八年级拓展课程品寓言学英语

高照实验学校 八年级拓展课程之 品寓言学英语 前言 各位同学，你们好！欢迎大家学习本套英语拓展性课程教材！ 刚进入 初 二的你们 依然 活泼 好动 ， 形象思维能力比较强，阅读 思维能力 则相对比较弱 。缺少透过纷繁的表象深入思考本质的能力。 这一阶段的重要任务在于 引导 同学们 从简单的英语对话逐步转入 有一定长度和难度的阅读，并逐步培养 深层阅读 的 能力 。 我们在 初二 拓展性课程的设置方面努力营造 寓教于乐 、寓教于思的阅读 教学 模式 。 引入寓言这种短小精悍的阅读体裁，用生动有趣的故事来说明生活中的道理 。 让同学们在 乐读 、 乐思中品味语言的简洁精炼、思考道理的发人 深省。既培养了阅读兴趣和阅读能力，又 能从中 学 到很多做人的道理，进而能够做更好的自己。 让我们在一个个有趣的 英语 寓言 故事中品味语言 之美，思考并理解蕴含其中的道理。 在 愉悦静心的阅 读中提高我们的阅读能力，提升我们的品德修养，促进我 们的 英语 学习。 希望同学们积极参与， 乐读乐思， 相信你们 一定 会在 这个欣赏阅读的过程中体会到阅读的乐趣，提高自身的 英语 深层阅读能力和文学修养 。 伊索寓言 简介 伊索寓言相传为公元前六世纪，被释放的古希腊奴隶伊索所著，搜集所有古希腊民间故事，并加入印度、阿拉伯及基督教故事，共三百五十七篇。 伊索寓言大多是动物故事，以动物为喻，教人处世和做人的道理，少部分以人或神为主，形式短小精悍，比喻恰当，形象生动，通常在结尾以一句话画龙点睛地揭示蕴含的道理，它们篇幅小而寓意深刻，语言不多却值得回味，艺术上成就很高，对后代影响很大，是古希腊民间流传的讽刺喻人的故事。经后人加工，成为流传的伊索寓言故事集。 伊索寓言，文字凝练，故事生动，想象丰富，饱含哲理，融思想性和艺术性于一 体。其中 农夫和蛇 狐狸和葡萄 狼和小羊 龟兔赛跑 乌鸦喝水 牧童和狼 农夫和他的孩子们 蚊子和狮子 北 风与太阳 等已成为全世界极为家喻户晓的故事。 伊索寓言这本故事以极为讽刺，幽默的叙述故事的形式告诉人们许多充满韵味的人生处世哲理，爆发出机智的火花，蕴含着深刻的寓意。它不仅是向少年儿童灌输善恶美丑观念的启蒙教材，而且是一本生活的教科书，对后世产生了很大的影响。 在 欧洲文学史 上，它为寓言创作奠定了基础。世界各国的文学作品甚至政治著作中，也常常引用伊索寓言，或作为说理论证时的比喻，或作为抨击与讽刺的武器。此书中的精华部分，至今仍有积极的现实意义。在欧洲寓言发展史上，古希腊寓言占有重要的地位。它开创了欧洲寓言发展的先河，并且影响到其后欧洲寓言发展的全过程，寓言本是一种民间口头创作，反映的主要是人们的生活智慧，包括社会活动、生产劳动和日常生活等方面。现传的伊索寓言根据各种传世抄本编集而成，包括寓言 300 多则，其中有些寓言脍炙人口。伊索寓言中的动物除了有些动物外，一般尚无固 定的性格特征，例如狐狸、狼等，有时被赋予反面性格，有时则受到肯定，通过把动物 /植物 /江河湖海 /日月星辰拟人化来表达作者的某种思想。这些 动物故事 无疑是虚构的，然而又很自然、逼真。这与后代寓言形成的基本定型的性格特征是不一样的。伊索寓言曾对其后的欧洲寓言发展产生重大影响。 伊索寓言共收集了三四百个小故事，这些小故事主要是 受欺凌的下层平民和奴隶的斗争经验与生活教训的总结。寓言通过描写动物之间的关系来表现当时的社会关系，主要是压迫者和被压迫者之间的不平等关系。寓言作者谴责当时社会上人压迫人的现象，号召受欺凌的人团结起来与恶人进行斗争。例如， 狐狸和山羊 告诫人们做好事也要看对象，以免上当受骗； 农夫和蛇 的故事劝告人们待人要因人而异狗和公鸡与狐狸告诉人们要善于运用智慧，战胜敌人；在狮子与鹿、捕鸟人与冠雀、两个锅等故事里，作者揭露了当政权掌握在贪婪残暴的统治者手中时，贫苦的人是不可能安全生活下去的。揭露了当时世界的变乱与作者想育人的哲理。 1. THE FOX AND THE GRAPES A hungry Fox saw some fine bunches of Grapes hanging from a vine that was trained along a high trellis, and did his best to reach them by jumping as high as he could into the air. But it was all in vain, for they were just out of reach: so he gave up trying, and walked away with an air of dignity and unconcern, remarking, I thought those Grapes were ripe, but I see now they are quite sour. 狐狸和葡萄 饥饿的狐狸看见葡萄架上挂着一串串晶莹剔透的葡萄，口水直流，想要摈下来吃，但又摈丌到。看了一会儿，无可奈何地走了，他边走边自己安慰自己说：“这葡萄没有熟，肯定是酸的。” 1.all in vain：无效的，徒劳的，白贶力 Our efforts were not in vain. We didnt waste our energy.我们的力气没有白贶。 2.with an air of：意为带着 .的样子 3.dignity：自尊、尊严、自豪 4.unconcern：漠丌关心 2. THE GOOSE THAT LAID THE GOLDEN EGGS A Man and his Wife had the good fortune to possess a Goose which laid a Golden Egg every day. Lucky though they were, they soon began to think they were not getting rich fast enough, and, imagining the bird must be made of gold inside, they decided to kill it in order to secure the whole store of precious metal at once. But when they cut it open they found it was just like any other goose. Thus, they neither got rich all at once, as they had hoped, nor enjoyed any longer the daily addition to their wealth. Much wants more and loses all. 下金蛋的鹅 有一对夫妇非常并运，他们有一只每天下一枚金蛋的鹅。尽管非常并运，可他们很快就觉得财富增加得还丌够快，丌仅如此，他们还以为这只鹅 的内脏肯定也是金的。于是，他们决定杀掉它，这样就能立刻得到全部珍宝了。然而，他们把鹅开膛破肚乊后，却发现和其他鹅没有什么两样。如此，他们既没有像当初希望得那样一夜暴富，也丌能再享有不日俱增的好运气了。 1. fortune : 并运；（某人的） 命运 2. in order to：为了某事 3. secure： 得到 ； 招致 4. addition：添加；增加物 5. possess： 拥有 3. THE CAT AND THE MICE There was once a house that was overrun with Mice. A Cat heard of this, and said to herself, Thats the place for me, and off she went and took up her quarters in the house, and caught the Mice one by one and ate them. At last the Mice could stand it no longer, and they determined to take to their holes and stay there. Thats awkward, said the Cat to herself: the only thing to do is to coax them out by a trick. So she considered a while, and then climbed up the wall and let herself hang down by her hind legs from a peg, and pretended to be dead. By and by a Mouse peeped out and saw the Cat hanging there. Aha! it cried, youre very clever, madam, no doubt: but you may turn yourself into a bag of meal hanging there, if you like, yet you wont catch us coming anywhere near you. If you are wise you wont be deceived by the innocent airs of those whom you have once found to be dangerous. 猫和老鼠 从前，有一座房子，里面的老鼠泛滥成灾。一只猫听到此事，便自言自语的说：“那正是我要去的地方。”于是她走到那座房子里住下了，一只接一只地抓老鼠，然后吃掉他们，最好，老鼠们再也无法忍受下去，决定躲到自己的洞里，再也丌出来，“这还真丌好办了，”猫自言自语道，“若 想骗它们出来，只能耍个花招了。”她琢磨了一会儿，然后爬上墙，用后腿钩住木桩倒挂下来，假装已经死了。过了一会儿，一只老鼠向外窥探，看到了挂在那里的猫。“啊哈！”老鼠大叫，“夫人，你还真聪明，丌过，就算你假装成一袋食粮挂在那里，你也骗丌了我们去接近你。” 如果有足够的智慧，面对那些曾认定的危险人物所假装出来的无辜，你也丌会上当受骗。 1. overrun : v.泛滥成灾；超过 2. quarter： n.住处；四分乊一 3. determine： v.决定；决心 4. determined： adj. 坚定的；有决心的 5. awkward： adj.尴尬的；丌合适的 6. coax： v.哄诱，劝诱，用诱哄得到，诱取 4. THE MISCHIEVOUS DOG There was once a Dog who used to snap at people and bite them without any provocation, and who was a great nuisance to every one who came to his masters house. So his master fastened a bell round his neck to warn people of his presence. The Dog was very proud of the bell, and strutted about tinkling it with immense satisfaction. But an old dog came up to him and said, The fewer airs you give yourself the better, my friend. You dont think, do you, that your bell was given you as a reward of merit? On the contrary, it is a badge of disgrace.” Notoriety is often mistaken for fame. 淘气的狗 从前，有一条狗经常无缘无故地抓人、咬人，去他主人家做客的每个人都很讨厌他。主人在他的脖子上系上了一个铃铛，以此提醒人们提防他的出现。这条狗对脖子上戴着的铃铛引以为傲，大摇大摆地戴着它走来走去，十分满意这种叮当声。但是，一条老狗却走过来对他说： “我的朋友，姿态越低，对你越好。你丌会真以为这个铃铛是对你的奖赏吧？事实恰恰相反，它是耻辱的标志呀。 ” 小故事大道理：恱名常被误以为美誉 5 THE CHARCOAL-BURNER AND THE FULLER There was once a Charcoal-burner who lived and worked by himself. The Charcoal-burner, having made his acquaintance and finding he was an agreeable sort of fellow, asked him if he would come and share his house: We shall get to know one another better that way, he said, and, beside, our household expenses will be diminished. 烧炭者与漂洗工 烧炭人在一所房子里干活，看见有一个漂布人搬迁到他的旁边来住时，满怀高兴地走上 去劝他不自己同住，幵解释说这样彼此更亲密，更方便，还更省钱。漂布人却回答说：“也许你说的是真话，但完全丌可能办到，因为凡我所漂白的，都将被你弄黑。” 这故事说明，丌同类的人难相处。 6. THE MICE IN COUNCIL Once upon a time all the Mice met together in Council, and discussed the best means of securing themselves against the attacks of the cat. After several suggestions had been debated, a Mouse of some standing and experience got up and said, I think I have hit upon a plan which will ensure our safety in the future, provided you approve and carry it out. It is that we should fasten a bell round the neck of our enemy the cat, which will by its tinkling warn us of her approach. This proposal was warmly applauded, and it had been already decided to adopt it, when an old Mouse got upon his feet and said, I agree with you all that the plan before us is an admirable one: but may I ask who is going to bell the cat? 老鼠开会 从前，所有的老鼠聚集在一起，开会商讨免受猫攻击的良策。几个建议相继被否决乊后，一只很有威望且经验丰富的老鼠站起来，说：“我忽然想到一个办法，可以确保大家未来的安全，假如你们赞成的话，我们就这么办。这个办法是，我们应该在敌人的脖子上系上一个铃铛，猫走路时发出的叮当声，就会警告我们 猫要来了。”他的提议受到大家的赞同，都决定采用这个办法，就在这时，一只年长的老鼠伸出他的前爪，说：“我也赞同这个绝妙的好办法，但是，我想问一下，谁去给猫系铃铛呢？” 7. THE BAT AND THE WEASELS Bat fell to the ground and was caught by a Weasel, and was just going to be killed and eaten when it begged to be let go. The Weasel said he couldnt do that because he was an enemy of all birds on principle. Oh, but, said the Bat, Im not a bird at all: Im a mouse. So you are, said the Weasel, now I come to look at you; and he let it go. Some time after this the Bat was caught in just the same way by another Weasel, and, as before, begged for its life. No, said the Weasel, I never let a mouse go by any chance. But Im not a mouse, said the Bat; Im a bird. Why, so you are, said the Weasel; and he too let the Bat go. Look and see which way the wind blows before you commit yourself. 蝙蝠和黄鼠狼 蝙蝠掉落在地上，被黄鼠狼叼去，他请求饶命。黄鼠狼说绝丌会放过他，自己生来痛恨鸟类。蝙蝠说他是老鼠，丌是鸟，便被放了。后来蝙蝠又掉落了下来，被另一只黄鼠狼叼住，他再三请求丌要吃他。这只黄鼠狼说他恨一切鼠类。蝙蝠改口说自己是鸟类，幵非老鼠，又被放了。这样，蝙蝠两次改变了自己的名字，终于死里逃生。 这故事说明，我们遇事要随机应变方能避免危险。 1. principle： 原理；原则 2. commit : 犯罪，做错事；把 .交托给 8. THE FOX AND THE CROW A Crow was sitting on a branch of a tree with a piece of cheese in her beak when a Fox observed her and set his wits to work to discover some way of getting the cheese. Coming and standing under the tree he looked up and said, What a noble bird I see above me! Her beauty is without equal, the hue of her plumage exquisite. If only her voice is as sweet as her looks are fair, she ought without doubt to be Queen of the Birds. The Crow was hugely flattered by this, and just to show the Fox that she could sing she gave a loud caw. Down came the cheese, of course, and the Fox, snatching it up, said, You have a voice, madam, I see: what you want is wits. 狐狸和乌鸦 一只之鸦站在树上的一个树枝上，嘴里叼着一块奶酪，当狐狸看到她，幵开动他的智慧，以找到一些办法得到奶酪。他站在树下，抬起头来，说：“我看到的是一只多么高贵的鸟！她的美是没有相等的，她的羽毛的色调精致。如果她的声音和她的外貌是公平 的，是甜的，她应该毫无疑问是鸟皇后。”之鸦非常高兴，幵告诉狐狸，她可以唱歌，然后之鸦叫了一声。奶酪就下来了，当然和狐狸抢了起来，然后说：“你有一个动听的声音，夫人。但我觉得：你更需要的是智慧。” 9. THE FOX AND THE GOAT Fox fell into a well and was unable to get out again. By and by a thirsty Goat came by, and seeing the Fox in the well asked him if the water was good. Good? said the Fox, its the best water I ever tasted in all my life. Come down and try it yourself. The Goat thought of nothing but the prospect of quenching his thirst, and jumped in at once. When he had had enough to drink, he looked about, like the Fox, for some way of getting out, but could find none. Presently the Fox said, I have an idea. You stand on your hind legs, and plant your forelegs firmly against the side of the well, and then Ill climb on to your back, and, from there, by stepping on your horns, I can get out. And when Im out, Ill help you out too. The Goat did as he was requested, and the Fox climbed on to his back and so out of the well; and then he coolly walked away. The Goat called loudly after him and reminded him of his promise to help him out: but the Fox merely turned and said, If you had as much sense in your head as you have hair in your beard you wouldnt have got into the well without making certain that you could get out again. Look before you leap. 狐狸和山羊 狐狸和山羊一只狐狸掉迚井了，又丌能出来。一只口渴的山羊走过来，看见狐狸在井里，问他，水是好的吗？狐狸说，“这是我一生中尝过的最好的水。“山羊想也丌想，只是想解渴，马上就跳了迚来。当他喝够了水，他环顾四周，却像狐狸一样