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中文题目：赵庄二矿2.40Mt/a新井初步设计外文题目：THE NEW SHAFT DESIGN OF ZHAOZHUANG NO.2MINE(2.40MT/A)附录A 译文中国采煤方法我国煤炭资源丰富，已知含煤区域面积约55万多km2，绝大多数省、市、自治区(含台湾省)都赋存有不同数量的煤炭资源。根据1985年末全国累计探明总们量为782234Mt。 我国煤炭资源赋存有以下主要特点，一是煤炭形成的地质年代长，从早古生代至第四纪，均有煤炭沉积。具有工业价值的煤层形成始于早石炭世，成煤期自老而新有早古生代、早石炭世、早二迭世、石炭二叠纪、晚二叠世、晚三叠世、早侏罗世、中侏罗世、白垩纪、第三纪及第四纪等11个地质年代。早古生代是石煤的主要形成时期，第四纪仅有泥炭堆积。其余9个成煤期中，石炭二叠纪、早中侏罗纪及晚侏罗纪和第三纪，是我国三大聚煤期。因此，形成多类型，多煤层的赋存状态；二是地质构造多，煤层赋存条件多样，1988年统配煤矿可采储量中，按煤层厚度分，薄煤层占1736，中厚煤层占3784，厚煤层占4480；按煤层倾角分，缓倾斜煤层占8595，倾斜煤层占10.16，急倾斜煤层占389。 我国是发展中国家，幅员辽阔，人口多，底子薄，各地区技术、经济发展不平衡，结合资源特点，应用了多种采煤方法，据不完全统计，我国现采用的采煤方法达50余种，是世界上采煤方法最多的国家之一。这些采煤方法的形成，经历了漫长的岁月，特别是新中国成立后，经过改革、发展、完善，积累了丰富的经验，形成了具有我国特点的采煤方法体系。 我国不仅是当今世界上煤炭产量最多的国家，也是世界上最早开发利用煤炭的国家，早在六、七千年以前就已开始开发利用煤炭，有着开采煤炭的悠久历史。 1840年鸦片战争之后，沦为半封建半殖民地的我国煤矿，采煤方法落后，采用原始的穿峒式、残柱式、高落式等采煤方法，采掘等主要作业依靠工人繁重的体力劳动。 1895年以后，日、英、德帝国主义相继在我国开矿，20世纪30年代， 日本帝国主义占领了我国东北，把掠夺中国煤炭资源作为其穷兵黩武的重要资源，采煤方法更向着富有掠夺性的方向发展，滥采乱挖，开采的煤炭资源损失率高达7080以上；矿工的劳动条件极端恶劣，煤矿的安全状况极差，伤亡事故严重。 1945年抗日战争胜利后，大部分煤矿为国民党政权接管，采煤方法基本没有改变。1对旧中国采煤方法的改造(19491957年) 新中国成立后，即对旧中国的采煤方法进行改革。1950年5月，燃料工业部在全国煤矿会议上作出了国营煤矿推行生产方法改革和安全生产的决议，提出要有计划、有步骤地进行生产改革。首先从改革采煤方法开始，把落后的穿峒式、高落式、残柱式等旧采煤方法，改为新的长壁式采煤方法，以提高煤炭资源回收率，保护国家资源。强调在安全的原则下进行生产，改善矿井通风，改善工人的劳动环境和安全生产条件，通过了关于全国煤矿全面推行新的采煤方法的决定，强调指出“采煤方法的改革是煤炭工业的一次革命”。 在缓倾斜薄及中厚煤层中，将残柱式和穿峒式改为单一长壁工作面采煤方法；在缓倾斜、倾斜厚煤层中，将高落式等采煤方法改为倾斜分层下行垮落采煤法，少数特厚煤层改用走向长壁上行水砂充填采煤方法，对急倾斜厚煤层则改用了水平分层下行垮落采煤法。到1957年，国营煤矿以长壁式为主的新采煤方法的产量比重达到了926，采区回采率提高到70左右，工人的劳动环境和安全生产条件得到了明显改善。2长壁式采煤方法的巩固与发展(19571974年) 我国长壁式采煤方法的巩固与发展，是在不断改善顶板管理和提高采煤机械化程度的过程中实现的。在顶板管理方面，改变了旧采煤方法无支护的状况，采煤工作面从采用各种形式的木支架到推广应用金属摩擦支柱和铰接顶梁。 在缓倾斜、倾斜厚及特厚煤层，主要是推行和完善倾斜分层下行垮落采煤法，改进人工假顶的铺设，采用竹笆假顶、荆条假顶、金属网假顶等以代替木板假顶，发展了以金属网为主要假顶材料的铺网工艺；并推行黄泥灌浆等措施以形成稳定的顶板；同时，在缓倾斜特厚煤层中，推行了倾斜分层上行水砂充填采喋方法。 为在厚和特厚煤层中安全可靠地应用倾斜分层走向长壁下行垮落采煤方法，采用了黄泥灌浆，不仅起到了预防煤层自然发火的作用，而且有利于形成再生顶板，使顶板状况得到改善，扩大了下行垮落采煤方法的使用范围。 对急倾斜薄及中厚煤层开采，先后推广应用了风镐落煤的倒台阶采煤法及爆破落煤的单一长壁采煤法。对急倾斜厚煤层，主要推行水平分层和斜切分层采煤法，并在试用掩护支架采煤方法的基础上，创新了伪斜柔性掩护支架采煤法，大大丰富了急倾斜采煤方法的内容。与此同时，对工作面无支护的急倾斜煤层采煤方法，如仰斜条带式仓储采煤方法、伪斜走向长壁仓储式采煤方法、小阶段爆破采煤方法、巷道长壁采煤法及钢绳锯采煤法等，都进行了试验和应用，取得了一定效果。 在推行长壁式采煤方法的过程中，我国十分重视发展机械化采煤，以进一步减轻工人的繁重体力劳动。从50年代开始，在双鸭山，鸡西、淄博、大同、淮南等矿区使用过深截深框式采煤机。1964年研制成功MLQ-64型浅截深单滚筒采煤机，与SGW-44型可弯曲刮板输送机配套，采用金属摩擦支柱和金属铰接顶梁，形成了当时的普通机械化采煤工作面。使采煤工作面的落煤、装煤、运煤和移置输送机等工序实现了机械化。这种普通机械化采煤较快地得到了推广，采煤机械化程度，由“一五”(19531957年)期末的4.11提高到“三五”(19661970年)期末的153，使长壁式采煤方法得到了巩固和发展。3长壁式采煤方法多种采煤工艺的发展及采煤方法的现状(19741990年) 为了进一步发展长壁式采煤方法，我国参照国外发展采煤机械化的经验，进行了综合机械化采煤设备的研制与试验，1974年第一批自行设计、制造的综采设备，在井下进行试验。与此同时；成套引进了国外的综采设备，消化、吸收国外的经验，以便更快、更好地发展我国的综合机械化采煤。 1978年，中国共产党十一届三中全会以后，我国国民经济进入了一个新的发展时期。1979年年初，原煤炭工业部召集了有关专家，系统研究和制订了我国第一个较全面的煤炭工业技术政策，并于同年 9月颁发执行，明确了综合机械化采煤的方向。 随着改革、开放，先后从国外引进了100多套综采设备，并和国外进行了广泛的技术交流，加速了我国综采设备的攻关和研制工作，现在我国已经能够自行设计、制造缓倾斜薄及中厚煤层和厚煤层倾斜分层工作面的综采设备以及缓倾斜厚煤层的综采设备，在主要技术性能方面，接近国外80年代先进水平。从而使我国的综合机械化采煤有了较大的发展，并推动了采煤方法的进一步完善。 为了适应煤炭工业发展的需要，1987年又修订和颁布了新的煤炭工业技术政策，进一步指出要加快发展综合机械化采煤。历年来综合机械化采煤发展情况如表11所示。 在发展综采的同时， 注意提高普通机械化采煤设备的能力和可靠性，1978年后先后研制了 DY-100、DY-150型单滚筒采煤机、MLS3p-170双滚筒采煤机以替代MLQ-64、MLQ2-80型单滚筒采煤机；以SGW-150、SGB-150C型刮板输送机替代SGW-40、SGW-44、SGW-80型刮板输送机。特别是研制成功了单体液压支柱代替金属摩擦支柱。用这三者配套形成新的第二代普通机械化采煤设备；在肥城矿务局进行了试验，取得了良好的技术经济效果，把普通机械化采煤向前推进了一大步。1988年后又用MG-150W，型无链牵引双滚筒采煤机代替单滚筒采煤机，以SGZCF630220型双速侧卸封底式刮板输送机代替SGB-150C型刮板输送机，单体液压支柱配合型长钢梁及切项墩柱支护，完成了第三代普通机械化采煤的设备配套，应用中取得了更加良好的技术经济效果。 在此期间，长壁式采煤工作面的炮采工艺也得到了较大的发展，在徐州矿务局义安矿、峰峰矿务局通二矿、平顶山矿务局五矿和大庄矿，采用了毫秒雷管爆破、配套的防炮崩单体液压支柱和双速大功率刮板输送机，进行爆破装煤的采煤工艺试验取得了成功，并获得良好的技术经济效果，现在已在适合的条件逐步推广。 在不断完善长壁采煤工艺的过程中，对综采放顶煤采煤方法进行了探索。1982年开始研制了综采放顶煤支架，首先在沈阳矿务局蒲河矿缓倾斜特厚煤层中试验。其后在窑街矿务局二矿急倾斜特厚煤层中，进行了水平分段综采放顶煤试验，取得了较好的效果。随后又在通化矿务局道清矿和湾沟矿，辽源矿务局的梅河三井和四井，乌鲁木齐矿务局的六道湾矿等急倾斜特厚煤层相继进行了这种方法的试验，获得较好效果，其单产、工效、安全和其它技术经济指标，均较传统的水平分层、斜切分层、掩护支架、斜坡陷落等采煤方法好。 平顶山矿务局、阳泉矿务局、潞安矿务局等在缓倾斜厚及特厚煤层中，也进行了综采放顶煤的试验，有的矿在某些技术经济指标上取得了良好的效果。但是，煤的自燃、煤尘大和沼气积聚等问题，尚未得到很好解决。另外，煤炭资源回采率也尚不稳定。 一些煤矿在资金不足及适合的煤层条件下，试验了滑移顶梁放顶煤采煤方法，取得了良好的效果。如甘肃省华亭煤矿，在急倾斜特厚煤层中，试验了水平分段滑移顶梁放顶煤采煤方法，取得了良好的技术经济指标。陕西省彬县百子沟煤矿和甘肃省崇信县新窑煤矿，在缓倾斜特厚煤层中，也进行了滑移顶梁放顶煤采煤方法的试验。与这些矿过去采用的旧采煤方法相比，技术经济指标有了明显的改善。但是，也暴露出一些问题，主要是煤层倾角增大后，滑移顶梁支架的不稳定性显得特别突出。为简化采区生产系统，从70年代起，在倾角较小的煤层，推广采用了倾斜长壁采煤法。这种采煤方法减少了生产环节及巷道工程量，经济效益显著。目前采用这种采煤方法的产量约占统配煤矿产量的 12左右，并有进一步发展的趋势。 70年代末期开始，我国试验和推广了无煤柱护巷，沿空掘巷和沿空留巷技术都有较大进展，特别是沿空留巷巷旁充填技术试验获得成功，为无煤柱护巷的发展开辟了更加广阔的前景，也为采用前进式开采创造了条件。此外，成功地应用了跨上山、跨石门回采，改善了巷道维护条件，增加了工作面推进方向长度，减少了煤炭损失，也进一步完善了长壁式采煤方法。 近年来，我国从美国引进了一批连续采煤机，在鸡西，大同、西山等矿务局和部分地方煤矿进行连续采煤机房柱式采煤方法的试验，在煤层赋存条们：适合的矿取得了一定的效果。 我国水力采煤开始于50年代，60年代实现了落煤水压由初期的56MPa提高到1214MPa，进入 70年代我国试验成功了20MPa高压大射流水力落煤技术。现在落煤的水射流压力已普遍过渡到10MPa以上，采用漏斗式和小阶段式水力采煤方法开采过倾角815度以上、厚度0714m的各类煤层，以及不稳定煤层、岩浆岩侵入、煤尘大等一些特殊条件的煤层。在水力复采残煤技术方面，也积累了一定的经验。而且对金属掩护网下水采、特厚煤层倾斜分层综采配以水射流放顶煤，以及高压细射流机水结合落煤工艺等都进行了探索和试验。 我国的水体下采煤，在50年代成功开采含水冲积层下厚煤层和煤层群的基础上，70年代又开采了淮河、资江等大河流漫滩、近河床以及大型水库下的压煤，同时在基岩含水层，包括石灰岩岩溶水体下和无隔水层条件的河下压煤试采获得成功。80年代，对承压含水层上煤层的试采也获得成功，建筑物下采煤的研究始于60年代，先后进行了工业厂房、村庄和城镇保安煤柱的开采，70年代以来对建筑物的井上、下保护措施进行了较全面的试验研究，取得了较系统的经验，70年代后期以来还成功地开采了井筒和工业场地煤柱。铁路下采煤始于50年代，先从铁路支线压煤开采的试验开始，继而开采了不同条件的铁路煤柱，如山区铁路煤柱、铁路车站和铁路桥梁及干线铁路下煤柱开采，均取得成功，通过不同条件的建筑物下、水体下和铁路下采煤的试验和研究，不仅取得了明显的技术经济效果，还总结了一些矿区上覆岩层及地表移动的规律。 总结这一阶段，随着综合机械化、普通机械化采煤和炮采的发展，长壁式采煤方法逐步完善，急倾斜煤层的各种采煤方法以及水力采煤方法也都有不同程度的提高，形成了以长壁式采煤方法为主的多种采煤方法并存的现状。我国1990年统配煤矿井工开采采煤方法构成情况如表1-2所示。其生产指标如图1-1所示。 目前，我国露天采煤的产量比重较小，约占全国产量的35，其发展可分为三个时期。“一五”期间为第一个时期，新建和改建了海州、抚顺、新邱等露天矿，采用34m333333单斗铲，80t、150t准轨电力机车或蒸汽机车运输，从国外引进了部分设备；60年代为发展露天煤矿的第二个时期，建设了一批主要装备立足于国内的露天矿，如义马、哈密三道岭、平庄、，鹤岗岭北、宁夏大峰、扎赉诺尔灵泉及海渤湾公乌素等露天矿。这些露天矿多数采用单斗铲一铁道运输开采工艺，少数采用卡车运输。与此同时，还建设了一些小型露天煤矿，如依兰、可保、焦坪等露天煤矿，这些露天煤矿多数采用窄轨铁路或窄轨一斜坡绞车：提升。80年代为第三个时期，建设了平朔、霍林河、准格尔、伊敏、元宝山和东胜等大型和中型露天矿，分别采用了轮斗挖掘机一胶带输送机连续开采工艺、单斗铲卡车开采工艺及半连续开采工艺，使露天开采工艺和技术装备均有较大发展。二、采煤方法发展的途径及主要经验 采煤方法发展涉及到多种因素，这些因素有互相制约的方面，又有相互促进的方面。若能处理好这些因素的关系，就能促进采煤方法的发展，总结四十年来这方面工作的经验，对今后采煤方法的发展有重要的指导意义。1.采煤机械化水平的提高是采煤方法发展中最重要的因素 建国初期，国营煤矿淘汰了手镐落煤的穿峒式采煤方法和高落式采煤方法，采用电钻打眼、爆破落煤、人工装煤、小型V形输送机运煤，采煤工作面采用木支架支护及密集支柱放顶。 为了提高炮采工作面的爆破效果，在鸡西矿务局麻山矿试验和使用截煤机和刮板输送机，用截煤机掏槽增加爆破自由面，提高爆破落煤的效果。同时截煤机在一些矿井兼用作截装机还起到装煤的作用，使采煤工艺水平得到定的提高。 炮采工艺在使用过程中，通过不断改进，逐步推广，到1952年爆破落煤的比重约达48，到1957年达到了922，手镐落煤降到了37，人工装煤由1952年921降到874，采煤工作面各类输送机和自溜运煤的比重，由1952年的6962提高到1957年的9262。 与此同时进行了长壁工作面各工序机械化的探索，1953年在双鸭山矿务局岭西矿首先试验和使用了深截深框式联合采煤机，采煤工作面的落煤和装煤实现了机械化，以后在缓倾斜厚煤层倾斜分层走向长壁下行垮落采煤工作面和倾斜分层走向长壁上行水砂充填采煤工作面进行了试验，到“一五”期末，国营煤矿的采煤机械化程度达到了411。 在推广深截深框式联合采煤机的过程中，首先发现由于截深大，工作面控顶距离大，截后及时支护困难，对顶板有着较严格的要求；二是截框固定不能适应煤层厚度的变化，有时留顶煤太厚还得打顶眼放炮落煤；三是因为截深大，机械装煤率较低，人工攉煤量大；四是功率小，煤硬时割不动还得放震动炮。同时，CKP-11型刮板输送机需解体移动，不仅劳动强度大，而且需占用大量生产时间。因此，没有得到更多的推广。 60年代，借鉴和引进了国外浅截深滚筒式采煤机和可弯曲刮板输送机，研制成功了MLQ-64浅截深滚筒式采煤机和SGW-44型可弯曲的刮板输送机，并进行了工业性试验，试验工作面采用金属摩擦支柱和铰接顶梁，用摩擦支柱密集放顶，滚筒采煤机骑在可弯曲输送机上紧靠煤壁割煤，割煤后即挂上铰接顶梁，用千斤顶把可弯曲输送机推到紧靠新割出的煤壁，随后支设金属摩擦支柱，及时托住新暴露出的顶板。由于滚筒为螺旋式、截深浅，提高了机械化的装煤效果。试验取得了良好的技术经济效果。与炮采工艺相比，落煤、装煤、运煤都实现了机械化。以：MLQ-64型浅截深滚筒采煤机和SGW-44型刮板输送机以及金属摩擦支柱和铰接顶梁为代表装备的普通机械化采煤试验成功，开始了我国机械化采煤的新里程，得到了逐步推广。在推广过程中，不少局，矿还将旧的KMII-1型截煤机和框式联合采煤机改装成浅截深滚筒采煤机，积极推广普通机械化采煤。到1975年，统配煤矿普通机械化采煤的产量比重达到 2107。 从普通机械化采煤发展到综合机械化采煤是采煤工艺发展的飞跃，70年代初，我国开始组织了综采设备的技术攻关，首先进行了液压支架研制，为满足发展的需要，又从国外引进了部分成套综采设备，不仅加快了综采的发展速度，而且也使我国综采设备的设计，制造质量得到较快地提高，特别是液压支架的性能和质量迅速地达到国际上较先进水平。 液压支架的架型有了很大发展，从70年代初开始研制的垛式支架，经历了ZYZ型、QY型及QY经济型掩护式支架，继而发展到ZY型等支撑掩护式支架。在液压支架结构上有很大改进，到80年代中、后期，又研制成功了大采高、放顶煤液压支架。 滚筒采煤机是从60年代初期开始研制，经历了主电机功率由小到大，总体结构形式由单滚筒到双滚筒，牵引方式由钢丝绳牵引到圆环锚链牵引再到无链牵引，牵引调速由机械牵引、液压牵引再到电牵引，保护系统由简单到完善，操作系统由单纯的手动就机操作到兼有无线电离机操作。 输送机向着强力、可靠、耐用方向发展，60年代研制出SGW-44型刮板输送机。70年代研制出 SGW-150型和SGW-250型以及SGW-160型刮板输送机。80年代发展到SGZ-730320型刮板输送机和SGZ-764264输送机，以及SGZ-730264W型与无链牵引采煤机配套使用的工作面输送机。 综采设备的发展，大幅度地提高了综采工作面的产量，1990年综合机械化采煤产量比重占统配煤矿 3547，综采工作面平均年产达547万t，46个综采队年产超过100万t。最高年产曾达180万t。同时，3.54.5m的缓倾斜煤层可以一次采全厚。此外，还试验成功丁放顶煤综采。所有这些都极大地推动了我国采煤方法的发展。 我国煤矿机械设备制造技术的发展和提高、也促进和加快了我国普通机械化采煤设备的更新换代及生产的发展，1990年单体液压支柱普采产量比重占统配煤矿的242。 设备制造技术的发展也提高了炮采工作面的装备水平。如在采用毫秒爆破的炮采工作面，配用防炮崩的单体液压支柱、双速大运量的刮板输送机，可使炮采工作面的产量提高1530。 回顾我国采煤机械化的发展过程，可以看到，采煤工艺的发展对采煤设备提出了新的要求，而新的采煤设备又会促进采煤工艺的革新。我国采煤机械化的实践表明，采煤机械化水平的提高，特别是综合机械化采煤的发展，极大地推动了长壁式采煤方法的发展和完善。显然，采煤机械化水平的提高，是推动采煤方法发展最重要的因素。 2采准巷道布置及系统的改革为采煤工艺进一步发展和完善创造了条件 新中国成立后，废弃了旧的采煤方法，推行新的长壁式采煤方法，开始建立采、掘、运输、通风等系统完整的采区巷道布置。当时，由于受采煤、运输、通风设备能力的限制，单翼采区走向长一般为 300m，双翼采区一般为600m，采煤工作面长度一般为6080m。这些采区参数是和当时采煤工作面采用炮采工艺相匹配的。 50年代，采准巷道和主要大巷大多数均布置在煤层内，巷道多为木支护和刚性矿用工字钢支护，大巷有的用钢筋混凝土支护或砌碹支护。在炮采工艺的长壁式采煤方法使用初期，由于采煤工作面和采区走向都不长。采煤工作面的产量不大，上述采区巷道布置基本可以适应。 随着生产的发展，采区的几何尺寸逐步加大，采区巷道维护时间增长，加上当时采煤工作面推进速度慢，巷道在动压和支承压力的影响下，维护十分困难；同时，随着矿井生产的扩大，在近距煤层群中进行多煤层同采，以增加采煤工作面个数，造成生产分散，运输环节多，效率低，使巷道维护问题更加突出。因此，到了50年代后期和60年代初，采准巷道布置已不适应采煤要求，成为影响生产的主要因素。 60年代初期，淮南等矿务局在开采煤层群时采用集中岩石巷和设置采区煤仓的联合布置采区，在采区内实行多工作面同采，提高了采区生产能力，改善了巷道维护，取得了良好的效果。 原煤炭工业部及时召开了多次巷道布置研讨会，肯定了采用集中岩石巷道联合布置和设置煤仓的经验，因而岩石集中巷布置很快得到推广，并得到了发展。 采区巷道布置的改革，使巷道维护条件得到改善，运输、通风、行人系统比较畅通，为普通机械化采煤创造了条件。 70年代中期以来，加速了综合机械化采煤的发展，普通机械化采煤也有长足的进步。采煤工作面的准进速度大大地加快。而且更新后的普通机械化采煤工作面的装备都是中型装备，特别是综合机械化采煤工作面的重型设备更多，搬家倒面需要耗费大量工时。因此，迫切要求加大采区走向长度，以减少采煤工阼面的搬家次数。因而出现了跨上山和跨石门开采，如铜川矿务局王石凹矿采用单体液压支柱普通机械化采煤，工作面连续跨多组上山开采，沿走向推进达2000多m。同时，也暴露出采用岩石集中巷道布置采区，采区岩巷工程量大和准备时间太长等问题。 为了解决采区准备时间长，70年代后期对无煤柱护巷的巷道布置，进行了较广泛地试验与研究。原煤炭工业部于1981年12月制订和颁发了关于推行无煤柱开采的暂行规定(试行)，要求在条件适合的煤层中推行。沿空留巷无煤柱护巷，大大地降低了掘进率，缩短了采区准备时间，而且创造了往复开采的条件。 对倾角较小的煤层，为了简化生产系统及减少工程量，推广采用了倾斜长壁的巷道布置，取得了良好的技术经济效果。 综采工作面设备吨位重、推进速度快、生产高度集中，要求巷道布置简单、可靠，并要有足够大的巷道断面。为提高矿井生产的技术经济效果，减少同时使用的设备类型，加大单个煤层的开采强度是适宜的，因而综采巷道布置有向分层布置发展的趋势。 我国采区巷道布置改革的实践表明，随着采煤工艺的发展和生产集中程度的提高，对采区巷道布置提出了新的要求，而采区巷道布置的改革又能为采煤工艺的发展创造更良好的条件，使生产集中化程度进一步提高。3围岩控制及支护技术的改进是采煤方法改革的重要内容 支护技术是顶板控制的重要手段，矿山压力的研究成果是发展新的支护技术的主要依据。多年来在研制和推广金属摩擦支柱，单体液压支柱、切顶墩柱和液压支架的过程中，在初撑力、工作阻力等基本参数和架型的确定等方面，均利用了对围岩性质和矿压显现规律研究的成果，我国还根据大量矿山压力与顶板控制的理论和实践，重新对直接顶进行了分类，对老顶进行了分级，作为支架选型的依据。 通过注水软化和深孔爆破的试验，使难冒顶板变为可冒顶板，难控顶板变为可控顶板，为改刀柱采煤方法为全部垮落采煤方法提供了可能。对破碎松软顶板，则采用金属网护顶或固化技术，提高顶板的稳定性，也使破碎松软顶板的采煤工艺得到改进。 在回采巷道的支护方面，50年代主要是木支架。从1960年开始我国开始研制了矿用工字钢支架和U型钢支架，为加大巷道断面和改善巷道维护创造了条件。使回采巷道的断面由46m2加大到812m2，使巷道维护状态得到改善、维护时间得到加长。80年代以来，U型钢可缩性金属支架发展到30种规格，并形成了系列。并在条件适宜地区，推广采用煤巷锚杆支护，提高了效益。 通过对软弱岩层的巷道破坏及其控制的研究，提出以下三种控制途径：一是采取排水疏干措施，降低软岩的含水率，提高岩体的强度和岩体的自稳能力，降低软岩的膨胀性能和流变性能；二是采取立即支护的方法，缩短无支护巷道的暴露时间，降低巷道围岩的变形速度和变形量；三是在应力降低区布置巷道，或是在较硬岩层中布置巷道。采取上述措施，改善了软弱层的巷道维护及生产条件。 此外，我国巷旁充填技术的试验成功，将有利于沿空留巷的维护，有利于往复式和前进式开采的应用。 从上面例证不难看出，围岩控制及支护技术的改进，不仅是采煤方法改革的重要内容，而且推动着采煤方法的发展。 4安全技术水平的提高是推动采煤方法发展的重要保障 采煤方法的安全性，是评价采煤方法的重要依据。因此，采煤方法的发展从某种程度讲，将依赖于对防治水、火、沼气、煤尘、冒顶和冲击地压的技术水平。 从安全的角度看，采煤工作面的支架从木支柱过渡到金属摩擦支柱、单体液压支柱，从单体液压支柱过渡到自移式液压支架使采煤工作面顶板控制安全技术不断提高，从而保证了采煤工艺向纵深的方向发展。回采巷道支护从刚性木支架到可缩性的金属支架和锚杆支架的发展，从而保证了采区巷道布置改革的顺利进行。北京矿务局门头沟矿研制成功了预报冲击地压的电子计算机监控系统，有助于对有冲击地压危险的煤层开采。 阳泉矿务局一矿综采工作面沼气涌出总量高达526m3min，无法进行生产。由于采用了在顶板岩巷中抽放上部邻近层沼气的技术措施，使工作面沼气涌出量大大减少，不仅保证了生产安全，综采工作面的平均日产也由原来的2188t，提高到3074t。鹤壁矿区试验成功的水力割缝钻孔抽放沼气的技术，有利于开采透气性较低的煤层。 对于有煤与沼气突出危险的煤层，采用开采解放层、水力冲孔，松动爆破和突出的预测预报等安全技术措施，不仅解放了有煤与沼气突出的煤层，而且使这类煤层的采煤方法得到了发展和逐步完善。六枝矿务局的一些有煤与沼气突出的煤层，在采取了上述防治措施后，保证了无煤柱护巷技术的应用，并取得了良好的技术经济效果。 56年代，我国煤矿就利用黄泥灌浆、水砂充填防灭火等安全技术，保证了易自燃的厚煤层分层采煤方法的顺利推行。70年代末又在缺乏黄泥的兖州矿务局试验用矸石浆灌注采空区，并获得良好效果。一些矿区结合阻化剂；惰性气体防灭火技术的应用，扩大了防灭火安全技术的使用范围，保证这类矿区采煤方法改革的进行。 70年代，枣庄矿务局柴里矿采用均压通风防灭火的安全技术和浅孔密集钻孔黄泥灌浆相结合，在缓倾斜易燃厚煤层推行无煤柱护巷的分层综合机械化采煤工艺获得成功，取得了良好的技术经济效果。 在防降尘安全技术方面，煤层注水防尘技术在全国获得较广泛应用，并取得良好降尘效果；煤电钻湿式作业和水炮泥防尘安全技术的应用，兼有降温、降低有害气体的作用，水炮泥还具有熄灭爆焰的功能。降尘喷雾安全技术已广泛地运用在采煤机、掘进机、输送机、转载点、巷道空气净化等各个方面，取得了良好的降尘效果。所有这些，不仅保证了采煤机和掘进机得以安全使用，而且也进一步使普通机械化采煤工艺和综合机械化采煤工艺得以完善。 据统计，统配煤矿受喀斯特溶洞水威胁的矿井有146对，年产量近1亿t。由于采用疏干降压、堵水截流及井下预防安全技术，保证了这类矿井的采煤方法的改革得以顺利进行。如50年代在淄博等矿务局，60年代在邯郸等矿务局、70年代在涟邵、肥城等矿务局、80年代在淮南等矿务局采用疏干降压的方去，和在淄博、峰峰等矿务局采用堵水截流等防治水的安全技术措施，均取得良好效果，保证了这些局、矿采煤方法的成功应用和逐步地完善。 5科学管理是巩固采煤方法改革和发展的重要手段 我国的采煤方法改革和管理工作一直是紧密联系在一起的。 在推行新采煤方法的基础上，普遍进行了科学组织与管理，组织采煤工作面正规循环作业。1954年，在阜新矿务局平安矿一米层工作面组织按循环图表作业方法的试点。按作业的合理顺序，科学地加以安排，做到最优地利用时间和空间，工作面每天有规律地向前推进，按照作业图表周而复始地循环工作，是高了工作效率，保证了生产安全。随后，全国煤矿推广了这种正规循环作业的经验，把煤矿的生产组织管理向前推进了一大步。此外，在“一五”期间还推行了矿长负责制、总工程师责任制、生产区域管理制，使煤矿生产从技术上到管理上都有很大改观，新的长壁式采煤方法也得到了巩固和发展。 1963年，在总结管理方面经验和教训的基础上，针对煤炭工业的特点和实际情况，原煤炭工业部决定推行质量标准化，提出了“质量是煤炭工业的命根子”。要求对每项工程、每台设备、每种产品、每个工作岗位都有质量标准。而且在推行质量标准化的同时，把组织全矿井正规循环作业作为推行生产技术管理科学化、制度化的重要工作。到1964年，采煤工作面合格率为754，掘进工作面合格率达到82。促进了60年代普通机械化采煤的发展。 1977年，为了推动采煤方法的发展和完善，原煤炭工业部颁发了一系列的科学管理制度和规定，如1977年颁发了采煤工作面质量标准及检查评级办法，1979年又继续颁发了采煤工作面质量标准及检查评级办法，1979年又颁发了采煤工作面正规循环作业暂行管理办法，1984年和1985年又分别颁布了综合机械化采煤暂行管理办法和单体液压支柱普采机械化管理办法，1987年还颁发了全国统配煤矿生产矿井采煤质量标准化标准及考核评级办法，所有这些办法和规定，通过科学的管理使不同采煤工艺的采煤工作面和生产系统，都达到质量标准化的要求，从制度和法规上使采煤工艺和采煤方去按照预定的要求提高、改进、完善和发展。此外，还加强了采煤队的建设，注意工人和干部的培训，保证了采煤工艺改革的顺利实施。实践也表明在此期间，我国的综采、普采、炮采等采煤工艺的提高和发展是比较快的。 如上所述，证明了科学管理是巩固采煤方法改革和发展成果的重要手段。三、中国采煤方法的发展方向 从我国煤田地质条件类型多种多样、地区技术经济发展不平衡，煤矿管理体制不同的国情出发，我国采煤方法和工艺要在现有的基础上，结合具体情况，多层次地向前发展，主要的有以下几方面。1.继续把综采作为机械化采煤的发展方向 我国煤炭工业技术政策已经明确规定，综采是我国机械化采煤的方向。我国通过研制、试验与应用，已初步形成了适用于缓倾斜煤层中等采高工作面的综采设备系列，并具有满足国内装备需要的能力。要巩固现在综采的成果，努力提高设备利用率和工时利用率，提高工作面的单产和经济效益；同时要改进现有设备，提高设备的配套性能、综合能力和可靠性；并要有步骤、有重点地研制适于“三软”、“三硬”煤层条件开采的综采技术装备，逐步扩大综采的应用范围。 从我国煤层赋存条件、综采设备研制水平以及使用经验看，在煤层条件比较简单的缓倾斜中厚煤层和厚煤层分层开采的综采工艺已经成熟，综采设备的技术性能已经接近80年代初国际水平，并已取得显著的技术经济效果；缓倾斜薄煤层(煤质中硬以下、煤厚1.lm以上)、倾斜中厚煤层、缓倾斜厚煤层(3.54Om)以及急倾斜厚煤层放顶煤的综合机械化，通过试验已取得初步效果，可在适合的煤层中推广应用，在应用中进一步完善和提高；对于缓倾斜厚煤层放顶煤、缓倾斜坚硬薄煤层、薄煤层刨煤机以及急倾斜薄煤层等的综采设备，尚处于攻关试验阶段。从煤层直接顶和老顶的性质看，I、II、III类的直接顶和老顶的液压支架可以认为已经基本解决，而对于级直接顶和老顶的液压支架尚应继续改进。此外，从统计资料分析，综合机械化采煤的技术经济效果，与井型有密切关系。因此，在发展综采时要注意与井型匹配。 首先应优先装备顶板等条件优越，煤层倾角15度以下的缓倾斜中厚煤层、厚煤层分层开采，3.5 40m厚煤层一次采全高的采煤工作面；其次装备某些特殊条件，如倾角15度以下、层厚4、045m的厚煤层一次采全高、中厚煤层顶板坚硬难冒、以及1.11.3m薄煤层的采煤工作面，并应进一步改进和完善综合机械化采煤。 同时，要注意国外综合机械化采煤向高产、高效发展的趋势，积极创造条件，在适合的煤层和矿井进行试验，研制适合我国的高产、高效综采设备，达到大幅度提高综采工作面的单产，赶上世界先进采煤国家综采机械化水平。2积极发展普通机械化采煤，加快更新和完善普采设备 我国普通机械化采煤仍占一定比重，考虑到我国煤层地质条件和技术经济状况，普通机械化采煤仍有比较广泛的发展前景。当前普通机械化采煤的落、装、运、支技术设备是不同发展时期的型号并存，今后要尽量采用改进后的新设备进行优化配套，更大幅度地提高采煤工作面的产量和效率。同时，要积极研制新的大功率、高效能、坚固可靠的普通机械化采煤工作面装备，加快更新和完善普采设备，进一步提高普采工作面的装备水平。3炮采工作面要积极推广毫秒雷管爆破、防炮崩单体液压支柱、大功率双速刮板输送机配套的新工艺 我国炮采工作面的产量占很大比重，今后在相当长的时间内仍将是主要采煤工艺之一。炮采工作面要积极推广毫秒雷管爆破、防炮崩单体液压支柱、大功率双速刮板输送机配套的新工艺，把当前炮采工作面的单产和效率提高到一个新水平。同时，还应进一步研究和改进炮采工艺和装备，提高爆破装煤率，减少装煤的体力劳动，更大幅度提高炮采工作面的单产和效率。4根据煤层地质条件，因地制宜地发展水力采煤 水力采煤装备简单，机械化程度高，作业连续性强，回采工序单一和操作技术易于掌握，易于实现生产系统全部自动控制。在以下煤层条件，可发展水力采煤：一是顶板稳定或中等稳定，沼气含量较小，煤质中硬或中硬以下，不含硬而厚的夹石，厚度3一8m的急倾斜煤层；二是顶板稳定或中等稳定，煤层倾角在10度以上，地质构造比较复杂，煤层的走向、厚度变化大，顶板中等稳定以上的不规则煤层；三是需要复采的煤层。5. 积极稳妥地探索、研究和试验新的采煤工艺 我国在急倾斜厚煤层中，试验综采放顶煤已获成功，并取得了很好的技术经济效果，可在类似的条件进行推广。而在缓倾斜特厚煤层中，综采放顶煤的试验虽然也取得一定的效果，但是对于提高煤炭资源回采率、防止自然发火、控制煤尘和防止沼气积聚等方面的规律尚待进一步探索。因此，要积极选择条件适合的煤层继续进行试验。 薄煤层开采作业条困难，劳动强度大，迫切需要机械化，应根据薄煤层的不同赋存条件，探索相应的采煤工艺，达到多类型地解决薄煤层采煤机械化的装备和工艺。如0.710m的缓倾斜煤层，可发展单体液压支柱和液压切顶墩柱相配套的普通机械化采煤；1013m的薄煤层进一步进行综合机械化采煤的试验，研制适合的综采设备；对于煤层中含硬夹矸的缓倾斜薄煤层，应在炮采机装试验获得成果的基础上，进一步试验并加以完善。6采区巷道布置应进一步向简化、集中和无煤柱护巷的方向发展 我国煤矿大多开采近距离煤层群，在相当长的时期内仍将广泛采用采区联合布置，要进一步简化和集中，减少岩石巷道掘进，推行无煤柱护巷；随着综采和生产集中化的高度发展，要加大单个煤层的开发强度，减少同采工作面个数，研究与之相适应的巷道布置及参数。要改进采区巷道的支护，进一步研究廉价的巷旁支护材料及组合锚杆支护技术，为采用前进式开采创造条件。7要加快发展露天采煤 我国露天采煤产量的比重很低，要加快发展露天采煤。研制高效、大容量的开采工艺设备，是发展露天采煤的基础。应在完善现有单斗铲一卡车和单斗铲一铁道开采工艺的同时，致力于发展适合于我国露天煤田条件和经济条件的开采新工艺，发展连续式露天采煤机、高倾角胶带、半连续开采工艺、轮斗一胶带及排土桥连续工艺以及综合开采工艺。附录B 原文The method of mining in China The Known coal-bearing area is about 0.55 million km2 in China. Almost all the provices, cities, autonomous regions (including Taiwan Provice) possess certain amount of coal reserves. China is one of thc countries in the world of which the coal reserves are richest. The proved reserves accounted for 782234Mt at the end of 1985. The main deposition characteristics of coal formation in China are as follows: (1) The geologic period when the coal was formed is long. From early Palaeozoic Era to the Quaternary Period coal deposition was already proved. So various types of deposting states and multiseam formation were found. (2) The geological structures suffered by coal-bearing formations are much more, So various geological conditions are encountered in coal depositing fields, such as folds, faults, irregular thickness and inclination of coal seams. As considering the thickness of coal seams, the amount of reserves of thin coal seams accounts for 17.36%, of mediun thick coai seams for 37.84%, of thick coal seams for 44.8%; As considering the inclination of coal seams, the amount of reserves of gently inclined coal seams accounts for 85.95%, of inclined oal seams for 10.16%, of inclined seams for 3.89%. It be seen that 0f gently. inclined medium thick and thick coal seams account for most part of the total reserves. All of the above factors determined that the mining methods practically adopted must be! manifold. According of incomplete statistic information there are totally 54 of mining methods which have been experienced in China. The formation of these mining methods has undergone a long period. Especially, after thefounding of P. R. China mining methods are gradually devoloping, reforming and improving, and abundant experiences have been accumulated. China is not only one of the countries in the world which produce large amount of coal each year, but also one of the earliest counhries in the world which exploit and utilize coal reserves. The history of exploiting and utilizing coal reserves in China began as early as 6 to 7 thousands years ago. Before liberation, only the machines powered by steam engine were used in few productional link, such as in hoisting, water drainage, ventilation etc. Some quite backward mining methods, like the entry retreating mining and abandoned pillar mining etc, were employed, and the extraction and developing operations were mainly completed by hard handwork. The working conditions of miners and the safety conditions of coal mines ware extremely poor, there were no any measures to prevent mine hazards, and fatality accidents were severe. After the founding of the P. R. China, the old mining methods were gradually reformed. In May of 1950, the resolution of Conducting the Reform of Production Methods and safe production was issued by the Ministry of Fuel Industry, it requires that Production reform would be carried out step by step. Firstly, the out of date mining methods would be changed into new longwall-type methods in order to raise coal recovery rate. This resolution insisted the production must obey the principle of safety first. Therefore, the ventilation conditions of mining sections and mines as well as the working environment must be improved. Latterly, the first Safety Regulations of Underground Coal Mines (a draft), the Resolution about the Safety Works of Coal Mines and the Resolution about Carrying out New Mining Methods in All the Coal Mines were issued, and it was emphasized that the reform of mining methods is a revolution in coal mining industry. After that, reform of mining methods was Carried out all over the country. In gently inclined thin and medium thick coal seams, the old entry retreating and abandoned pillar mining method were changed into longwall mining; In thick coal seams, high-face stoping caving method was changed into the downward inclined slicing with top-coal retained or under the protection of false timber roof, the downward horizontally slicing caving method with false top-coal or timber roof, and a few changed into ascending hydraulic filling method. Meanwhile, roof grading was carried out according to the experiences at hme and abroad in order to benefit selecting different roof control methods for different roof conditions. During this period, great achievement was obtained in the reform of old mining methods. Up to 1957, the output produced by means of longwall mining in the state operated coal mines accounted for 92.6%, the coal recovery rate of mining sections raised to about 70%, and the working environment and conditions of safe production were apparently improved. The roof control in longwall face eliminates the situation of no supports as in old mining methods, the support types changed gradually from timber props and framed timbers to metal frictional props plus hinged bars. in gently inclined and inclined thick or extrathick coal seams, the top-slicing caving mining under the protection ofartificial false roof was tested and improved. The oringinal false timber roof was changed into bamboo curfain, waaved twigs of the chaste tree, and mainly into metal-mesh false roof. Moreover, clay grouting was used for forming regenerated roof. In gently inclined extrathick coal seams, ascending inclined slicing longwall mining on the strike associated With hydraulic filling was also practised. For steeply inclined thin and medium thick coal seams, inverted bench mining by means of compressed air hammer was tested at the beginning, then tongwall mining was adopted. In steeply inclined thick coal seams, the horizontally slicing and slant slicing were practised firstly, and the method of mining under the protection of flexible shields was latter tested successfully and spreaded. Besides, the strip shrinkage stoping to the rise, the oblique longwall-type shrinkage stoping on the strike and the sublevel blasting mining method were also practised. The combined mining method with the help of metal shield mesh was tested too in extrathick steeply inclined coal seams. Many experiences have been accumulated in the process of adopting longwall mining. For example, the clay grouting used in inclined slicing longwall caving mining on the strike for extracting thick and extrathick coal seams can not only prevent spontaneous combustion of coal, but also be advendtageous to forming regenerated roof, thus improve roof conditions and enhance the application scope of downward caving mining method. Another example is changing the double-entry system into single-entry system, thus the developing-extracting ratio decreased. At the mean time, developing mechanized mining to ease the hard labour works was paid much attention by the government. The MLQ-64 type shallow-web single drum shearer, which was made out in Xiaohengshan Coal Mine (Jixi CMA), combined with SGW-44 type chain scraper conveyor, metal frictional props and hinged bars equipped the first ordinary mechanized working face in 1964, which realized the mechanization of coal extraction, loading and conveying operations. Such an ordinary mechanized mining method spreaded rapidly, and the degree of mining mechanization raised from 4.11% at the end of 1st 5-Year plan to 15.3% at the end of 3rd 5-Year Plan, which made the longwall mining be consolidated and developed. In order to further improve the longwall mining, researches on fully mechanized mining were carried out. The first set of fully mechanized mining equipment, which was designed and made domestically, was tested underground in 1974. Meanwhile, complete sets of fully mech anized mining equipment were imported from abroad. In 1978, fully mechanized mining entered a new developing period in China after the Third Meeting of Eleventh central Commitee of the Chinese Communist Party. In September of 1979, the first Technical Policies of Coal Industry was issued by the Ministry of Coal Industry, it stipulated that fully mechanized mining is the developing direction of coal industry.With reforming and opening, more than 100 sets of fully mechanized mining equipment were imported and wide-ranging international exchanges were in progress, which speeded the researches of home-made fully mechanized mining equipment and made these equipment reach the abroad advanced level in some aspects. Now the fully mechanized mining equipment suitable to gently inclined thin and medium thick coal seams as well as inclined slices of thick coal seams can be designed and made at home. To suit the development of coal industry, the new Technical Policies of Coal Industry was revised and issued in 1987, which further indicated that the development of fully mechanized mining must be speeded. The developing history of fully mechanized mining is introduced in Table 1-1. Latter, the newly manufactured MLQ2-80 type, DY-100 type and DY-150 type single drum shearer, MLS3p-170 type double-drum shearer replaced the MLQ-64 type, MLQ2-80 type single drum shearer, the new SGW-150 type chain scraper conveyor replaced the SGW-80 type conveyor, the individual hyeraulic props replaced the metal frictional props. Above mentioned 3 kinds of new face equipment formed the second generation of ordinary mechanized mining, which was tested firstly in Feicheng CMA and achieved good technio-economic results. After that, the new MG-150W1type double-drum shearer associated with SGZCF630 / 220 type chain scraper coveyor and long metal Fl type bars formed the third generation of ordinary mechanized mining, which achieved much better technico-eco- nomic results. At the same period, the blasting mining technology of longwall faces developed quickly.several new techniques, such as the blasting with millisecond delay detonator, the blasting-proof type individual hydraulic props the double-speed large, power chain scraper conveyor and the technology of loading coal with the help of blasting et., have been successfully tested and spreaded gradually in suitable conditions. Moreover, the hydraulic supports used for the fully mechanized mining with top-coal drawing and the corresponding mining technology have been studied and tested since 1982. The first set of equipment for fully mechanized mining with top-coal drawing was tested in the gently inclined extrathick coal seam of Puhe Coal Mine (Shenyang CMA) in June of 1984. In April of 1986 this mining method tested again in the steeply inclined extrathick coal seam of No.2 Coal Mine (Yiaojie CMA) and achieved good results. Soon afterwards, this mining method applicated in several other coal mines and also achieved successes, its indices of output, efficiency, safety and others are better than that of the traditional mining methods, like the horizontally slicing, the slant slicing, flexible shields, oblique roadway retreating mining and so on. The method of fully mechanized mining with top-coal drawing was also tested in the gently inclined thick and extrathick coal seams in Pingdingshan CMA, Yangquan CMA, Luan CMA etc. some of them achieved good results. But some problems have not been resolved yet, such as the spontaneous combustion of coal, the accumutation of dust and methane, the unstable coal recovery rate etc. The method of top-coal drawing mining with the help of sliding-bar type supports was tested in some steeply inclined and gently inclined extrathick coal seams. For example, in Huating Coal Mine (Ganshu Province), Baizhigou Coal Mine (Bing County of Shanxi Provice) and Xinyao Coal Mine (Chongxin County of Ganshu Province) the technico-eco-nomic indices of this mining technology are apparently better than that of the old mining methods. However, some problems still exist, they are mainly that the stability of the sliding-bar type supports is not good in case of the coal seam possessing big inclination angle. It has been clearly regulated in the Technical Policies of Coal Industry that fully mech- anized mining is the developing direction in our country. After undergoing researches, tests and application, a series of fully mechanized mining equipment suitable to extracting gently inclined working faces with medium mining height have been formed preliminarily, which have had the capacity of satisfying the domestic needs. The developing directions of fully mechanized mining in next step are: actively raising the operating ratio of the equipment and the working-time utilization rate; increasing the monthly face production and economic profit;improving the current equipment, increasing its capacity and reliability;focusing efforts on developing the fully mechanized mining equipment used for difficult conditions, such as the weak-3, hard-3 (here the number 3 means the roof, the coal seam and the floor), big inclination angle; large mining height etc; It is considered that the fully mechanized mining technique used in simple gently inclined medium thick coal seams or the thick coal seams mined by slicing has been ripe. Generally speaking, this technique has been reached or approached to the internation level of early 80s, and has achieved significant technico-economic results. The fully mechanized mining technique used in gently inclined thin coal seams (the hardness being of less than mediam grade, the thickness of more than 1.1 m), inclined medium thick coal seams, gently inclined thick coal seams (3.5 4.0m) and steeply inclined thick coal seams (mined by means of the mining method with top-coal drawing) has achieved certain results and can be applicated in suitable coal seam conditions, but some problems with it have not been resolved yet, and it needs to be futher improved. For the top-coal drawing mining in gently inclined thick coal seams, the fully-seam mining in thick coal seams (5m), the fully mechanized mining in hard thin coal seams, the mining equipment is still in testing period. The hydraulic powered supports used in the conditions of I, II and III-grade immediate roof and main roof can be considered being mature now, while the supports used in the conditions of IV-grade immediate and main roof are in the further developing period. Bisides, the technico-economic results of fully mechanized mining have a close relation with the mine production capacity according to statistic informations. So attention must be paid to making the mining technology match the mine production capacity. When equipping fully mechanized faces, it is prior to be considered for better conditions, such as stable roof conditions, gently inclined (less than 15。) medium thick and thick coal seams mined by means of multislicing, fully-seam mining (with a thickness of 3.5 4.0m)etc. Then some particular conditions would be considered, such as the fullY-Seam mining (with a thickness of 4.0 4.5m and an inclination angle of less than 15), the medium thick coal seam with a hard-caving roof, and the thin coal seam with a thickness of 1.1 1.3m. In addition, the high-output and high-efficiency fully mechanized mining equipment would be studied and manufactured for suitable coal seam conditions in our country, in order to greatly increase the monthly face output and keep pace with the advanced level of the world. Now,ordinary mechanized mining still accounts for a certain proportion in China. According to the geological and technico-economic conditions of out country, ordinary mechanized mining still has broad developing prospects in the future. Moreover, new type reliable equipment of large power and high efficiency would be studied and manufactrued for ordinary mechanized mining, in order to further raise the equipment level in ordinary mechanized ,working faces. Since the end of 1970s pillarless mining developed quickly, the technique of driving en tries or retaining entries along gob edges got much development. Especially, the sidewall ill. ling technique for the entries retained along gob edges achieved success, which opened a broad prospects for pillarless mining and created more favourable conditions for enlarging the appli. cation scope of advancing mining. In addition, the success of mining over raises or crosscuts improved the maintenance of entries and reduced coal losses, which further completed the longwall mining method. Combined sectional layouts will be employed in a long period because multiseam-depos. iting formations are encountered in most cases in China. However, it needs developing to the direction of simplification, centralization and pillarless mining. Cheaper sidewall filling mate rials and sidewall filling technologies also need to be further studied. Under suitable conditions, centralized layout in each seam, retaining entries along gob edges and advancing mining are adopted. Sets of continuous miners were imported form U.S.A, and room & pillar mining with continuous miners was tested in Jixi, Datong, Xishan CMA and some local government operated coal mines. This method has achieved certain results under suitable geologic conditions but it was strictly confined by geologic conditions. Hydro-mechanical mining began in 1950s in China. the cutting pressure increased fron 5 6MPa to 12- 14MPa in 1960s. The 20 MPa high-pressure hidro-mechanical mining technique was carried out in 1970s. Now the cutting pressure practically used is generall,above 10MPa, only in few weak coal seams cutting pressure of less than 10MPa wa employed. Shortwall unsupported hydero-mechanicalrnining is the main from of nowadays hydro-mechanical mining technology, this method was used for extracting the coal seams ovarifi0us conditions, such as the seams with an inclination of 8。 15。and a theckness of 014m, the unstable coal seams, the seams suffered by magmatic intrusion, and the seams methane or dust content. Some other techniques were also explored, such as the hydro-mechanical mining under the shield of metal mesh, the top-coal drawing with the hell to pressured water ettluxion m case ot mclmect SllClng mining m extratmcK coal seams, as well as the technology of coal cutting by means of cutting machine associated with high pressured fine water effiuxion etc. The advantages of hydro-mechanical mining are: simple equipment, high degree of mechanization, continuous operation, single mining operation, easily mastered techniques, easily realized fully automatic control of the production system etc. Hydraulic mining can be applicated for the following conditions: (1) The roof is stable or medium stable, the methane content is low, the coal hardness is of medium grade or softer, no hard and thick partings exist in the coal seam, the thickness of seam is 3-8m and the seam is steeply inclined. (2) The roof is stable