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上传时间：2019-11-09
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李**（实名认证）
江苏
IP属地：江苏
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膜片
弹簧
离合器
优化
设计
- 资源描述：
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膜片弹簧离合器优化设计,膜片,弹簧,离合器,优化,设计
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外文资料与中文翻译外文资料The diaphragm spring clutch profile Key word Diaphragm spring; nonlinear; friction plateFirst, clutch overview The so-called clutch, just as its name implies that is using from and close to deliver the right amount of power. Regarding the manual to block of models is concerned, the clutch is an important part of the car power system, it will have power and the engine cut off and connection between the work. In urban road sections or complex when driving, clutch became the most frequently used our one of the components and the clutch the stand or fall of use, directly reflect the driving of level, also reflected the stand or fall of protection for vehicles. Correctly use the clutch, and master the principle of clutch in special circumstances use clutch to solve the problem, is every block if car driving manual should grasp. Second, the clutch working principle By friction clutch piece, shrapnal, pressure plate and power output shaft composition, decorate in engine and transmission between, used to the engine flywheel stored in torque transfer to the gearbox, ensure the in different driving conditions on to the drive wheels right amount of driving force and torque, belongs to the category of powertrain. The clutch is divided into three working state, that is, not on the clutch type all, in part on the clutch type and a half (in half the time, clutch linkage power input and power output terminal allow rotation difference have, that is through the rotation speed difference to implement the transfer right amount of power), and on the clutch not by year-end. When the vehicle in normal road, pressure plate is tightly on the flywheel crowded friction slices, and the pressure plate and friction of the friction between the largest, input and output shaft axis between remained relatively static friction, both speed and in the same. When the car started, the driver on the clutch, the clutch pedal sports pull the pressure plate lean back, also is the pressure plate and friction piece of separation, right now the pressure plate and the flywheel completely not contact, are relatively friction. The last one, also is the clutch type half state. At this time, pressure plate and friction piece of friction small type in state. Clutch disc and the flywheel of friction between sliding friction is state. The flywheel is greater than the speed of output shaft speed, from the flywheel transmission out of power transfer to the gearbox. At this time between the engine and the drive wheels is equivalent to a soft link state. Third, the application of the clutch Generally speaking, the clutch is in the vehicle when start and shift work; the transmission shaft and the second shaft rotation difference between, the power of the engine and must be a shaft after cut, synchronizer to will be a very good one axis and keep the speed of the second shaft synchronization, block a hang into later, again through the clutch and a shaft engine power combination to make power to continue to transmission. 1. Ensure smooth car started Before starting car dormant, and transmission is rigid even if the engine connect of, once hung up the file, the car will be connected to the power before suddenly suddenly blunt, not only will cause damage to the parts, and driving force was enough to overcome before the car produced a blunt force, make the engine speed sharply down. If the use of the clutch temporarily started the engine and transmission separate, then the clutch gradually junction, because of the active part of the clutch and part driven exists between the friction phenomenon, can make the clutch came out of the torque by zero increase gradually, but the car driving force also increase gradually, thus let the car started smoothly. 2. Easy to shift The course of driving cars, often for a different gear transmission, in order to adapt to the constantly changing driving conditions. If no clutch of engine and transmission will temporarily separation, then in the power transmission gearbox meshing gears for load will not discharge is divided, the meshing between tooth face a lot of pressure and hard to separate. Another treat meshing gears for both circumference speed will differ and hard to mesh. Even if force their way into meshing will have a great impact the tooth, easy attaint parts. Use the clutch make the engine and transmission temporarily separation after the shift, the original meshing pair gear for load unloading, meshing face the pressure between greatly decreases, and is easy to separate. And for another couple of meshing gears, active gear and engine because separated inertia is small, adopting appropriate shift action can make to the meshing gears circumference speed equal or close to equal, so as to avoid or reduce the impact of the gear wheel. 3. To prevent transmission overload Auto emergency braking, the sudden drop speed, and connected with the engine the transmission system for rotary inertia, still keep original speed, this often in transmission systems produce far outweigh the engine torque of inertia, make the transmission parts damage easily. Because the clutch is to rely on to deliver the friction torque, so when the transmission in load than what message friction torque, the Lord of the clutch, driven part will automatically sliding, and rose to prevent transmission overload role. 4. Reduce the impact of torsional vibration The engines working principle decided their output torque is not even. In power stroke, the combustion chamber gas explosion have great impact torque, and in other stroke, but by inertia counter drag engine. Although the engine itself to have the rotation inertia can reduce the torsional vibration, but the rest of the impact on subsequent transmissions, and still produce adverse effect to drive shaft. The vibration reduction and clutch spring (tangential distribution), can significantly reduce the impact of torsional vibration of the engine bring, and extend the life of the sliding gears. The working principle of the clutch The active part of the clutch and driven by surface of the friction between the role, or to use liquid as transmission medium (hydraulic coupler), or a magnetic transmission (electromagnetic clutch) to transfer torque, make both between can temporarily separation, and gradually joints, in the course of transmission and allow the two part turn each other. At present in the car is widely used in spring pressure tight friction clutch (referred to as friction clutch). The engine gave forth torque, through the flywheel and pressure plate and driven plate surface friction role, to the driven plate. When pilots on the clutch pedal through the part of transmission, make the diaphragm spring main drive the pressure plate back, this time with the active part of the separation of the driven. Fourth, clutch should satisfy the basic requirements Friction clutch should be able to meet the following basic requirements: (1) ensure that can deliver a maximum torque of the engine, and there is a certain transmission torque force. (2) can do separation, complete separation, engage in soft, and has good heat capacity. (3) the driven part of the rotational inertia as low as possible some. So, in separation and clutch shift, and transmission of the part of the input shaft connected speed is easy to change, and reducing the impact between gear. (4) with ease rotation direction impact, the direction of the vibration attenuation capability, and little noise. (5) the pressure plate of pressure and friction of the friction coefficient change small, stable work. (6) effortless manipulation, maintenance is convenient. In the clutch, and an indispensable buffer device, it consists of two similar to the flywheel disc to together, in a rectangular groove on the disk, decorate in the slots spring, in meet the intense shock, two disks of the spring happened between each other elastic role, buffer to external stimuli. Effective protection the engine and the clutch. In the clutch of each parts, pressure plate spring intensity, friction piece of the friction coefficient, clutch diameter, number and position of friction clutch is the key factor to clutch performance, the stiffness of hydropneumatic spring, the bigger the friction piece of the friction coefficient is high, the diameter of the clutch, the bigger the clutch performance and also more good. Fifth, the classification of the clutch clutch Clutch is located in between the engine and transmission of the flywheel crust, screwed the clutch assembly fixed in the flywheel after the plane, clutch output shaft is gearbox input shaft. In the course of driving cars, the brakes according to need or loosen the clutch pedal, make the engine and transmission temporarily separation and gradually joints, or transfer to cut off the engine to the transmission of the input power. Clutch profile clutch function 1. Ensure smooth car started 2. Easy to shift 3. To prevent transmission overload 4. Reduce the impact of torsional vibration The classification of the clutch The clutch classification national standards GBT10043-2003 clutch of friction type clutch, hydraulic torque converter (hydraulic coupler), electromagnetic clutch to wait for a few kinds. Friction type clutch and divided into wet and dry type two kinds. Hydraulic coupling By working liquid (oil) transmission torque, shell and pump wheels is an organic whole repeatedly, is active thing; Turbine and pump wheels relative, is a follower. When the pump impeller speed is low, turbine cant is driven, active and a follower in separation between state; With the improvement of the wheel speed pump, turbine is driven, active and a follower in state between junction. Electromagnetic clutch By the power of the coil to control the clutch of joint and separation. As in the initiative and follower placed between magnetic powder, can strengthen the force between the two meet, such clutch called magnetic powder type electromagnetic clutch. At present, combined with manual transmission of most of the clutch for dry friction type clutch, according to the number of the driven plate, and divided into the single disc, double disc and more disc to wait for a few kinds. Wet friction type clutch disc for the general, dip in oil in order to heat dissipation. Using several spiral spring as pressure spring, and will these spring along the pressure plate of the distribution of the circumference of the clutch called weeks cloth spring clutch. The diaphragm spring as pressure of the spring clutch called diaphragm spring clutch. Automatic clutch As the electronic technology in cars application, a kind of automatic clutch system also entered the automobile field. This from the control unit (ECU) control of the clutch has been used in some cars, make manual transmission shift one important step-the clutch disconnection and joints can automatically timely complete, simplify the drivers control movement. Traditional clutch points have arrows and hydraulic pressure type two kinds, automatic clutch also divided into two kinds: machine motor type automatic clutch and hydraulic pressure type automatic clutch. Machine motor type automatic clutch the ECU pooling the accelerator pedal, engine speed sensor, speed sensor signal, the processed send command servo motor drive, through the bars, and other machinery and form the clutch driven action; The hydraulic automatic clutch is by ECU send signal drive electric hydraulic system, through the hydraulic control clutch action. The hydraulic automatic clutch of the general in the basis of diaphragm clutch increased the electronic control unit (ECU) and hydraulic execution system, will control the clutch pedal oil cylinder piston to the switch equipment control electric pump to manipulate the clutch oil cylinder piston. The transmission control unit (ECU) and engine control unit (ECU) is integrated together, according to the accelerator pedal, transmission gear, transmission input/output shaft speed, the engine speed, the throttle valve and the feedback information of sensors, and calculates the clutch of joint best time and speed. Automatic clutch executive branch by electric fuel pump, electromagnetic valve and clutch oil cylinder composed, when ECU issue commands drive electric pump, electric pump the high pressure generated by the electromagnetic valve oil transport to clutch oil cylinder. Through the ECU control of electric solenoid valve to control the flow of oil and the oil flow channel transform, realize the clutch oil cylinder piston movement, thus completing car starting, shift the action when the clutch. ECU with automatic clutch of the car with automatic transmission device (AT) and step-less transmission (CVT) compared to cars, it has an advantage in running economy, because of it of transmission or manual transmission, therefore lower fuel consumption, production costs are lower than AT and CVT. Of course, the convenience of vehicle handling will favor AT and CVT. After all, it is the assembly manual transmission, still want to stick shift. Sixth, clutch unusual problem Note the clutch is sliding, cause the cause of this kind of phenomenon has a few kinds, the main reason is the clutch free trip is too small, bearings often pressure in the diaphragm spring, make the pressure plate is always in the half separated. Or is the clutch disc spring too soft or have broken, the clutch and the flywheel connection screw loose, etc. In engine idling state, on the clutch pedal almost touch the bottom, to cut off the clutch. On the clutch pedal, feel hang block difficulties or gears appeared harsh crash, or hang after block doesnt lift the clutch, the vehicles start driving, this suggests that the clutch is not complete. On the clutch pedal to 3/4, clutch should be firm joints, or check their trip is appropriate, available in the pedal ruler in measurement, first measure the highest position high pedal, then measured on the pedal to feel the height of the resistance, the difference of the two is the car trip clutch numerical. If in the use of the clutch appeared in the process of abnormal sound is not normal. The fault reason bearings is worn, bearing of the return of the spring is too soft or broken, the diaphragm spring stents have problem and so on. Seventh, clutch parts Each clutch is the following parts: (1)Active part: the flywheel, pressure plate, clutch cover, etc.; (2)The driven parts: driven plate, the driven shaft (i.e. first transmission shaft); (3) pressure parts: press the spring; (4) control mechanisms: separation lever, separation lever supporting columns, the swinging pin, separation sleeve, bearings, clutch pedal, etc. Eighth, friction type clutch basic structure theory On the analysis of the working process of the clutch, before the first master the following general term: Free gap: clutch engaging, bearings and separation before end of the gap between end leverage. Separation gap: clutch, driven plate surface and the flywheel and before and after the gaps between pressure plate surface. The clutch free trip: from the clutch on the freedom to eliminate the gap of the corresponding pedal stroke is a free trip. The clutch pedal working travel: the elimination of freedom after clearance, continue to on the clutch pedal, will produce a separation gap, this process of the corresponding pedal stroke is a work schedule. The clutch work process may be divided into separation process and jointing process in the separation process, on the clutch pedal, in a free trip to eliminate the freedom of the clutch in first gap, and then in the work schedule within the separation clearance, clutch release. In the jointing process, gradually loosen the clutch pedal, pressure plate in spring pressure under the action of moving forward, first eliminate separation clearance and in the pressure plate, driven plate and the flywheel work surface effect enough compaction force; Bearings after in under the action of reposition spring back mobile, produce free clearance, clutch engaging. The clutch adjustments: The clutch is in use process, driven plate for wear and will become thinner, and make the freedom clearance decrescent, will eventually affect the clutch normal answered close, so the clutch use over time need to adjust. The clutch adjustment the aim is to guarantee the freedom of appropriate clearance, the clutch The whole of the parts and methods in specific models and decide. The pressure plate is active components of the clutch, always with the flywheel spinning can usually be through the convex platform, key or pin transmission, together with the flywheel spinning turn, at the same time, pressure plate and can move back relatively the flywheel, make the clutch. Driven plate mainly by the driven plate ontology, friction piece and driven set up the hub. In the clutch from separation to reveal the process, friction piece with the flywheel and the pressure plate to friction between, produce a lot of heat. this some heat need timely spread out, in order to avoid friction piece for the temperature too high to damage, so in the clutch cover sets window, some still system a guide of the wind, in order to strengthen their internal ventilation cooling. The most common friction clutch pressure structure is spiral spring and diaphragm spring, diaphragm spring clutch have push type and rumsfeld two kind of structure. And the spiral spring clutch according to spring pressure in the way the pressure plate is divided into weeks cloth spring and the central spring type. The clutch operation into mechanical operation, hydraulic operation, in order to reduce the clutch pedal force.And not for transmission excessive transmission ratio and increase the pedal stroke, in some powered mechanical truck and some car used on the clutch. Board of power device. Another is pressure power type clutch control mechanism using engine driving air compressor as a major exercise. The energy, the drivers body as auxiliary or backup manipulate energy, and the automobile air brake system or other of pneumatic equipment With a set of compressed air source. The diaphragm spring clutch is to use the diaphragm spring instead of general spiral spring and separation stem institutions and make it of the clutch, because it cloth.Buy in the center, so also can calculate the central spring clutch. characteristics advantages 1, the diaphragm spring clutch force spiral spring clutch than needed, the power of the small, diaphragm spring clutch operation light. 2, the diaphragm spring clutch itself and press the spring and separation leverage in the role of the clutch structure greatly simplified and significantly reduced The clutch between shaft size; Moreover, the diaphragm spring has good nonlinear characteristics, design can make the right of friction wear to the limit. Compaction force can still maintain little changed, and reduce the separation of the clutch pedal force, to manipulate light. 3, because the diaphragm spring and the pressure plate the circumference of the contact, the pressure distribution uniformity, good contacts of friction and wear uniform; 4, the diaphragm spring is a rotational symmetrical parts, symmetrical, in high speed, the compaction force reduce small, and weeks for a spiral Spring in high speed by centrifugal force role will the transverse bending, spring serious drum out, which can reduce the pressure plate to the compaction force; 5 and easy to realize good ventilation cooling. Faults The diaphragm spring clutch shortcomings In general pressure type diaphragm spring clutch, in supporting rim wear, in the diaphragm spring and supporting ring formed between the clearance and guide. The clutch pedal free travel increases, but in rumsfeld diaphragm spring clutch can remove the faults. 中文翻译膜片弹簧离合器简介一、离合器概述所谓离合器，顾名思义就是说利用“离”与“合”来传递适量的动力。对于手动挡的车型而言，离合器是汽车动力系统的重要部件，它担负着将动力与发动机之间进行切断与连接的工作。在城市道路或者复杂路段驾驶时，离合器成了我们最频繁使用的部件之一，而离合器运用的好坏，直接体现了驾驶水平的高低，也体现了对于车辆保护的好坏。正确使用离合器，掌握离合器的原理以在特殊情况下利用离合器来解决问题，是每个驾驶手动挡车型的车友应该掌握的。二、离合器工作原理离合器由摩擦片，弹簧片，压盘以及动力输出轴组成，布置在发动机与变速箱之间，用来将发动机飞轮上储存的力矩传递给变速箱，保证车辆在不同的行驶状况下传递给驱动轮适量的驱动力和扭矩，属于动力总成的范畴。离合器分为三个工作状态，即不踩下离合器的全连动，部分踩下离合器的半连动（在半联动的时候，离合器的动力输入端与动力输出端允许有转速差，也就是通过其转速差来实现传递适量的动力），以及踩下离合器的不连动。当车辆在正常行驶时，压盘是紧紧挤靠在飞轮的摩擦片上的，此时压盘与摩擦片之间的摩擦力最大，输入轴和输出轴之间保持相对静摩擦，二者转速相同。 当车辆起步时，司机踩下离合器，离合器踏板的运动拉动压盘向后靠，也就是压盘与摩擦片分离，此时压盘与飞轮完全不接触，也就不存在相对摩擦。最后一种，也就是离合器的半连动状态。此时，压盘与摩擦片的摩擦力小于全连动状态。离合器压盘与飞轮上的摩擦片之间是滑动摩擦状态。飞轮的转速大于输出轴的转速，从飞轮传输出来的动力部分传递给变速箱。此时发动机与驱动轮之间相当于一种软连接状态。三、离合器的应用一般来说，离合器是在车辆起步和换挡的时候发挥作用，此时变速箱的一轴和二轴之间存在转速差，必须将发动机的动力与一轴切开以后，同步器才能很好的将一轴的转速保持与二轴同步，挡位挂进以后，再通过离合器将一轴与发动机动力结合，使动力继续得以传输。1.保证汽车平稳起步起步前汽车处于静止状态，与变速箱是刚性连如果发动机接的，一旦挂上档，汽车将由于突然接上动力突然前冲，不但会造成机件的损伤，而且驱动力也不足以克服汽车前冲产生的巨大惯性力，使发动机转速急剧下降而熄火。如果在起步时利用离合器暂时将发动机和变速箱分离，然后离合器逐渐接合，由于离合器的主动部分与从动部分之间存在着滑磨的现象，可以使离合器传出的扭矩由零逐渐增大，而汽车的驱动力也逐渐增大，从而让汽车平稳地起步。 2.便于换档汽车行驶过程中，经常换用不同的变速箱档位，以适应不断变化的行驶条件。如果没有离合器将发动机与变速箱暂时分离，那么变速箱中啮合的传力齿轮会因载荷没有卸除，其啮合齿面间的压力很大而难于分开。另一对待啮合齿轮会因二者圆周速度不等而难于啮合。即使强行进入啮合也会产生很大的齿端冲击，容易损坏机件。利用离合器使发动机和变速箱暂时分离后进行换档，则原来啮合的一对齿轮因载荷卸除，啮合面间的压力大大减小，就容易分开。而待啮合的另一对齿轮，由于主动齿轮与发动机分开后转动惯量很小，采用合适的换档动作就能使待啮合的齿轮圆周速度相等或接近相等，从而避免或减轻齿轮间的冲击。 3.防止传动系过载汽车紧急制动时，车轮突然急剧降速，而与发动机相连的传动系由于旋转的惯性，仍保持原有转速，这往往会在传动系统中产生远大于发动机转矩的惯性矩，使传动系的零件容易损坏。由于离合器是靠摩擦力来传递转矩的，所以当传动系内载荷超过摩擦力所能传递的转矩时，离合器的主、从动部分就会自动打滑，因而起到了防止传动系过载的作用。 4.降低扭振冲击汽车发动机的工作原理决定了其输出扭矩的不平稳。在做功冲程，燃烧室气体爆炸产生极大冲击扭矩，而在其他冲程，却是靠惯性反拖发动机。虽然发动机本身转动系具有的惯性可降低扭振，但剩余的冲击力仍然对后续的变速箱、传动轴产生不利影响。而离合器中的减振弹簧（切向分布），可显著降低发动机带来的扭振冲击，延长变速齿轮寿命。 汽车离合器的工作原理离合器的主动部分和从动部分借接触面间的摩擦作用，或是用液体作为传动介质(液力偶合器)，或是用磁力传动(电磁离合器)来传递转矩，使两者之间可以暂时分离，又可逐渐接合，在传动过程中又允许两部分相互转动。目前在汽车上广泛采用的是用弹簧压紧的摩擦离合器(简称为摩擦离合器)。发动机发出的转矩，通过飞轮及压盘与从动盘接触面的摩擦作用，传给从动盘。当驾驶员踩下离合器踏板时，通过机件的传递，使膜片弹簧大端带动压盘后移，此时从动部分与主动部分分离。四、离合器应满足的基本要求摩擦离合器应能满足以下基本要求：(1)保证能传递发动机发出的最大转矩，并且还有一定的传递转矩余力。(2)能作到分离时，彻底分离，接合时柔和，并具有良好的散热能力。 (3)从动部分的转动惯量尽量小一些。这样，在分离离合器换档时，与变速器输入轴相连部分的转速就比较容易变化，从而减轻齿轮间冲击。 (4)具有缓和转动方向冲击，衰减该方向振动的能力，且噪音小。 (5)压盘压力和摩擦片的摩擦系数变化小，工作稳定。(6)操纵省力，维修保养方便。在离合器中，还有一个不可或缺的缓冲装置，它由两个类似于飞轮的圆盘对在一起，在圆盘上打有矩形凹槽，在凹槽内布置弹簧，在遇到激烈的冲击时，两个圆盘之间的弹簧相互发生弹性作用，缓冲外界刺激。有效的保护了发动机和离合器。在离合器的各个配件中，压盘弹簧的强度，摩擦片的摩擦系数，离合器直径，摩擦片位置以及离合器数目就是决定离合器性能的关键因素，弹簧的刚度越大，摩擦片的摩擦系数越高，离合器的直径越大，离合器性能也就越好。五、汽车离合器的分类 汽车离合器 汽车离合器位于发动机和变速箱之间的飞轮壳内，用螺钉将离合器总成固定在飞轮的后平面上，离合器的输出轴就是变速箱的输入轴。在汽车行驶过程中，驾驶员可根据需要踩下或松开离合器踏板，使发动机与变速箱暂时分离和逐渐接合，以切断或传递发动机向变速器输入的动力。汽车离合器简介汽车离合器的功用 1.保证汽车平稳起步2.便于换档3.防止传动系过载4.降低扭振冲击汽车离合器的分类离合器分类 国家标准GBT10043-2003汽车离合器有摩擦式离合器、液力变矩器(液力耦合器)、电磁离合器等几种。摩擦式离合器又分为湿式和干式两种。 液力耦合器靠工作液（油液）传递转矩，外壳与泵轮连为一体，是主动件；涡轮与泵轮相对，是从动件。当泵轮转速较低时，涡轮不能被带动，主动件与从动件之间处于分离状态；随着泵轮转速的提高，涡轮被带动，主动件与从动件之间处于接合状态。 电磁离合器靠线圈的通断电来控制离合器的接合与分离。如在主动与从动件之间放置磁粉，则可以加强两者之间的接合力，这样的离合器称为磁粉式电磁离合器。 目前，与手动变速器相配合的绝大多数离合器为干式摩擦式离合器，按其从动盘的数目，又分为单盘式、双盘式和多盘式等几种。湿式摩擦式离合器一般为多盘式的，浸在油中以便于散热。采用若干个螺旋弹簧作为压紧弹簧，并将这些弹簧沿压盘圆周分布的离合器称为周布弹簧离合器。采用膜片弹簧作为压紧弹簧的离合器称为膜片弹簧离合器。 自动离合器随着电子技术在汽车上应用，一种自动离合器系统也进入了汽车领域。这种由控制单
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