加工中心自动换刀系统设计（盘式）——刀库设计
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加工中心自动换刀系统设计（盘式）——刀库设计,加工,中心,自动,系统,设计,盘式
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河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业设计（论文）中期检查表指导教师： 刘建慧 职称： 副教授 所在院（系）： 机械与动力工程学院 教研室（研究室） 机械设计研究室 题 目加工中心自动换刀系统设计（盘式）刀库设计学生姓名李清泉专业班级机制10升1班 学号0816101026一、选题质量：（主要从以下四个方面填写：1、选题是否符合专业培养目标，能否体现综合训练要求；2、题目难易程度；3、题目工作量；4、题目与生产、科研、经济、社会、文化及实验室建设等实际的结合程度）本次选择的设计题目是加工中心自动换刀系统刀库设计，内容涉及到了刀库的总体方案的确定，还有一些机械零件和机械结构的设计计算与校核，与专业课紧密联系，符合专业培养目标。在设计工作中，需要对所学知识综合的加以运用，使之能够熟练应用有关参考资料、计算图标、手册；熟悉有关的国家标准，体现了综合训练的要求。工作量大，课题与生产加工紧密相关，与生产，经济，社会的结合紧密，选题质量较高。二、开题报告完成情况：从适合实际工作环境出发，确定了明确的课题设计方向；并对加工中心自动换刀的刀库在换刀时候常出现的问题进行了一定的研究。已经开始对课题进行设计计算，并有了突破性的进展，设计过程已经快速的展开，并确定了工作的方法与内容；同时，已完成了相关资料的查阅，对课题有了总体的分析，开题报告顺利完成。三、阶段性成果：在设计初期，查阅了大量关于加工中心自动换刀系统刀库的资料，包括去图书馆查阅资料、网络上搜集相关的技术数据等，对加工中心自动换刀系统的结构原理、工作方式，换刀的原理、工作形式及其刀具的种类和结构，以及刀库的选刀控制方式有了进一步的了解和掌握。因此，在刀库总体设计阶段花费了大量的时间来搜集资料、思考、寻求老师的指导，经过老师的指导和我了解的一些情况，对刀库总体设计有了初步方案，具体的详细设计将在后续工作中详细完成。同时通过这段时间的不断学习和研究，培养了我的开发和设计能力，提高了综合运用所学知识和技能去分析、解决实际问题的能力，而且提高了我独立思考问题的能力和计算机实际操作水平。四、存在主要问题：在前期的设计过程中存在很多问题： 由于以前实习没有见过加工中心，而图书馆和上网搜集的关于这方面的资料有比较少，这就使我在对其总体结构显的捉襟见肘，不知该如何下手。解决方法是多上网查关于这方面的资料，并到校工厂多看了解一下其他机床的结构，以作参考。还有就是对于转位工作台的机械系统设计不知该有哪种结构形式 。这一问题的解决方法是多查资料，多向指导老师请教，综合比较，以选取合理的方案。再者就是我用绘图工具绘图还不够熟练。解决方法是多练习，遇到问题时及时向会的同学或者老师请教，以提高自己的绘图技能。五、指导教师对学生在毕业实习中，劳动、学习纪律及毕业设计（论文）进展等方面的评语指导教师： （签名） 年 月 日4河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目名称加工中心自动换刀系统设计（盘式）刀库设计学生姓名李清泉专业班级机制10升1班学号0816101026一、 选题的目的和意义：加工中心（Machining Center,MC）是适应省力、省时和节能的时代要求而迅速发展起来的自动换刀数控机床，它是综合了机械技术、电子技术、计算机软件技术、拖动技术、现代控制理论、测量及传感技术以及通信诊断、刀具和编程技术的高科技产品。由于加工中心能集中完成多种工序，因而可减少工件装夹、测量和调整时间，减少工件周转、搬运存放时间，使机床的切削利用率高于通用机床3倍4倍，所以说，加工中心不仅提高了工件的加工精度，而且是数控机床中生产率和自动化程度最高的综合性机床。1958年，美国卡尼，特雷克（Kearney&Trecker）公司首次把铣、钻、镗等多种工序集中于一台数控机床上，通过换刀方式实现连续加工，成为世界上第一台加工中心。该产品出现后，销路惊人，引起了日、德、美、英、法、意等先进工业国家的高度重视，竞相开发生产，不断扩大和完善机床的功能，成为数控机床中发展最快、需求量最大的商品之一。如今，世界上出现了立式、卧式、龙门式、落地式等各种加工中心，据不完全统计，大约有1000多个品种规格。未来加工中心的发展动向是高速化、进一步提高精度和愈发完善的机能。加工中心是数控机床的代表，是高新技术集成度高的典型机电一体化机械加工设备，我国的加工中心从70年代开始，已有很大发展，但技术、品种和数量上都还远不能适应我国经济、技术发展的需要。随着我国工业的不断发展，推动了模具制造业、机械加工业的巨大发展，使得数控机床的使用越来越普遍，而加工中心更是以其高自动化程度得到广泛应用。然而，目前市场上生产和销售的都是以大、中型的加工中心为主，小型加工中心几乎是空白，而机械加工业、小型模具的制造、工科院校、技工学校等对小型加工中心存在着大量的需求。为加速我国加工中心的发展，需进一步加强对加工中心的研究、设计、制造和应用。二、 国内外研究综述：在加工中心中，刀库和机械手组成自动换刀装置（Automatic Tool Changer,简称ATC），而自动换刀装置的好坏，将直接影响加工中心的好坏，从目前情况看，加工中心的主机部分基本定型，变化不大，但自动换刀装置种类繁多，五花八门，是最难搞好的部分。它是加工中心的象征，又是加工中心成败的关键环节。因此各加工中心制造厂家都在下大力研制动作迅速、可靠性高的自动换刀装置，以求在激烈的竞争中取得好效益，正因为自动换刀装置是加工中心的核心内容，各厂家都在保密，极少公开有关资料，尤其机械手这部分更是如此。刀库的形式和容量主要是为满足机床的工艺范围，目前常见的刀库类型如下：（1） 盘式刀库 此刀库结构简单，应用较多。此换刀装置的优点是结构简单，成本较低，换刀可靠性较好，缺点是换刀时间长，适用于刀库容量较小的加工中心上采用。（2） 链式刀库 此刀库结构紧凑，刀库容量较大，链环的形状可根据机床的布局制成各种形状，也可将换刀位突出以便于换刀，能充分利用机床的占地空间，通常为轴向取刀，位置精度较低，造价也较高。（3） 格子箱式刀库 结构紧凑，刀库空间利用率高，换刀时间较长。布局不灵活，通常刀库安装在工作台上，应用者较少。（4） 直线式刀库 刀库容量少，一般在十几把左右，多用于自动换刀数控车床，钻床上也有采用。目前常见的换刀机械手类型有：单臂单手式机械手 结构较简单，换刀各动作均需顺序进行，时间不能重合，故换刀时间较长。双手式机械手 向刀库还回用完的刀具和选取新刀，均可在主轴正在加工时进行，故换刀时间可较短。回转式单臂双手机械手 这类机械手可以同时抓住和拔、插位于主轴和刀库里的刀具。与单臂单手式机械手相比，可以缩短换刀时间。应用最广泛，形式也较多。多手式机械手 使用者较少。三、 毕业设计（论文）所用的主要技术与方法：1、咨询导师，查阅有关文献和资料，掌握加工中心的基本结构、工作原理。2，总体方案确定。3、换刀机械手的结构设计。4、传动部分设计。5、机械手换刀过程。6、绘制装配图、零件图，完成设计说明书。四、 主要参考文献与资料获得情况：1 机床设计手册编写组.机床设计手册（第三册）.北京：机械工业出版社，19862 廉元国，张永洪编.加工中心设计与应用.北京：机械工业出版社，19953 依兰欧克拉，比京克.数控平面加工中心轮式刀库自动换刀装置的设计.成都纺织高等专科学校学报，20004 沙杰编.加工中心结构、调试与维护.北京：机械工业出版社，20035 王爱玲主编.现代数控机床.北京：国防工业出版社，20036 林宋，田建君编.现代数控机床.北京：化学工业出版社，20037 曹秋霞，马国亮.小型立式加工中心圆盘式刀库的设计.机电产品开发与创新，20058 向金林.TH7130立式加工中心自动换刀系统的设计.装备制造技术，20069 黄泽正，刘冲，陈志辉.加工中心自动换刀装置的设计.机械工程与自动化，200710 陈芳，李继中.盘式刀库加工中心自动换刀系统控制.机械设计与制造，200711蔡厚道.数控机床构造.北京：北京理工大学出版社，2007五、 毕业设计（论文）进度安排（按周说明）第14周 毕业实习，收集资料，完成开题报告。第58周 完成实习报告，总体方案设计，初步完成设计计算，外文翻译。第913周 完成总装图和零件图的绘制和设计说明书。第1415周 修改和完善，准备毕业答辩。 4翻 译英语原文：Hydraulic shield-type supportAbstract:The invention is concerned with a hydraulic shield-type support for supporting roofs in mines comprising a pair of base slides between which is located a channel-section guide beam supporting an hydraulic ram. At the rear end of the hydraulic ram a yoke is pivotally connected at a central part thereof to the rear end of the guide beam, the two outer portions of the yoke being pivotally connected to the rear end portions of the base slides. The front extendable end of the ram is connected to an elongate flat tongue which is longitudinally slidable in the guide beam underneath the hydraulic ram.1. A hydraulic shield-type mine-roof support comprising a pair of adjacent base slides adapted to slide along the floor of a mine, at least one hydraulic prop pivotally connected at a lower end thereof to said base slides, at least two control levers pivotally connected at lower ends thereof to said base slides, a shield pivotally connected to upper ends of said control levers whereby the shield can be lifted and lowered with respect to said base slides, a mine-roof engaging structure pivotally attached to an upper portion of said shield, a driving ram adapted to act at both ends and disposed between said base slides, means including an inspection platform connected to an extendable part of said ram for the purpose, in operation of the apparatus, of connecting said ram to a conveyor at the working face of a mine, a channel-section guide beam located between said base slides and arranged to support said driving ram, a transverse connecting yoke pivotably interconnecting said base slides at the rear ends thereof to permit relative movement between said base slides both longitudinally and vertically, means connecting an outer cylinder of the driving ram to said guide beam, means coupling said transverse yoke to the rear end portion of said guide beam by at least one substantially vertical pivot pin, and means connecting said extendable part of said ram to an elongate tongue longitudinally guided by said guide beam within the channel thereof, below said driving ram, and connected to said inspection platform. 2. A mine-roof support as claimed in claim 1, wherein the channel of said guide beam is open at its upper side and partially receives the driving ram. 3. A mine-roof support as claimed in claim 1, wherein said means connecting the outer cylinder of the ram to the guide beam comprise a stirrup which bridges the channel in the guide beam. 4. A mine-roof support as claimed in claim 1, wherein said substantially vertical pivot pin coupling said transverse yoke to the guide beam is located at a central portion of said yoke, and wherein the outer portions of said yoke are pivotally connected to the respective base slides through longitudinally-extending hinge joint pins, each pin being secured so that it can rotate about its longitudinal axis in a respective bearing housing disposed at the rear end of the respective base slide. Description:This invention relates to hydraulic shield-type supports for supporting roofs in mines, especially coal-mines. In German Published Patent Application No. 26 44 999 there is described a hydraulic shield-type mine-roof support comprising two base slides which are movable relatively to one another in a vertical direction and which form a pedestal for hydraulic vertically-adjustable props, a roof-engaging plate or other structure which is pivoted near its back-filling end to an obliquely-disposed shield guided in a vertically pivotable manner by control levers pivotably connecting the rear portion of the shield to the base slides, and a hydraulic driving ram disposed between the base slides. One end of the driving ram of the support is connectable to a cross-member connecting the base slides on the working face side, while the other end of the driving ram is connectable at the back-filling side via a transverse yoke to a guide linkage which, in turn, at the working-face side, is connected to a conveyor, driving beam or the like. The force of the driving ram required for moving the support forwards is transmitted to the base slides via the cross-member on the working-face side. If, during the advance of the support, one of the base slides moves over an uneven part of the mine floor, the result (owing to the pivoting connection of the control levers to the shield and the base slides) will be a lifting motion of that base slide relatively to the other slide and a simultaneous forward motion. The said cross-member must therefore be constructed to follow the complicated motion of the base slides in two directions, since otherwise the driving ram will be loaded by unacceptably-high transverse forces. However, the structure required for making this possible is relatively expensive and takes up too much space. In particular, as the cross-member and its associated structure is disposed in the working-face region of the base slides where the travelling-road usually is, the road is considerably obstructed as a result. It is therefore necessary, particularly in thin seams, to move the drive ram further into the support, thus reducing the total length of the support. In order to shorten the total length of the driving mechanism and allow the driving ram to move further into the support, it has been proposed to mount the drive ram on a swivel mounting at one side on a base slide of the support, a bridge interconnecting the two base slides, serving only, in this case, to guide the base slides parallel to one another-see German Published Patent Application No. 26 44 614. This drive mechanism, however, has the disadvantage that the driving force exerted on only one base slide is now transmitted to the adjacent base slide via the shield and the above-mentioned control levers. As a result, the adjacent base slide is subjected to a component of force directed towards the floor of the mine which presses the tip of the latter slide into the floor. The main object of the present invention, therefore, is to provide a drive mechanism which does not obstruct the travelling-road in the front region of the support and which transmits the force of the driving ram to both base slides substantially equally. With this object in view, the invention is directed to a hydraulic shield-type mine roof support comprising a pair of adjacent base slides adapted to slide along the floor of a mine, at least one hydraulic prop pivotally connected at a lower end thereof to said base slides, at least two control levers pivotally connected at lower ends thereof to said base slides, a shield pivotally connected to upper ends of said control levers whereby the shield can be lifted and lowered with respect to said base slides, a mine-roof engaging structure pivotally attached to an upper portion of said shield, a driving ram adapted to act at both ends and disposed between said base slides, means including an inspection platform connected to an extendable part of said ram for the purpose, in operation of the apparatus, of connecting said ram to a conveyor at the working face of a mine, a guide beam located between said base slides and arranged to support said driving ram, a transverse connecting yoke pivotably interconnecting said base slides at the rear ends thereof, means connecting an outer cylinder of the driving ram to said guide beam, and means connecting said extendable part of said ram to an elongate tongue longitudinally guided by said guide beam and connected to said inspection platform. An example of a mine-roof support in accordance with the invention is shown in the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a side view of the support, shown diagrammatically; FIG. 2 is an enlarged plan view from above of the base slides and drive mechanism forming part of the support shown in FIG. 1; and FIG. 3 is a section taken on the line III-III in FIG. 2. The mine-roof support shown in the drawings comprises a pair of base slides 1, 2 which lie alongside each other and are shaped to slide over the floor of a mine. Pivotally connected to the base slides is at least one hydraulic prop 3 and at least two control levers 4 and 5, the lower end of the prop 3 being connected to the base slides by the pivot means 6, and the lower ends of the levers 4 and 5 being connected to the base slides by the pivot means 7, 8. The upper ends of the levers 4, 5 are pivotally connected at 10 and 11 respectively to a shield 12 which can, by expansion and contraction of the prop 3, be raised and lowered with respect to the base slides 1, 2. At its upper end, the shield 12 pivotally supports at 13 a roof-engaging plate or other such structure 14 to which the upper end of the prop 3 is pivotally connected at 9. The face of the mine is shown at 31 in FIG. 1. A hydraulic driving ram 15 which can act at both ends is disposed between the base slides 1, 2 in a channel-section guide beam 16 which is closed towards the floor of the mine. The ram 15 is secured to the beam 16 by a retaining stirrup 17 which is disposed on the upper surface of the outer cylinder 18 of the ram 15 and which is secured by cotter pins 19 to the side walls 20 of the beam 16. The free end of the extendable inner cylinder 21 of the ram points towards the working-face 15 and is connected to an upwardly-projecting bracket 22 of an elongate tongue 23 which is longitudinally guided under the ram 15 in the beam 16. The tongue 23 has a flat rectangular cross-section (see FIG. 2) and is guided over its entire length in the beam when the ram 15 is fully retracted. At the working-face side, the tongue extends from the ram abutment formed by the bracket 22 into a flat inspection platform 24 which can move over the floor and is connected in turn to a conveyor, driving beam of like transporting means 25 (shown only diagrammatically in the drawings) disposed at the working-face 31. At the back-filling side of the support, a vertical link pin 26 in the rear part of the beam 16 or in the ram 15 is pivotally connected to a transverse yoke 27 which is constructed like a balance beam and interconnects the base slides 1 and 2 on the back-filling side (i.e. at the rear portions of those slides) and forms an abutment for the ram 15 at that side. The slides 1 and 2 are each connected to the outer portions of the transverse yoke 27 by pivot pins 28 and hinge joint pins 29 extending along the longitudinal axes of the slides 1, 2 respectively. The pins 29 are therefore coupled at one end to the transverse yoke 27 by the vertical pivot pins 28 and are rotatably secured at their other ends in respective bearing housings 30 pivotally located at the back-filling ends of the base slides 1 and 2. It will thus be seen that the two base slides of the support are interconnected at the back-filling side by the drive mechanism and are guided, in parallel, substantially by means of the control levers 4, 5. The force of the driving ram 15 is transmitted to both slides 1, 2 substantially uniformly and equally, i.e. without transverse forces, via the transverse yoke 27 and the hinge joint pins 27 disposed in the longitudinal axes of the slides 1, 2. The pivot connections 26,28,29 also allow the slides to move relatively to one another. By means of the base slides 1, 2, the driving forces are also uniformly transmitted to the other components of the support. During an advance of the support, the driving ram 15 mounted in the guide beam 16 and connected to the movable tongue 23 therein is completely relieved from transverse forces. Further, the driving mechanism as a whole is very compact and stable, and takes up only a little space in the support, particularly as the working-face end of the tongue 23 guided in the guide beam 16 leads into an inspection platform guided flat along the mine floor between the forward portions of the base slides 1,2. As a result, even in very thin seams, those forwards portions can extend up to the conveyor 25 without reducing the width required for travelling in the longwall face.汉语译文掩护式液压轴承摘要这个发明是关于用来支撑矿顶的掩护式液压轴承，他是由一对底座构成，在底座之间，有一个用于固定推移千斤顶的导向板。在推移千斤顶的后部，销轴连接的横梁位于导向板的后面，横梁的两端用销轴连接在底座的后端。推移活塞杆前端与推移杆相连，推移杆是由位于推移千斤顶下面的导向板进行纵向移动。1. 放顶煤掩护式液压轴承包括一组适合沿着煤矿表面向前移动的底座滑移装置，至少有一根液压立柱在下端部分与上述的滑移底座用销轴连接在一起，至少有两个连杆在下端部分与上述的滑移底座连接用销轴连接在一起，掩护梁与上述连杆的上部末端用销轴连接在一起，因此掩护梁能够通过底座支撑来实现上升和下降，顶梁用销轴与掩护梁的上部连接在一起，推移千斤顶在两个末端之间运动，并位于在底座之间，包括一个推移板，它与推移千斤顶的活塞杆的伸出端相连，在这些装置操作中，在采煤工作面，推移板与刮板输送机，位于底座之间的导向板连接，并用来支撑上述的推移千斤顶，横梁用销轴与底座中的后部连接，以允许在底座之间相互做纵向和垂直运动，意味着把推移千斤顶的外缸体连接到上述的导向板上，至少通过一根充分垂直的销钉把横梁与导向板的后部连接在一起，同时通过内部装有沟槽的导向板把推移千斤顶伸出部分与导向板纵向伸出部分相连，在推移千斤顶下面，连接着推移板。1 正如在要求1中所要的那样，在煤层支撑中，导向板的沟槽在它处于上面一侧是开式的，并承受推移千斤顶的推力。2 正如在要求1中所要的那样，在煤层支撑中，把推移千斤顶外侧缸体与导向板连接的上述方法是用马镫，马镫是跨过导向板的沟槽装置。3 正如在要求1中所要的那样，在煤层支撑中，上述垂直中心销钉把横梁与导向梁联接在一起，它位于横梁的中心位置，横向梁的外侧部分通过纵向销轴与各自的底座相连接，每个销轴是如此的安全，以满足它能在位于各自底座后部的纵轴方向上旋转。背景：这个发明讲述的是支撑矿顶的掩护式液压轴承，尤其是用在煤矿。在德国专利NO.2644999的出版物上，有一段关于掩护式液压轴承的描述，它包含两个底部滑块，他们能在垂直方向相对的移动。轴承还包括垂直伸缩的立柱，顶梁，和其他装置机构。倾斜着的掩护梁在垂直方向通过销轴相连的前、后连杆转动，连杆通过销轴把掩护梁的后部与底座连接在一起。推移千斤顶位于底座之间。轴承推移千斤顶的后端与中间块连接，这中间块是使两个底座相互连接。相反，推移千斤顶的另一端与经过横梁的引导板装置连接，依次，在工作区，引导板连接着输送机，操纵梁或类似的东西。千斤顶
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