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中文题目：铁法晓明3矿1.20Mt/a新井设计外文题目：THE NEW MINE DESIGN OF 晓明 NO.2 MINE WITH CAPABILITY OF 1.20MT/A毕业设计（论文）共 页（其中：外文文献及译文 页） 图纸共4张 完成日期 20xx年6月 答辩日期 20xx年6月附录A无人工作面综合机械化刨煤机机组的研究和应用刘国兵 李红梅摘要：无人工作面采煤是一项重要薄煤层采煤技术。由于像顶板控制和安全设备的自动控制问题没有解决，无人工作面的发展受到限制。中国是第一个成功实现无人工作面装备全机械化刨煤机的国家。顶板控制，安全设备防护控制和薄煤层生产实现了高效化。这推动了中国无人采煤技术的发展并且为厚煤层和中厚煤层机械化无人开采奠定了基础。1 薄煤层采煤技术适用条件分析煤炭是中国重要的能源。中国有丰富的煤矿资源，拥有7700亿 t探明储量。但是煤层的赋存各异：薄煤层、厚煤层和中厚煤层。煤层倾角也不同：近水平煤层、缓倾斜煤层和急倾斜煤层。在中国薄煤层的分布也十分广阔。中国95个主要的矿务局中，80%的矿务局中的445个煤矿有丰富的薄煤层，占总储量的17.76%。国有主要的煤矿占25.29亿t。薄煤层相对集中在山西、河北、四川、内蒙古、贵州、西北和重庆的煤矿。薄煤层的采煤方法是一项重要的课题。人们努力去寻找合适的机械化开采煤层的技术，并且期望实现安全生产和高产高效。采煤机开采薄煤层是一种重要的方法。大约有20多种这样的采煤机，它们大多属于两种类型的采煤机：骑槽式采煤机和爬底式采煤机。 这种用在鸡西、双鸭山、七台河和开滦矿务局的采煤机是高效的。但是采煤机的功率低，并且采煤效率和采煤方法的安全性不能得到保证。薄煤层综合机械化采煤方法在中国已经得到发展。但是仍然存在以下问题：小空间、大容量、高安全性、小尺寸、简单的结构、对各种顶底板的高适应能力和采煤机的安全防护能力、降低顶底板的高度、增大采煤空间、保证采煤通风等。因此，薄煤层采煤方法仍然不能另人满意。刨煤机采煤法是一种理想的薄煤层和极薄煤层采煤方法。自从1965年，在中国已经发展了四种型号的刨煤机，它们分别是：HI-26型拖钩刨、T11-26 型滑行刨、和几种形式的刨煤机。这些刨煤机有效运用在徐州、峰峰、邯郸、淮南、鹤岗和鸡西等。大约在20世纪60年代，中国引进了德国生产的基板式D型刨煤机。1968年，这种刨煤机用在平一矿，其采高平均1.8 m。月产量为30000 t，功效达到10 t/工。1978年，Mega公司生产的 3G型拖钩式刨煤机被应用在淮南辛庄子矿，并实现了高效率。在1979年，中国引进了B-30型滑式刨煤机。这种刨煤机应用在徐州矿务局旗山矿1.8 m后的煤层，并且在1981年的上半年达到30656t/月和在1982年下半年达到34357 t/月。同时，刨煤机也应用在徐州矿务局的夹河矿，并取得了很好的效果，但是要达到高产高效还有一定的距离。在20 世纪，中国刨煤机采煤技术远远落后，等同于50-60 年代水平。刨煤机的功率小、速度满慢、牵引链破断力小不大、机构不完美并不能保证截深、反作用力很大。由于在机身上没有平衡控制装置，当刨煤机割顶煤或钻底时产煤能力和刨煤范围受到限制。2 无人工作面主要技术分析无人采煤方法是薄煤层和极薄煤层开采的有效方法之一，它能提高开采上限和矿工的安全。同时，它能提高产煤效率，很多国家都赞同这种采煤方法。但是在20世纪，无人采煤技术仍有一些没有解决的问题。 利用螺旋钻机的无人采煤方法已经发展的很好。但是其效率较低，例如，最先进的螺旋钻机的效率是40 t/d，年产量仅有21000 t，并且煤柱损失严重，钻空内防尘效果不好，大量开口被开掘产生大量碎煤，并且掘进率很高。顶板控制是用刨煤机和无人机械化采煤机采煤普遍存在的问题。因此，国外进行了大量的实验包括垛式支架和楔形支架垛式支架的自动移动没有得到解决。因此顶板控制不能得到有效的控制，正常的采煤不能继续。另外，装备垛式支架的工作面缺少自刨煤机机头对煤层的作用力。这导致采煤效率低，工作面变成弧形而阻碍了采煤。装备了楔形支架的工作面无法固定采煤机。这导致刨煤机的力刨不稳定，煤壁不平直，支架不能很好地被安装。所有这些顶板控制失败，采煤被迫停止。煤机的电线没有广泛应用的主要原因是没有解决顶板控制的问题，顶板垮落导致电线被切断，采煤机被迫停止，由于顶板而留设煤柱增加了煤的损失，导致工作面搬家。综上，如果顶板控制，设备防护，安全和生产能力等问题得不到很好的解决，将很难提高采煤技术。3 无人工作面综合机械化刨煤机机组的应用利用刨煤机和电控支架的综合机械化采煤机组已经在铁法煤业集团有限公司的小青山矿实验成功，这是中国无人采煤技术的一个标志性的突破。3.1 工作面概况装备703 B的无人工作面应用在WE采区，WE采区位于矿井的西部。工作面推进长度为905 m，垂高150 m，推进625 m后，工作面长度为195 m；煤层厚度为1.00-1.58 m，平均1.3 m；倾角5-8，角度变化频繁；在切口，应用悬浮液压支柱。在两输送机之间有一转载机连接着采区煤仓，形成了运输系统。工作面运输方式采用单轨3 t底卸式矿车，运输能力为15000 t/a，运输机巷联系着西-425 m回风石门和WE行人进风巷，形成通风系统。3.2 采煤装备的技术特征按照自动控制，采煤机能分围两种：第一种是自动控制系统，即有德国生产PROMOS公司生产的PROMOS系统和由DBT公司生产的VRT32系统。这些设备非常智能化，并有与之相关的配套控制设备。在人工指令或获得有关设备控制的反馈信息后，它们能够自动检测工作面设备工作条件。第二种是在PROMOS系统和VRT32系统的控制下能自动工作的受控设备。它们不断地把工作面情况和信息反馈到相关控制设备。主要的控制设备有：德国产生产能力为900 t/h的刨煤机、一部输送能力为900 t/h的刮板输送机和带柔性角的滑行刨头，水平角为1.1，直立0.6、135架KY6400-0.9-2.00型中国造液压支架、一部中国造SZZ-761/160型转载机和一部中国造PE6501000型破碎机。3.3 回采工艺采煤是由刨煤机完成的，刨煤机采用Z型掏槽，能够开切1.3 m高。最大截深是120，刨速是1.76m/s；最小截深是70，刨速为0.88 m/s。在PROMOS控制下，刨煤机自动沿刨头滑行的线路来回运动。刨下来的煤自动进入刮板输送机的中部槽并运走。运行、支护和采煤面的运输机利用PROMOS和PM4控制。它们尾随刨煤机向煤壁移动，移动的距离是刨煤机的截深。PROMOS通过传感部件每三架支架完成推溜、降架、移架、升架。电动机、减速器和刨煤机的喷雾装置在刨煤过程中由PROMOS控制。通过计算机遥感和自动控制工作面的刨煤机已经实现了。在正常情况下，这个面实现了无人采煤。操作者监视着MCU、PM4服务器、PGOMOS控制器，这个控制器控制着采煤路线。3.4 事故处理当成套设备出了毛病或不能适应煤层条件时，它必须由人工停下处理事故现场，并使之在正常条件下自动采煤、运输、支护和移动。在刨煤过程中，如果底板遇到大的纵向起伏时，应停下采煤机，派出检查员或技术员去调整工作面刮板输送机的千斤顶和刨煤机的切割参数，以适应新的采煤条件。4 无人综合机械化采煤的改进研究随着在铁法矿务局无人综合机械化刨煤机机组采煤的成功，三项关键的无人采煤技术工艺的突破和革新已经实现，并获得了很好的经济效益和社会效益，这推动了无人采煤的发展。4.1 顶板控制技术的突破与革新在铁法矿务局综合机械化无人工作面应用的是北京煤机厂生产的ZY6400-0.9/2.0D型掩护式支架、德国生产的刨煤机和刮板输送机。在工作面安装了135架液压支架，每三架形成一组由一套PM4控制。PM4由PROMOS移动到达煤机的机头位置，由遥控元件控制自动完成滑行、降架、拉架、升架和支护顶板等。这种支架能有效控制工作面顶板，防止顶板破坏并保证工作面机械正常运转。因此，能够保证综合机械化采煤的成功，实现顶板控制和管理的技术突破。4.2 采煤、运输、支护和推进的自动技术工作面的设备实现了由计算机遥控和自动控制，这体现了机械、电气、和人工智能的结合。在正常情况下，刨煤机由PROMOS控制，在工作面沿刨头在Z形槽内滑行的轨迹前后刨煤。大块煤能被工作面输送机运出。工作面运输机和刨煤机的运行分别由PROMOS和PM4控制，它们沿刨煤面运动。操作者检测MCU控制盘，PM4控制盘和PROMOS管理员和控制台。没有人在工作面，这些设备有很好的稳定性和可靠性。采煤的每一工序都是由设计好的程序控制，实现了无人采煤工艺，在自动控制方面是一个很大的突破。4.3 薄煤层无人工作面面的高产高效综合机械化无人工作面面需要很好的管理。工作人员由大学生或由中级技校毕业生组成。他们有较高的能力。在铁法局的日产量达到341 t/d，最高产量达5300 t/d，年产量达到120-150 万t，创造了中国薄煤层开采年产量的记录。另外，采煤工作面需要很少的人，机器也不经常发生事故。机器工作效率高，并且机器零件费、油料消耗费和材料消耗费降低了。生产费用很低，在9个月中节省了17000元，这给薄煤层开采高产高效带来了巨大的前景。 5 中国无人采煤技术展望在中国，无人采煤技术也不断地被研究和发展。在铁法局应用综合机械化刨煤机不回收背板的采煤方法的成功带来了无人采煤技术的希望，推动了中国无人采煤技术的前进。无人采煤方法提供了改善工作条件和环境的机会和可能，带来了巨大的经济和社会效益，并引起了人们对薄煤层开采的重视。无人采煤技术为缩小中国和世界先进开采技术的差距发挥了积极作用。在顶板控制技术和开采防护、支护、运输设备的突破的基础上，无人采煤方法能逐渐应用在中厚煤层和厚煤层。我们相信装备液压支架和滚筒采煤机的无人工作面即将出现。中国无人采煤技术将会出现一个新阶段，这将推动世界无人采煤技术的发展。附录BResearch and practice of unmanned mining face with full mechanized plowGuobing Liu & Hongmei LiABSTRACT: The unmanned face mining is an important way to deal with tile mining technique for the thin coal seam. Because such the problems as the root-control and the automatic control of the safe equipment have not been solved, the development of the unmanned mining face has been protected. China is the first country to realize unmanned mining with the full-mechanized plow successfully. The roof control, the safe equipment autoimmunization control and the thin or low seam producing realized efficiently. It pushes the development and progress of the unmanned mining technology in china and lays the foundation for tick or medium-thick coal seam mining with full-mechanized unmanned working face.1 ANALYSIS OF THE PRESHNT CONIDITION OF THE THIN COAL SEAM MINING TECHNOLOGYCoal is tile primary energy source ill China. China is rich in coal resources and has possessed about 770 billion tons of explored reserves. But the conditions of coal reserve are quite various - thin seam, thick seam and medium-thickness seam. The inclinations are very different - near level seam, pitching seam and steep seam. The distribution of thin coal seam is very wide in China. Among 95 key coal bureaus in China, 445 coalmines of 80 coal Bureaus are rich in thin coal seam, which occupies 17.76% of the total reserves. The state-owned key coalmines deposit 2.529 billion tons. The thin coal seam resources are relatively concentrated in Shanxi, Hebei, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Guizhou, Northeast and Chongqing Coal Company (Liu 2001).The mining of thin coal seam has been an important subject. People try to find a proper technology for mechanized mining thin coal seam and expect to realize safe and high production with high efficiency. Mining thin seam with the shearer is a major method. There are about 20 kinds of different shearers which mainly belong to two types of the shearers: the conveyor-mounted shearer and the off-pan shearer. The shearers used in Jixi, Shuangyashan, Qitaihe and Kailuan Coal Bureau are effective, but they are low in power and the production efficiency and the mining safety cannot be guaranteed. The full mechanized mining used thin coal seam has been developed in China. But there are some following problems for thin coal seam mining, such as: small working; large capacity, high safety, small in size, simple structure, good adaptability to various roof and floor and high automatization for the shearer, reducing the height between the roof and the floor; enlarging space for working; ensuring mine ventilation. Therefore, thin seam mining is still unsatisfied.Mining coal with the plow is an ideal mining technique for the thin and the thinnest coal seam. Since 1965, there have been four types of plows developed in China. They are type MB J, type HI - 26 drag-hook plow, type T11 - 26 sliding plow and a few scraper plows. They were used effectively in Xuzhou. Fengcheng, Handan, Hancheng, Huainan. Hegang and Jixi, etc, (Liu 1995).At about the middle of 1960s, China introduced the Reisshaken Type D drag-hook plow made in Germany. In 1968, it was used in Pingyi Coal Mine in which coal height is averagely 1.8 m. It obtained 30000 tons per month and the work efficiency 10 t/per man. In 1978, the Mega Type 3G drag-hook plow was put into use in Xinzhuangzi coal mine in Huainan and also gamed good efficiency. In 1979, China introduced the type 8-30 sliding plow. It was used in coal seam of 1.8 m in Qishan. Xuzhou Coal Bureau which obtained 30656 tons per month in the first half of 1981 and 34357 tons per month in the second half of t 1982.At the same time, the plow also was used in Jiahe Coal Mine, Xuzhou Coal Bureau and got good effect. But there is still a big gap to reach high production and efficiency.In 20th century, tile plow mining technology in China lagged behind and was equivalent to the technology level of 1950-60s. The power of the plow was small, the tramming speed was slow, the breaking strength of the plow chain was not big, its structure was not perfect and cannot ensure the plowing depth, and also the operation resistance was large. Because of without balanced control in the plow body, the coal production and plowing area were limited when the plowing climbed up or penetrated into the floor.2 ANALYSIS OF THE KEY TECHNOLOGY OF UNMANNED MINING FACEThe unmanned mining is one of the effective methods for the thin or thinnest coal seam. It can improve the poor mining conditions and safety problems for the miners, meanwhile, it can increase the coal productivity. So many countries pay regard to it. But the unmanned mining technology still had some unsolved problems in 20th Century.The unmanned mining with the helical drill has been developed well, but its production is low. For example, the most advanced helical drills efficiency is 40t/d, but the annual production is only 210000 tons, and the pillar loss is large, the dustproof in the drill hole is not good, the openings are excavated largely with a amount of debris, and the excavation rate is high(Liu 1993).The roof control is a common problem in mining with the plow and the unmanned full-mechanized shearer. Therefore, a lot of experiments in foreign countries include the choke-type support and wedge-shaped support. The automatic moving of the choke support has not been solved, so the roof cannot be controlled effectively and the normal mining can not be carried out. In addition, the coal face with choke support lacks pressure to the coal seam from the plow head. It causes low efficiency of mining and the coal face becomes arc to keep from the mining. The coal face with wedge-shaped support also has no fixed way for the plow. It causes the plows slot is unstable and the coal wall isnt trim, the support cannot be installed in good way. These lead to the failure of the roof control and the mining to be stopped.The key reason of the wire line coal saw not used widely is the unsettled roof control that causes the roof to be collapsed wire line to be cut and mining to be stopped. The roof of the left pillars can increase the coal extraction loss and cause to move the equipments of the coal face.Above all, if the problems of the roof-control, the equipment automatization, and safety and production can not be solved well, it will be very difficult to develop and improve the technology.3 PRACTICE OF THE UNMANNED MINING FACE WITH THE FULL MECHANIZED PLOWThe unmanned full-mechanized mining with the plow and powered support has successfully been experimented in Xiaoqingshan Coal Mine, Tiefa Mining Group. That is a remarkable breakthrough in unmanned face mining technology in China.3.1 The brief background of the working faceThe unmanned face with the 703B plow is used in the WE area, which lies in the west part of the mine. The face length is 905 m and the steep length is 150 m. After excavating 625 m, the length of the coal face becomes 195 m, and the thickness of the coal seam is 1.00-1.58 m, averagely 1.3 m, the tilt angle is 5-8,where partly changes frequently. In the openings, the suspension support was used. There is a side opening between the two side pans, which is connected to the WE coal storehouse to form a conveying system. The face conveyor is the single-track drop-bottom car of 3 tons, which conveys 150000 t/a. The conveying pan is connected to the west side-425m return air door by the WE intake airway for mans entrance to from a return air system (Liu & Liu 2002).3.2 The technology features of the mining equipmentAccording to tile automatic control, the mining equipments can fall into two kinds: The first kind is the automatic control system equipments, that is, PROMOS system made by PROMOS Company and VRT32 system made by DBT Company in Germany. They have complex intelligent relation with their corresponding control equipments. Under the artificial instruction or in the process of receiving the feedback information of the controlled equipment, they can automatically monitor the working situation of the equipments in the mining face (Liu 2002).The second one is the controlled equipments, which are the automatic working equipments controlled by the PROMOS system and VRT32 system. They continuously feedback the working situation and information to their corresponding control system. The main controlled equipments are: one plow having productivity 900 t/h made in Germany; one working face conveyor; productivity 900 t/h and the flexible angle of the sliding plow head: level: 1.1, upright: 0.6；135 powered supports KY6400-0.9/2.00 made m China, one feeder conveyor SZZ-764/160 made in China and one breaker PEM6501000 made in China (Liu & Liu 2002).3.3 Extraction techniqueThe coal extraction is done by the plow. The plow uses Z-typed sumping, which can cut 1,3m high. The high cut depth of the plow is 120 mm, tile plowing speed is 1.76m/s and the low cut depth is 70 mm. the plowing speed is 0.88 m/s.Under the control of the PROMOS, the plow moves automatically back and forth along the plow head sliding way. The plowed coal falls automatically into the pan and is ransported. The moving and supporting or the face conveyor also are controlled by PROMOS and PM4. They follow the plow moving towards the coal wall, the moving length amounts to tile plow depth. Every three powered PROMOS complete pushing the conveyor, lowering, moving and raising the support with the sensor element. The electromotor, cool of the decelerator and the tracking plow bodys spray are controlled by PROMOS during the plowing. The remote and automatic control of the coal face with the plow is realized by the computer. Under the normal condition, the coal face has been realized unmanned mining. The operator monitors the MCU, PM4 server, PROMOS controller and the controller board to control the mining remotely (Liu & Liu 2002).3.4 Handling of accidentsWhen the equipment is out of order or can not adjust to the condition, it must be stopped by man, and should be handled on the spot and make it work under the automatic condition of the mining, conveying, supporting and moving.In the process of plowing, when meeting the big floors fore-and-aft undulation, tile plow should be stopped and send the inspector or technician to adjust the hading jack on the face conveyor and the plow cuttings parameter in order to fit for new working conditions.4 INNOVATION RESEARCH OF UNMANNED FULL-MECH-MECHANIZED MINING WITH PLOWWith the success of the unmanned full-mechanized mining with the plow in Tiefa Coal Bureau, the breakthrough and innovation of three key techniques of the unmanned mining technology have been realized, and better economic and social efficiency obtained. That pushes the development of the unmanned mining technology.4.1 The breakthrough and innovation of the roof control technologyIn the unmanned coal face with the full-mechanized plow in Tiefa Coal Bureau, the type ZY6400-0.9/2.0D shield power support made by Beijing Coal Machine Factory is used and the plow and the conveyor made in Germany are equipped. In the coal face 135 power supports are installed and every three supports form one group controlled by a set of PM4. The PM4 reaches the plow heads position transferred by PROMOS, and automatically completes the functions - sliding, falling, pulling and raising up the support and holding up the roof etc. controlled the sensor element. That controls the face roof effectively to keep from the breaking down of the roof and ensure the face machine normally working. Therefore, it can ensure the success of the unmanned full-mechanized plow and realize the innovation of the roof control and management.4.2 The automatic technology of mining, conveying, supporting and movingThe face equipment has realized the remote and automatic control by computer, and that shows the unification of machine, electricity and intelligence. Under the normal condition, the plow controlled by PROMOS plows the coal face back and forth along the plow head sliding way in Z-typed sumping. The coal lumps can be transported by the face conveyor. The movement of the face conveyor and the support is controlled respectively by PROMOS and PM4, which move along as the plow face advances. The operator monitors the MCU master control panel, the PM4 server, the PROMOS controller and the control board, There is no man in the coal face, the equipments have good reliability and work normally. Each step of the mining is controlled by the designed program and achieves unmanned mining technology. That makes a breakthrough in the automatic control of mining.4.3 The high production and efficiency of the thin seam unmanned miningThe unmanned face of the full-mechanized plow management requires good