于各种资料品种常常改动的状况之下。（6） 双小车桥式起动机双小车桥式起动机中包括有两台起重小车，能够独自运作也可以结合运作，重载时，两台小车能够并列运转。这种起重机适用于起吊长方形物件。1.3 桥式起重机的结构组成桥式起重机常常是由装有大车运转机构的桥架和装有起升机构以及小车运转机构的起重小车、电气设施、司机室等几大局部组成。它的形态就像是一个两端支撑 在平行的两条架空轨道上程度静止的单跨平板桥 。起升机构的功用是用来垂直升降物品，而起重小车的功用是用来带着载荷做横向静止；桥架和大车运转机构的功用是用来将起重小车和物品作纵向挪动。1.4 桥式起重机小车及其运行机构桥式起重机的小车局部是由（1）起升机构（2）小车运转机构（3）小车架这三部分组成； 此外还有一些安然防护安装。其中小车运转机构的组成部分分别包括：减速器电动机车轮联轴器传动轴等第 2 章 确定传动的方案2、确定传动的方案2.1 传动方案的分类考虑到起重重量、起升的速度和起升的高度等设计参数的不一致，因此桥式起重机的小车存在多种传动方案。大体包括闭式和带有开式的齿轮传动这两大类。2.2 传动方案的选择此处我选用了闭式齿轮传动。开式用于低速，起重量大于 80t。a 和 b 图中：件 1 是电动机，件 4 是减速器，它们之间一个采用的是带制动轮的弹性柱销联轴器，一个采用的带制动轮的全齿联轴器间接衔接。c 图中所示：件 1 是电动机，件 4 减速器，它们之间采纳一个中部轴，然后轴的右端是件 10半齿联轴器。因为有径向和角度偏移，还能够沿轴向略微有些窜动， 所以称之为浮动轴。一个联轴器衔接与浮动轴相比照，浮动轴有以下几个长处：（1） 容许有较大的装配误差，而轴越长的话所允许的装配误差则越大。因而浮动轴长度个别不可太短,不然所起的弥补作用不会太大；（2） 因为培修操作空间足够，装配和改换整机更为便利；（3） 小车因零部件自身分量而惹起的轮压散布较为平均。为了在起动和制动时添加动力矩，则是应用浮动轴的缺陷添加整机数量和转动惯量。通过综合的考虑，选择方案 c。考虑到安全上的问题，当浮动轴被扭断时，制动器仍就能够限制住卷筒，件 8 与件 3 应该凑近减速器。如图 c 中虚线所示，也能够把制动器放在减速器的外向，同时装置一个与制动器相配合的制动轮，而后再在浮动轴的两端利用同种型号的两个半齿联轴器。第 3 章 起升机构中各个部件的计算与选择3、起升机构中各个部件的计算与选择3.1 钢丝绳的计算与选择初选双联滑轮组，额定起重重量，已知原始数据 Q=10t，选滑轮组倍率 m=3钢丝绳的最大拉力：=S Q+G钩j2mh组式（3.1）上式中 Q 代表：额定起重重量，已知原始数据 Q=10t； 查得G钩 =0.02Q=0.2t组 代表：滑轮组效率。h1-hm组= 导=1- 0.983= 0.98m(1-h导）3（1- 0.98）因此S = (10 + 0.2) 10 =17.35KNj2 3 0.98所选的钢丝绳直径需满足：式中系数 C=0.104d C式（3.2）d 0.104取标准直径 d=14mm，交互捻选取钢丝绳：14NAT 6 19S + IWR1550Z3.2 滑轮的计算与选择滑轮的最小直径：=13.69mm式中滑轮系数 h=20,卷筒 h=18dmin = hd式（3.3）dmin = 20 14 = 280mm ,取 D = 300mm （轮槽底径） 平衡滑轮 D平 =（0.6 0.8）D取 D平 = 0.8D = 0.8 300 = 240 mm3.3 吊钩的选择短型吊钩组吊钩横梁滑轮轴的下面位置，钩子的直杆部分比较短，滑轮组的横着方向的尺寸偏小，钢丝绳角度偏移量小，使用范围广泛，存在的缺陷是整体的尺寸庞大。长型吊钩组吊钩直柄长，横梁滑轮轴形成一体，整体在高度上的尺寸偏小，不过和短型吊钩组相反，它的轴向尺寸偏大，限制分支数只可以是偶数。挑选短型吊钩组，因为额定起重重量 Q=10t，任务类型是 M5，所以选择了直柄单钩LM12-M,其材料为 DG20。3.4 卷筒组的选择与计算3.4.1 卷筒的最小直径的确定卷筒槽底直径滑轮布置图D (e -1) d绳式（3.4）式中 e 是系数，桥式起重机在中级任务类型的 e=25。D (25 -1) 12.5 = 300mm 。取标准规格 D = 400mm, R = 7.5mm, p = 16mm, H1 = 5.5mm3.4.2 卷筒长度和厚度的计算L双 = （2L0 + L1 + L2）+ Lg式（3.5）而 L0= ( H max m + n)tpD0式（3.6）式中已知最大起升高度 H max =16m； n 表示：钢丝绳安全圈数，n1.5 取 2；t 表示：绳槽节距，t=d+（24）取 t=16mm；L1、L2 是剩下部分和不动钢丝绳所须长度，取 L1 = L2 = 3t ； 其中 Lg = L3 - 2H min tana；L3=350mm；H min =1350mm；a 5o 6o ，取 tan6=0.1；Lg = 350 - 2 1350 0.1 = 80mmL0卷筒一半的绳槽部分的长度。L = 16000 3+ 216 = 624.64mmop(400 +12.5)卷筒长度 L 双=2（624.64+48+48）+80=1521.28mm取 L 双=1550mm，卷筒材料采用 HT20-40壁厚d= 0.02D + (6 10) = 0.02 40 + (6 10) = 14 18取d=16mm，卷筒转速 n=vm/( D0)=37.06 转/分。3.4.3 卷筒强度校核卷筒的材料是 HT20-40，抗压强度为 400MPa,抗拉强度为 200MPa卷筒受到的压力：s 压 = Smax / pd=17350/(16 16)=67.77MPas压 =sb / k =400/5=80MPa式中 k 是起重机安全系数，取 k=5s压s压,符合要求。因 L3D,故计算弯曲拉应力：钢丝绳处于卷筒中央时，产生最大弯矩：Mmax=Smaxl =Smax(L-Lg)/2=17350(1550-80)/2=12752103 N.mm卷筒断面系数：内W = 0.1(D4 - D4）/ D弯矩产生的拉应力：=0.1（ 4004 - 2404 ）/400=5570560 mm3s 拉 =M/W=12752000/5570560=2.3MPas = s = 200 = 33.3 MPa拉66因此卷筒的弯曲应力强度足够。3.5 初选电动机型号与计算起升机构功率计算s拉s拉静N=（Q + G）V6120hO(千瓦)式（3.7）式中 0起升机构的总效率。0=组筒传=0.980.980.94=0.903N=（10000 + 200）16 = 29.53KW静6120 0.903N jc% = 25 K电N静 = 0.85 29.53 = 25.10KW按此公式初步选定起升机构的电动机功率，并选定电动机型号为 JZR252-8，功率 N30KW转速 n720 转/分最大转矩倍率j= 3.08转动惯量 GD2电3.38 公斤米 2额定扭矩M= 975 N = 975 30 40.625公斤米额n7203.6 减速器选择与计算3.6.1 减速器概述作用闭式传动中选择圆柱齿轮减速器，它的传动效率较高。减速器的作用：（1） 减缓速度并提升输出扭矩，按电机输出乘减速比获得扭矩输出比例，不外要关注不容许经过减速器的额外扭矩。（2） 减缓速度的同时使负载的惯量减低了，减速比的平方是惯量的缩小。3.6.2 减速器选型计算3.6.2.1 起升机构传动比i = n 电n卷= 720 = 19.4337.06式（3.8）已知传动比 I=22.9 电动机功率 N=30KW，电动机转速 n=720 转/分。选择型号为 ZQH65-V-3CA 的减速器，对应传动比 i=20，输入功率 N=47.5KW，转速n=750 转/分。3.6.2.2 减速器从动轴上的力的校核17（1） 最大扭矩的验算M max = 0.75j M 额 i h M 式（3.9）式中 M 额电动机的额定扭矩。M 额=40.625 公斤米； i传动比，i=20；从电动机传动到减速器从动轴的效率=0.94；j电机最大转矩倍数，j= 3.08 。M max = 0.75 3.08 40.625 20 0.94 = 1764.64公斤米查到减速器短暂容许扭矩M=2500Kgm，所以 M max M 。（2） 最大径向力的验算Fmax= Smax+ PGj F 2式（3.10）式中S max 表示钢丝绳最大静拉力， S max = 17350N ，即 1735 公斤；PGj 卷筒分量 GGJ=800 公斤。Fmax= 1735 + 800 = 2135公斤2经查得：减速器的低速轴上，最大短时许可扭矩为 5250 公斤米，而低速轴上最强准许径向载荷 P=9940 公斤。Fmax F 因此满足要求。（3） 起升速度验算V= pD0n绳 = 3.14 0.4125 720 = 15.543米/ 分，即 V=0.25905m/s。实m i3 20实速度偏差应小于 15% DV = 0.029即DV = 2.9% 1.75 ，因此满足要求。M实制静制31.66制动器的制动转矩一定得比货品产生的静力矩大，保障足够的安全裕度。这里采用的是常闭的，通用的块式制动器。3.8 联轴器的选择与计算3.8.1 联轴器的分类及特性联轴器在起重机中主要是用来衔接两根总体平行或同轴线安置的转轴，在传递扭矩的同时也弥补了一些角度和轴向偏移，更有甚者还能改善传动装置的动态特性。而半联轴器一般也可以当制动轮来用。在起重机中常常用到的联轴器包含齿轮式、弹性套柱销的、尼龙柱式、万向联轴器、耦合器等。3.8.2 联轴器的选型计算初选 CL 型联轴器（双锥型轴端）为电动机轴上的联轴器，并校核：M 计 M 式中 M 计联轴器上传播的算数力矩（公斤米）； M联轴器许用的扭矩（公斤米）M 计 = M 等效n1 = n1 j等效1 j等效2 M 零额 ；式（3.13）其中 nI相应于第 I 类载荷的安全系数，nI=1.8；j等效1 理论起重量变更波及的等效静载荷系数，；j等效1 = 1j等效2 机构启动、制动时动载荷对传递部件波及的等效动载荷系j等效2 = 1.6 ；M 零额相对于机构 JC%值的电动机额外力矩传至计算零部的力矩 M 零额=M 额=40.625 公斤米。M 等效 = 11.6 40.625 = 65公斤米所以M 计 = 1.811.6 40.625 = 117公斤米。按结构型式衔接尺寸和M 计查找联轴器的产品目录，因为考虑到电动机的轴径为联计70mm，所以选定型号为 CL4 的联轴器，其允许最大扭矩M=560 kgm，GD2=0.85kg m2.因为M K g N静 ，满足要求。3.12 高速浮动轴的验算许用应力计算法：d 式(3.17)式中 P传动的功率（KW）；n轴的转速，r/minr= d0/d轴内径 d0 与外径之比，对实心轴 r=0；许用应力，对 Q235 取 11.519.5MPa。d 56.1所以取 d=80mm 符合要求。第 4 章 结论4 结 论通过此次桥梁式起重机的设计，我在原有的理论力学、机械设计基础等知识的基础上学到了更多，收获满满。在设计的过程中我先大体的的复习了一下以前的知识，然后通过在图书馆翻阅有关起重机的发展、起重机的设计等书籍，使设计效率大大提高，同时又在起重机这一方面学习到了很多新的知识。从选题到大纲再到外文翻译，前期的准备工作准备的非常认真，之后就开始着手于毕业论文及图纸的绘制。根据给出的任务要求，此次桥梁式起重机的设计必须满足传动平稳可靠，传动装置部分的质量和体积竟可能使成本降到最低。通过参考起重机械设计中传统桥梁式起重机小车副起升机构的设计，小车副起升机构采用了把减速器放在小车的主动轮的中段的传动模式，并用联轴器连接。再从吊钩组、卷筒组、滑轮组及钢丝绳的选择与计算、电动机型号的选择、制动器的选择、联轴器的选择和浮动轴的选择以及一系列的校核来完成小车副起升机构的总体设计。通过设计选用 JZR2 52-8 的交流电动机作为动力源，联轴器将电动机的输出轴与减速器的高速轴联接了起来，因为减速器放出的转速比较慢，输出轴经过万向联轴器与浮动轴联接，浮动轴的另一端则是由联轴器与车轮的芯轴联接，把动力传递给车轮， 由此驱动车轮的运行。经过一个月的查找资料、绘制图纸，大量计算，最后根据任务书的各项要求整理、编写成说明书。本次设计包含起重机小车起吊部分总图绘制、起升机构各个部件的选用、计算校核，最终比较理想地完成了老师任务书中对桥梁式起重机小车副起升机构下达的参数要求。这次毕业设计完成后，我对桥梁式起重机及起重机小车副起升机构的工作原理的了解逐渐透彻，它们的结构组成，设计计算思路明朗了，设计方法也能掌握透彻，绘图软件的使用也更纯熟。参考文献参考文献1 起重机械严大考,郑兰霞.郑州大学出版社,2003 年.2 最新国内外起重机械实用技术性能手册田复兴.中国水利水电出版社，2004 年3 起重技术崔碧海.重庆大学出版社,2003 年.4 现代起重运输机械黄大魏,李风,毛文杰.化学工业出版社,2006 年.5 桥式起重机设计计算坂本种芳,长谷川政弘.中国铁道出版社,1987 年.6 起重运输机械张质文,刘全德.中国铁道出版社,1983 年7 机械工程手册第一机械工业部起重运输机械研究所.机械工业出版社,1979 年.8 起重机设计手册起重机设计手册编写组.机械工业出版社,1980 年.9 起重输送机械图册吕建行.机械工业出版社,1992 年.10 起重机典型结构图册管彤贤,潘力行等.11 起重运输机械陈道南,过玉卿,周培德,盛汉中.机械工业出版社,1981 年.12 起重机设计计算胡宗武,顾迪民.北京科学技术出版社,1989 年.13 机械设计手册第 4 卷成大先.机械工业出版社,2004 年.14 起重机械倪庆兴,王焕勇.上海交通大学出版社，1990 年. 15.机械工程手册第 67 篇起重机械.机械工业出版社,1979 年.16 起重机设计规范GB3811-83.中国标准出版社，1984 年.17 机械原理孙桓,陈作模.高等教育出版社,2001 年.18 机械制造技术基础周宏甫.高等教育出版社,2004 年.19 减速器选用手册周明衡.化学工业出版社,2002 年.20 机械设计濮良贵.高等教育出版社，2001 年.任 务 书设计（论文）题目：50/10t双梁桥式起重机小车起升机构设计 学生姓名： 学号：专业：所在学院：指导教师：职称：发任务书日期：年月日 任务书填写要求1毕业设计（论文）任务书由指导教师根据各课题的具体情况填写，经学生所在专业的负责人审查、系（院）领导签字后生效。此任务书应在毕业设计（论文）开始前一周内填好并发给学生。2任务书内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写，不得涂改或潦草书写；或者按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式（可从教务处网页上下载）打印，要求正文小4号宋体，1.5倍行距，禁止打印在其它纸上剪贴。3任务书内填写的内容，必须和学生毕业设计（论文）完成的情况相一致，若有变更，应当经过所在专业及系（院）主管领导审批后方可重新填写。4任务书内有关“学院”、“专业”等名称的填写，应写中文全称，不能写数字代码。学生的“学号”要写全号，不能只写最后2位或1位数字。 5任务书内“主要参考文献”的填写，应按照金陵科技学院本科毕业设计（论文）撰写规范的要求书写。6有关年月日等日期的填写，应当按照国标GB/T 740894数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日期和时间表示法规定的要求，一律用阿拉伯数字书写。如“2002年4月2日”或“2002-04-02”。毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书1本毕业设计（论文）课题应达到的目的： 通过毕业设计初步掌握机械设计的方法和步骤，同时提高查阅资料的能力和发现问题解决问题的能力。提高综合运用所学知识的能力。2本毕业设计（论文）课题任务的内容和要求（包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等）： 适用于厂房主钩副钩起重量50t10t起升高度12m16m起升速度9m/min16m/min工作级别M5小车自重15.5t18.5t小车运行速度4045m/min轮距3400mm轨距2500mm 毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书3对本毕业设计（论文）课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求： 一、设计总装配图及若干零件图二、设计说明书一份三、英文资料翻译（3000字以上）4主要参考文献： 1 起重机械严大考,郑兰霞.郑州大学出版社,2003年.2 最新国内外起重机械实用技术性能手册田复兴.中国水利水电出版社，2004年3 起重技术崔碧海.重庆大学出版社,2003年.4 现代起重运输机械黄大魏,李风,毛文杰.化学工业出版社,2006年.5 桥式起重机设计计算坂本种芳,长谷川政弘.中国铁道出版社,1987年. 6 起重运输机械张质文,刘全德.中国铁道出版社,1983年7 机械工程手册第一机械工业部起重运输机械研究所.机械工业出版社,1979年.8 起重机设计手册起重机设计手册编写组.机械工业出版社,1980年.9 起重输送机械图册吕建行.机械工业出版社,1992年.10 起重机典型结构图册管彤贤,潘力行等.11 起重运输机械陈道南,过玉卿,周培德,盛汉中.机械工业出版社,1981年.12 起重机设计计算胡宗武,顾迪民.北京科学技术出版社,1989年.13 机械设计手册第4卷成大先.机械工业出版社,2004年.14 起重机械倪庆兴,王焕勇.上海交通大学出版社，1990年.15.机械工程手册第67篇起重机械.机械工业出版社,1979年.16 起重机设计规范GB3811-83.中国标准出版社，1984年. 17 机械原理孙桓,陈作模.高等教育出版社,2001年.18 机械制造技术基础周宏甫.高等教育出版社,2004年.19 减速器选用手册周明衡.化学工业出版社,2002年. 20 机械设计濮良贵.高等教育出版社，2001年.毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书5本毕业设计（论文）课题工作进度计划：20XX.12.16-20XX.1.10 完成开题20XX.2.25-2.16.3.9 毕业实习调研，完成开题报告、中英文翻译、论文大纲20XX.3.19-20XX.4.25 提交论文草稿，4月中旬中期检查20XX.4.26-20XX.5.6 提交论文定稿20XX.5.6-20XX.5.13 准备答辩20XX.5.13-20XX.5.26 答辩，成绩评定，修改完成最终稿所在专业审查意见：通过负责人： 20XX 年 12 月23 日 毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 参 考 资 料 及 译 文译文题目：起重机的发展、机械运用、机械原理 学生姓名： 学号： 专业： 所在学院： 指导教师： 职称： 20xx年 02 月 25 日外文原文Crane development, mechanical application, mechanical principleOne.Crane developmentAs in recent years the rapid development of industry of our country large-scale infrastructure construction, energy, real estate, petrochemical industry and shipbuilding industry, and so, continues to expand the scale of industrial production, the proportion of increasing efficiency of production, and production process of material handling expenses increased, the increasing demand to make large or high-speed crane. Weight is more and more big, work more and more frequently, and on the energy consumption and reliability of proposed higher requirements. Crane has become an important part of the automation production process. Crane is not only better use, easy maintenance, convenient operation and better security, fault less MTBF working hours to Long. Reliability is the focus of international competition in the product market, many foreign companies have developed internal control standards for reliability. The crane performance to catch up with the world advanced level, the key is to change the traditional concept of thinking, improve the reliability and the crane has excellent durability, trouble free, maintainability and use economy.The diversity of modern industrial means of production and the demand of the user, so that special crane market continues to expand, increasing varieties, with special functions to meet the special need, give full play to the best utility. Special metallurgical crane, explosion-proof, anti-corrosion, insulation crane and railway, ships, special purpose vehicle crane and some special industry and special crane function continues to increase, constantly improve the performance, adaptability is stronger than ever.Many cranes are produced into the bulk of the series of products, the system multi objective global optimization method for design of crane series has become a focus on the development, through a comprehensive consideration of performance, cost, technology, production management and batch manufacturing, use and maintenance of various factors of main parameters of reasonable matching, to to improve the performance of the whole. For reducing the cost of manufacture and improving the level of generalization, the less the number of standard parts composed of many varieties, specifications of series of products, fully meet the needs of users.Modular design instead of the traditional design method of machine, crane on the basic functions of the same components, components and parts made for a variety of purposes, have the same connection elements and interchangeable standard module, through the combination of different modules, the formation of different types and specifications of the crane. The crane is improved, just for afew modules. New crane design, only need to choose different modules to combine. Due to the improvement of the level of generalization, the single piece and small batch production of the products change with considerable quantities of module production, achieve high efficiency of specialized production, reduce the manufacturing cost. With fewer modules, combined into a multi product A kind of crane, meet the market demand, increase the ability of competition.To derive a general method of product distribution, Finland KONE crane company design of bridge crane fully consider the module, the series, the whole mechanism, components and parts with each other between the parameter matching, the ability to achieve the most economic and reasonable collocation effect. The weight and the lifting speed is constant lifting mechanism is mainly component reaches the maximum. Then through the pulley ratio changes more specifications. The company at the end of the beam and girder is adopted between the friction ring and high strength bolt connection, improves the interchangeability and size precision and reduce the joint surface machining. And any girder can be quickly and effectively connected. For single girder and double girder Two forms of beam end module, according to the length and weight, can determine the applicable end beam model. And the companys sh series end beam using the eccentric adjusting design. At the end of the beam and girder assembled appear diagonal error by changing the wheel fixed way to correct.The updating and development of the crane, depends to a large extent on improvement of the electric transmission and control. Combine automation technology and mechanical technology, advanced microelectronic technology, power electronics technology, optical cable communication technology, hydraulic technology, fuzzy control technology is applied to the mechanical drive and control system, realizes the automation and semi automation. The crane composition of material handling system has higher flexibility, in order to adapt to the flexible production mode of the future much less bulk batch. Large, crane a new generation of electric control device has been developed for fully electronic digital control system. Mainly by full digital control driving device, programmable controller p LC, fault diagnosis and data managing system, composed of a digitally manipulated to detect a given equipment. It attributed to the crane to functional information, information transmission, processing and power control, greatly improving the comprehensive automation level. The control aspects focus on the development of sling anti partial anti shake technology, fetching device automatically, unloading technology, position detection and automatic position control technology, fault self diagnosis monitoring technology.Two, the use of lifting machineryCrane hoisting machinery and is used for vertical lifting or vertical lifting and horizontal movement heavy mechanical and electrical equipment, the scope is specified as rated starting weight greater than or equal to 0.5T lift; rated lifting weight greater than or equal to 1t (or rated heavy torque is greater than or equalto the 40t - m tower crane, or productivity is greater than or equal to / h of the loading and unloading bridge), and the lifting height is greater than or equal to 2m; number of layers is greater than or equal to 2 layers of mechanical parking equipment.According to the State General Administration of quality supervision, inspection and Quarantine issued , heavy machinery is divided into: bridge crane, gantry crane, tower crane, mobile crane, gantry crane, lift, cable crane, derrick crane, mechanical parking equipment.Mainly used for transporting lifting operation is the machinery and equipment or other objects from one place to another a place of a kind of industrial process. The majority of hoisting machinery in the spreader reclaimer is vertical or perpendicular to both the level of working stroke, arrived at the destination after unloading, and air travel to reclaiming location to complete a work cycle, and then again for the second time lifting. Generally speaking, lifting machinery, reclaimer, transport and unloading is in turn, the corresponding mechanism is intermittent. Heavy mechanical handling into the item, equipped with bucket after handling coal, ore, grain, such as bulk material, equipped with bucket hoisting molten steel and liquid Some lifting machinery such as elevators can also be used for manned. In some occasions, lifting equipment or the main operating machinery, such as the loading and unloading of materials in the port and the station is the main operating machinery.All kinds of heavy machinery for different purposes and structure have great differences, but they all have to realize the lifting the basic movements of the hoisting mechanism. Some lifting machinery also has run institutions, luffing mechanism, slewing mechanism or other special work institutions. Materials can be by wire rope or chain flexibility piece hanging lifting, but also by the screw or other rigid pieces of lifting.Heavy machinery is a space transportation equipment, the main role is the displacement of complete weight. It can reduce labor intensity, improve labor productivity. Heavy machinery is indispensable for modern production part, some lifting machinery but also in the production process of some special process operation, realize the mechanization and automation of the production process.From heavy machinery help human to conquer and change nature of activities, the realization of the past can not be achieved large objects of lifting and moving, such as the heavy ships of the sub assembly, lifting the overall chemical reaction tower, stadium steel roof truss hoisting.Three, mechanical principleBridge crane is running on the elevated track of a bridge type crane, also known as crane. Crane bridge laying along the elevated track in the vertical sides of runs, heavy cart along the laying on the bridge transverse running track, constitute a rectangular scope of work, you can make full use of space below the bridge lifting material, from the ground equipment hindered.Bridge crane widely used in indoor and outdoor warehouses, factories, docks and open pit, etc. bridge crane can be divided into simple beam bridge crane, ordinary bridge crane and metallurgical special bridge crane three kinds.Ordinary bridge crane is generally by the bridge operation organization, heavy vehicle, structure and composition of metal bridge. Heavy car by hoisting mechanism and the car run institutions and small frame is composed of three parts. Lifting mechanism comprises a brake, motor, reducer, drum and pulley. Motor through the speed reducer, drives the drum to rotate, so that the wire rope around the drum or from the roll down, to lift heavy objects. Small frame is a support and installation of lifting mechanism and the car run institutions and other parts of the frame, usually welded structure.More than moving crane operating mechanism driving mode can be divided into two major categories: a class is driven by a motor to drive the long drive shaft on both sides of the driving wheel; the other is respectively driven, that is, on both sides of the driving wheel, a motor drive, the small bridge hoisting machine more use of brakes, reducer and motor are combined into one of the three a drive mode, the weight of ordinary bridge crane for ease of installation and adjustment, the driving device is often used universal coupling. The crane running organization in general only four active and from the wheels of the car, if the weight of large, commonly used to increase the wheel of the ways to reduce the wheel pressure. When the wheel In the four one, we must use the hinge balanced frame device, so that the load of the crane is evenly d istributed on each wheel.The metal structure of the bridge from the main beam and side beam composition, divided into two kinds: single girder bridge and the double beam bridge, single girder bridge is composed by a single main beam and in span on both sides of the end beam, dual beam bridge consists of two main beams and girders composition.Main beam and the end beam rigid connection, both ends of the side beams fitted with wheels, to support bridge run elevated. The main welding track, for the heavy car running. Bridge girder structure types more typical of a box structure, four truss and truss structure.Box structure can be divided into partial double rail box girder, partial rail box girder, double track box beam several. Double track box beam is wide ly used a basic form, girder is composed of an upper, bottom flange plate and the both sides of the vertical web components, trolley rail arranged on the flange of the center line, it has the advantages of simple structure, convenient manufacture, and is suitable for mass production, but greater weight.Partial double track box beam and partial rail box girder section are from, flange and the different thickness of the main and auxiliary webs composition, car rail arrangement at the top of the main web, box body short stiffening plate can save, one of partial rail box girder is by a single box girder with wide flange for two main beams, small self weight but made more complex.外文译文起重机的发展、机械运用、机械原理一、起重机发展随着近年来我国大型基础设施建设、能源、房地产、石化工业和造船工业等行业的快速发展，工业生产规模不断扩大，生产效率日益提高，以及产品生产过程中物料装卸搬运费用所占比例逐渐增加，促使大型或高速起重机的需求量不断增长。起重量越来越大，工作越来越频繁，并对能耗和可靠性提出更高的要求。起重机已成为自动化生产流程中的重要环节。起重机不但要好用，容易维护，操作方便，而且安全性要好，故障要少，平均无故障工作时间要长。可靠性是国际市场产品竞争的焦点，国外许多大公司都制定了可靠性内控标准。我国起重机的性能要赶超世界先进水平，最关键的是要改变传统的思维理念,提高可靠性，使起重机具有优异的耐久性、无故障性、维修性和使用经济性。现代工业生产方式和用户需求的多样性，使专用起重机的市场不断扩大，品种也不断增多，以特有的功能满足特殊的需要，发挥出最佳的效用。冶金专用起重机，防爆、防腐、绝缘起重机和铁路、船舶、车辆专用起重机以及一些特殊行业专用起重机的功能不断增加，性能不断提高，适应性比以往更强。许多起重机是成系列成批量的产品，采用系统多目标整体优化方法进行起重机系列设计已成为发展重点，通过全面考虑性能、成本、工艺、生产管理、制造批量和使用维护等多种因素对系列主参数进行合理匹配，以达到改善整机性能降低制造成本，提高通用化程度，用较少规格数的零部件组成多品种、多规格的系列产品，充分满足用户需求。用模块化设计代替传统的整机设计方法，将起重机上功能基本相同的构件、部件和零