关 键 词：

双梁 型门式 起重机 结构设计

资源描述：

双梁A型门式起重机结构设计,双梁,型门式,起重机,结构设计

内容简介：

中文翻译起重机历史就起重机工业而言，二十世纪四十年代的一个重要词汇是“铁路”，因为起重机对于铁路行业来说仍然十分重要。例如，在1949年9月7日，Deutsche Bundesbahn（联邦德国铁路公司）成立。公司需要大载重量起重设备，将火车的一部分吊到工地现场。他们从Ardelt订购了四台起重量各57吨的蒸汽驱动起重机。1950年，出现了一种特殊的带有悬臂设计的起重机，用于在高架电线下工作。这种起重机带有一个连接到起重装置上的配重附着系统。这种创新设计被证明并不成功，但它于1955/56年被一种类似的液压机制所取代。也是在德国，MAN公司一直以来不仅积极制造港用、造船厂用和自走式起重机，还制造柴油动力驱动的带有汽动转向的旋臂式起重机。这种起重机自1946年起就开始制造（图204），它由70千瓦六缸卡车引擎驱动，起重量6吨，起重半径7米，自重48吨。公司还为了安全性作了一些小妥协而推出了一种装置，其宣传册上写着：这种载荷矩安全装置内置于悬臂机制内，从而与起重机制相连，在载荷矩超过允许值时断开。宣传册的作者认识到设备在负载超过极限时需要有所动作的重要性，而非. 如十年前那样，上层构造已经到了翻倒的临界点!。尽管这种载荷矩安全装置只是整台起重机的一小部分，但在起重机的发展过程中起着非常重要的作用。桥式起重机桥式起重机是横架于车间、仓库和料场上空进行物料吊运的起重设备。由于它的两端坐落在高大的水泥柱或者金属支架上，形状似桥。桥式起重机的桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行，可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料，不受地面设备的阻碍。它是使用范围最广、数量最多的一种起重机械。桥式起重机是现代工业生产和起重运输中实现实现生产过程 机械化、自动化得重要工具和设备。所以桥式起重机在室内外工矿企业、钢铁化工、铁路交通、港口码头以及物流周转等部门和场所均得到广泛的运用。桥式起重机可分为普通桥式起重机、简易梁桥式起重机和冶金专用桥式起重机三种。普通桥式起重机一般由起重小车、桥架运行机构、桥架金属结构组 成。起重小车又由起升机构、小车运行机构和小车架三部分组成。起升机构包括电动机、制动器、减速器、卷筒和滑轮组。电动机通过减速器，带动卷筒转动，使钢丝绳绕上卷筒或从卷筒放下，以升降重物。小车架是支托和安装起升机构和小车运行机构等部件的机架，通常为焊接结构。起重机运行机构的驱动方式可分为两大类：一类为集中驱动，即用一台电动机带动长传动轴驱动两边的主动车轮；另一类为分别驱动、即两边的主动车轮各用一台电动机驱动。中、小型桥式起重机较多采用制动器、减速器和电动机组合成一体的“三合一”驱动方式，大起重量的普通桥式起重机为便于安装和调整，驱动装置常采用万向联轴器。起重机运行机构一般只用四个主动和从动车轮，如果起重量很大，常用增加车轮的办法来降低轮压。当车轮超过四个时，必须采用铰接均衡车架装置，使起重机的载荷均匀地分布在各车轮上。桥架的金属结构由主梁和端梁组成，分为单主梁桥架和双梁桥架两类。单主梁桥架由单根主梁和位于跨度两边的端梁组成，双梁桥架由两根主梁和端梁组成。主梁与端梁刚性连接，端梁两端装有车轮，用以支承桥架在高架上运行。主梁上焊有轨道，供起重小车运行。桥架主梁的结构类型较多比较典型的有箱形结构、四桁架结构和空腹桁架结构。 箱形结构又可分为正轨箱形双梁、偏轨箱形双梁、偏轨箱形单主梁等几种。正轨箱形双梁是广泛采用的一种基本形式，主梁由上、下翼缘板和两侧的垂直腹板组成，小车钢轨布置在上翼缘板的中心线上，它的结构简单，制造方便，适于成批生产，但自重较大。偏轨箱形双梁和偏轨箱形单主梁的截面都是由上、下翼缘板和不等厚的主副腹板组成，小车钢轨布置在主腹板上方，箱体内的短加劲板可以省去，其中偏轨箱形单主梁是由一根宽翼缘箱形主梁代替两根主梁，自重较小，但制造较复杂。四桁架式结构由四片平面桁架组合成封闭型空间结构，在上水平桁架表面一般铺有走台板，自重轻，刚度大，但与其他结构相比，外形尺寸大，制造较复杂，疲劳强度较低，已较少生产。空腹桁架结构类似偏轨箱形主梁，由四片钢板组成一封闭结构，除主腹板为实腹工字形梁外，其余三片钢板上按照设计要求切割成许多窗口，形成一个无斜杆的空腹桁架，在上、下水平桁架表面铺有走台板，起重机运行机构及电气设备装在桥架内部，自重较轻，整体刚度大，这在中国是较为广泛采用的一种型式。普通桥式起重机主要采用电力驱动，一般是在司机室内操纵，也有远距离桥式起重机控制的。起重量可达五百吨，跨度可达60米。简易梁桥式起重机又称梁式起重机，其结构组成与普通桥式起重机类似，起重量、跨度和工作速度均较小。桥架主梁是由工字钢或其他型钢和板钢组成的简单截面梁，用手拉葫芦或电动葫芦配上简易小车作为起重小车，小车一般在工字梁的下翼缘上运行。桥架可以沿高架上的轨道运行，也可沿悬吊在高架下面的轨道运行，这种起重机称为悬挂梁式起重机。冶金专用桥式起重机在钢铁生产过程中可参与特定的工艺操作，其基本结构与普通桥式起重机相似，但在起重小车上还装有特殊的工作机构或装置。这种起重机的工作特点是使用频繁、条件恶劣，工作级别较高。主要有五种类型。桥式起重机的安全检查为了保证桥式起重机的安全运行，在起重机运行期间需进行一些安全常规检查，检查项目及要点如下：（1） 起升高度限位器、行程限位开关及各联锁机构性能正 桥式起重机常，安全可靠。（2）各主要零部件符合安全要求：开口增大小于原尺寸的15%，扭转变形小于10%；板钩衬套磨损小于原尺寸的50%，板钩心轴磨损小于5%，无剥落、毛刺、焊补。吊钩挂架及滑轮无明显缺陷。钢丝绳表面钢丝磨损、腐蚀量小于钢丝直径的40%，断丝在一个捻距内小于总丝数的10%，无断头，无明显变细，无芯部脱出、死角扭拧、挤压变形、退火、烧损现象。钢丝绳端部连接及固定的卡子、压板、锲块连接完好，无松动，压板不少于2个，卡子数量不少于3个。卷筒无裂纹，连接、固定无松动；筒壁磨损小于原壁厚的20%；安全卷不少于2圈，卷筒与钢丝绳直径比例符合要求。平衡轮固定完好，钢丝绳应符合的要求。制动器无裂纹，无松动，无严重磨损，制动间隙两侧相等尺寸合适，有足够的制动力，制动带磨损小于原厚度的50%。通过对桥式起重机的安全常规检查，对杜绝人身事故，减少设备事故，提高设备运转率，降低检修费用等均起到了显著作用。焊接机械装备和焊接滚轮架焊接是一种制造技术，它是适应工业发展的需要，以现代工业发展为基础发展起来的，并且直接服务于机械制造工业。焊接技术的发展与制造工业的需要紧密联系，一般工业先进国家，钢产量的一般左右需要采用焊接工艺才能形成产品，在石油华工、矿山冶金、金属结构、起重运输、水陆交通、航空航天、桥梁建筑电脑感机械设备制造部门，焊接有着重要而广泛的作用。许多设备中的大型结构，几乎都是焊接结构。现在随着科学技术的发展，生产规模的日益扩大，焊接结构正朝着超大型、高容量、高参数等的方向发展，这就不仅需要为焊接生产提供质量更高、性能更好的各种焊机、焊接材料和焊接工艺，而且要提供各性能优越的焊接工装设备，使焊接生产实现机械化和自动化，减少人为因素的干扰，达到保证和稳定焊接质量、改善焊工劳动条件、提高生产率的目的。但是焊接生产是综合性生产，在焊件制造过程中，出了焊接工序本身外还有还有很多工序的配合，因此焊接生产的机械化、自动化，不仅仅局限于焊接工序本身，还包括焊接工序衔接的上下各种工序的机械化、自动化，只有各个工序实现了机械化和自动化，才能实现焊接生产的综合性机械化和自动化。 焊接机械装备分为以下类型：焊接工装夹具、焊接变位机械、焊件输送机械和其他从属装置。从使用范围来看，焊接机械装备又分为通用和专用两类。通用焊接机械装备通用性强使用性广,整台机械能适应产品结构的变化重复使用。它们可以组合在一起使用，也可以组合在焊接生产线上，成为焊接生产的一个组成部分。专用焊接机械装备为了适应但品种、大批量的焊接生产需要专门设计制造的。这种装备专业性强、生产率高、控制系统先进，很好地满足产品结构、焊接工艺、生产批量的要求。焊接机械装备对焊接的生产的有利作用有如下几个方面： ）采用焊接工装夹具，零件有定位器定位，不用划线，不用测量就能得到准确的装配位置，从而保证了装配精度，加快了装配作业的进度。 ）由于焊件在夹具中可以强行加固或预先给予反变形，所以能控制或者消除焊接变形。 ）采用焊接工装夹具后，由于保证了焊接装配精度，控制了焊接变形，所以能够提高焊件的互换性能，焊件上的配合孔、配合槽等机械要素可由原来的先焊接后加工变为先加工后焊接，从而避免了大型焊接结构焊接后加工所代来的困难，有利于缩短焊接的生产周期。 ）采用焊接变位机械，可缩短装配和焊接过程中焊件反转变位的时间，减少了辅助工时，提高了焊机利用率和焊接生产率。 ）采用焊接变位机械可使焊件处于最有利的焊接位置。这有利于操作，有利保证焊接质量，而且可加大焊接工艺规范，充分发焊接方法的效能。 ）采用喊变位机可扩大焊机的焊接范围。 ）采用焊接机械装备后，可使手工操作变位机械操作，人仅处于控制的地位，减少了认为因素对焊接质量的影响，也降低焊工操作水平的要求。 ）只有与焊接机械装备相互配合，才能在条件困难、环境危险、不宜由人工直接操作的场合实现焊接作业。例如在高温、深水、有放射性的环境中进行焊接作业，都需要与相应的焊接机械装备相互配合才能实现。 ）欲使焊接工序本身实现机械化和自动化，或者使焊接生产过程实现综合自动化，都需要有焊接机械装备的配合才能实现。总之，焊接机械装备对焊接生产过程的有利作用是多方面的。总括而言，就是保证焊接质量，提高焊接生产率，改善工人卒业环境，实现机械化和自动化焊接生产过程四个方面。因此，无论在焊接车间或是在施工现场，焊接机械装备已经成为焊接生产过程中不可缺少的装备之一，从而获得了广泛应用。焊接滚轮架是借助主动滚轮和焊件之间的摩擦力，带动焊件旋转的变位机械。焊接滚轮架主要用于筒形焊件的装配和焊接。若对主、从动滚轮的高度做适当调整，也可以进行锥体、分段不等径回转体的装配与焊接。一些非圆长形焊件，若将其装卡在特制的环形卡器内，也可在焊接滚轮架上进行焊接装配作业。焊接滚轮架的结构形式和分类如下：第一类是长轴式滚轮架。滚轮沿两平行轴排列，与驱动装置相联的一排为主动滚轮，另一排为从动滚轮，也有两排均为知道滚轮的，主要用于细长薄形焊件的组对与焊接。有的长轴式滚轮架其滚轮为一长形滚柱，直径0.30.4、长度15。筒体置于其上不易轴向变形，适用于薄壁、小直径、多筒节焊件的组队和环缝的焊接。有的长轴式滚轮架其滚轮为一长形滚柱，直径、长度15。筒体置于其上不易变形，适用于薄壁、小直径、多筒节焊件的组队和环缝的焊接。长轴式滚轮架多是用户根据焊件的特点自行设计制造的，市场可供选用的定型产品很少。第二类是组合式滚轮架，它的主动滚轮架，从动滚轮架，混合式滚轮架（即在一个支架上有一个主动滚轮座和一个从动滚轮座）都是独立的，使用时可根据焊件的重量和长度进行任意组合，其组合比例也不仅是1比1的组合。因此，使用方便灵活，对焊件的适用性很强，是目前应用最为广泛的结构形式。国内外有关生产厂家，均有各自的系列产品供应市场。若焊接壁厚较小而长度很长的焊件时，宜用几台混合式滚轮架的组合，这样沿筒体长度方向均有主动滚轮驱动，使焊件不致打滑和扭曲。若装焊壁厚较大、刚性较好的筒形焊件时，则常采用主动滚轮架和从动滚轮架的组合，这样即使是主动滚轮架在筒体的一端驱动焊件旋转，但是由于焊件的刚性好，仍能保持转速均匀，也不致使扭曲变形。为了焊接不同直径的焊件，焊接滚轮架的滚轮间距应能调节。调节方式 两种：一种是自调式的；一种的非自调式的。自调式的可根据焊件的直径自动调整滚轮的间距；非自调式的是靠移动支架上的滚轮座来调节滚轮的间距。非自调式的焊接滚轮架是靠移动支架上的滚轮座来调节滚轮间距的。对重型滚轮架，多采用车间起重设备挪动滚轮座进行分段调节。对轻型滚轮架，多采用手动和电动丝杠螺母机构来移动滚轮座进行连续调节。为了便于调节滚轮架之间的距离，以适应不同长度焊件的焊接装配需要，有的滚轮架上还安装有机动或非机动的行走机构，沿轨道移行，以调节相互之间的距离。焊接滚轮架多采用直流电动机驱动，降压调速。但用于装配作业的滚轮架则采用交流电动机驱动，恒速运行。近几年，随着晶体闸流管变频器性能的完善以及价格的降低，采用交流电动机驱动、变频调速的焊接滚轮架也日趋增多。金属滚轮架多用铸钢和合金球墨铸铁制作，其表面热处理硬度约为50HRC，滚轮直径200700之间。国外焊接滚轮架的品种很多，系列较全，承载量11500、适用焊件直径18的标准组合式滚轮架（即两个主动滚轮座与两个从动滚轮座的组合）均成系列供应。其滚轮线速度多在690/之间无级可调，有的还有防止焊件轴向窜动的功能。我国已有不少厂家生产焊接滚轮架，最大承载量已达400、适用焊件直径可达6，滚轮线速度多在660/之间无级调速。防止轴向窜动的焊接滚轮架已有生产，但性能质量尚待提高。1997年中国焊接年鉴统计，我国已有23家焊接辅助机生产厂制造各种型号和规格的焊接滚轮架，用户需要时，应首先予以选用。选用时，除使焊接滚轮架满足焊接重量、筒径和焊接速度的要求外，还应使滚轮架的驱动力矩大于焊件的偏心阻力矩。但目前国内外生产厂家标示的滚轮架性能参数，均无此项数据，所以为使焊件转速稳定，避免打滑或因偏重而造成的自行下转，对大偏心矩焊件使用的滚轮架，进行驱动力矩和附着力的校验是非常必要的。另外对薄壁大镇静焊件使用的滚轮架，为防止筒体轴向变形，宜选用多个混合式滚轮架的组合。焊件轴向窜动的原因及影响因素的思考，首先，问题的提出，焊接滚轮架驱动焊件饶其自身轴线旋转时，往往伴有轴向窜动，从而影响焊接质量和焊接过程的正常进行，严重时会导致焊接过程的中断，甚至发生焊件颠覆等设备人身事故。因此，国内一些工厂常采用在焊件端头硬顶的办法，强制制止焊件的轴向窜动。这种办法对小吨位焊件还有效，但对大吨位焊件或实施对焊缝位置精度喊焊速稳定性要求很高的带极堆焊和窄间隙焊等工作时采用硬性阻挡，则势必使焊件旋转阻力增大，引起转速不稳定，产生焊接缺陷，并可能使焊件端部已加工好的坡口因挤压而破坏，有时甚至还会发生电动机过载烧坏事故。在此背景下，过开发了防轴向窜动技术，并于20世纪80年代中期推出了防止焊件窜动的焊接滚轮架，将焊件的窜动量控制在内，满足了各种焊接方法对施焊位置精度的要求。我国自20世纪80年代末期也开始了这项技术的研究，并研制出了样机。20世纪90年代初期，国内个别焊接辅机制造厂已有产品上市，但为形成规模。在防窜精度和使用可靠性方面，比瑞典意大利等国还存在差距。然后，焊件发生轴向窜动的原因及其影响因素的研究对焊接滚轮架而言，当焊件和滚轮都是理想圆柱体且各滚轮和焊件都是圆柱体，且各滚轮轴线都在同一水平面内并平行于焊件轴线时，则从动滚轮驱动焊件作用在焊件上的力，和从动滚轮作用到焊件上的反力是，均为圆周力。此时，焊件饶自身轴线转动，不会产生轴向窜动，但是当这一条件受到破坏，例如滚轮架制造安装存在误差、焊件几何形状不规则等，使前后排滚轮存在高差和滚轮轴线与焊件轴线不平行，从而导致焊件自重以及主动滚轮、从动滚轮与焊件接触处存在轴向分力时便形成了焊件轴向窜动的条件，但是各轴向力的方向并不完全一致。在生产实践中，由于前后排滚轮的高程精度很容易控制，且前后排滚轮的间距较大，因此焊件自重产生的轴向分量很少，不是产生轴向窜动的主要原因，而滚轮的安装制造误差、焊件几何形状偏离理想圆柱体等综合因素的作用，使滚轮轴线与焊件轴线不平行而产生空间交角，导致各滚轮都有轴向力作用于焊件，这才是发生轴向窜动的主要原因。通过大量的实验结果的分析表明：1）滚轮轴线与焊件轴线越不平行，所形成的螺旋角越大，则焊件的轴向窜动的速度就越大。2）焊件轴向窜动速度与其转速成正比。3）同向偏转同一角度的滚轮数目越多，焊件的轴向窜动速度越快，成非线性增长关系。焊件的椭圆度和焊件的偏重都使焊件的轴向窜动速度成周期性变化。4）各滚轮轴线在同一水平面的情况下，滚轮间距和滚轮之间的相互距离，对轴向窜动的速度没有影响。5）焊件重量的增加对焊件的轴向窜动速度几乎没有影响。由此可见，滚轮各轴线与焊件轴线的平行度应该是焊件轴向窜动的最主要原因。因此在制造和使用焊接滚轮架的时，应注意做到以下三点：滚轮轴线都在同一水平面内，并相互平行；滚轮间距应相等；滚轮架都位于同中心线上。附录： 外文资料与中文翻译外文资料The history of craneA significant word for the decade as far as the crane industry was concerned, was railways, as cranes for this industry were still very important. On 7 September 1949, for example, the Deutsche Bundesbahn (Federal German Railway) was founded. It needed high-capacity liftingdevices that could be taken to the job site as part of a train. Four steam-driven cranes, each of which could lift 57 tonnes, were ordered from Ardelt. In 1950 followed a special type of crane with a boom designed for working below overhead wires. The cranes featured a counterweight attachment system which was connected to the lifting gean This innovative design did not prove successful, but was replaced in 1955/56 by a similar hydraulic mechanism. Also in Germany, MAN had been actively building not just harbour, dockyard and travelling cranes, but also diesel-powered slewing cranes with pneumatic steering. These had been built since 1946 (picture 204), were driven by a 70 kilowatt six cylindertruck engine and could lift 6 tonnes at 7 metres radius and weighed 48 tonnes. A small concession to safety was also introduced as the company brochure tells us: A load moment safety device, built in to the boom mechanism and thus linked to the lifting mechanism, cuts in if the permitted load moment is exceeded. The brochure writer realised the significance of the fact that the device acted when the load was exceeded and not . as was the case ten years ago, at the point when the superstructure has already tipped over!”These load moment safety devices,although a small part of the overall crane,were very important in the development ot the cranes.Bridge craneBridge crane is horizontal plane in workshop, warehouse and yard over rigger materials of lifting equipment. Because of its ends located in tall cement posts or metal stents, shape like bridge. Bridge crane along the bridge on both sides laying in elevated the orbit of longitudinal operation, can make full use of the space below girder hoisting materials, does not suffer ground equipment obstacles. It is to use the widest range, the largest number of a kind of hoisting machinery. Bridge crane is the modern industrial production and lifting transportation in realizing realize mechanization, automation production process to important tools and equipment. So bridge crane in interior industrial and mining enterprises, steel chemical industry, railway transportation, ports and logistics departments and establishments are widely used. Bridge crane can be divided into ordinary bridge crane, simple girder crane and metallurgical special bridge crane 3 kinds. Ordinary bridge crane is general by lifting trolley and bridge operation organization, bridge metal structure group into. Lifting car again by lifting mechanism, trolley mechanism and the car frame of three parts. Lifting mechanism including motor, brakes, reducer, drum and pulleys. Driving speed reducer, electromotor through reel rotation of wire rope around the drum drum down, or from lifting weights with. Car frame is a torre and installation of hoisting mechanism and the car mechanism, etc. Parts of the frame, usually forweldingstructure. Crane operation organization drive mode can be divided into two kinds: one kind is concentrated drive, which is a motor driving long shaft drive on both sides of the active wheels, Another kind is respectively driven, namely on both sides of the active wheel each with a motor drives. Medium and small bridge crane is increasingly used brakes, reducer and electric generator synthetic one of three-in-one drive mode, a big weight of ordinary bridge crane for ease of installation and adjustment, device drivers often adopt universal shaft coupling. Crane operation organization generally in four active and driven wheels, if lifting weight is very big, commonly used to increase the wheel to reduce the pulley. When more than four wheels when, must use hinged equilibrium frame device to make the crane load evenly distributed in each wheel. Bridge of metal structure composed by main girder and girders, divided into the single girder frame and main double girder frame two kinds. Single main girder bridge girder and frame is located in single span on both sides of the girders composition, double girder frame girder by two root and girders composition. Girder and girders rigid connection, girders, supporting both ends with wheels in elevated bridge to run on. The main welding have orbit, for lifting car running. Bridge girder structure type more comparatively typical have box structure, four truss structure and open-web truss structure. Box structure can divide again on track box shuang liang, slant rail box shuang liang, slant rail box single girder to wait for a few kinds. Track box shuang liang is widespread adoption of a basic form the girder, consists of flange plate and bilateral vertical webs composition, car rail decorate in the center of the flange plate online, its simple structure, easy fabrication, suitable for mass production, but self-respect greatly. Partial rail box double beam and partial rail box single main section is by the upper and lower flange plate and the different thickness of the Lord vice webs composition, car rail decorate in the main webs, short circuits inside above stiffening plate can save, including partial rail box girder is composed of a single root box girder wide flange instead of two root girder, respect smaller, but manufacturing complex. Four truss structure featured by four plane truss by combined into closing in on the spatial structure, the level of general shop to have walked surface truss bedplate, light dead weight, stiffness big, but compared with other structure size, shape, manufacturing is relatively complex, fatigue strength low, has less production. Open-web truss structure similar to slant box girder by rail, four plates form a closed structure, in addition to the main webs for real abdomen i-section beam outside, the rest 3-piece plate according to the design demand cutting into many window, forming a without rods of open-web truss, in the upper and lower horizontal truss surface covered go bedplate, crane operation organization and electrical equipment installed in bridge internal, self-respect lighter, whole stiffness big in China is that more widespread adoption of a type. Ordinary bridge crane mainly adopts electric drive, it is to be in commonly driver indoor manipulation, also have long-distance bridge crane ，Control. Lifting weight can reach 500 tons, span of 60 meters. Payments and plate steel composed of simple beam, with the hand type hoists or electric hoist match on simple car as lifting car, the car is in commonly strander beam under operation on the flange. Bridge along on a high orbits, also can along the suspensory on elevated the following orbits, this kind of crane beam cranes called suspension. Metallurgy special bridge crane in steel production process can participate in particular process operation, its basic structure and ordinary bridge crane is similar, but in lifting cars also has a special working organs or device. This kind of crane characteristics of the work is used frequently, conditions and job level is higher. Basically has five types.Bridge crane safety check to ensure the safe operation of the bridge cranes, in crane operation period to some general safety inspections and inspection items and points as follows: (1) the hoisting height peneumatied device, travel limit switches and all the interlock device performance is bridge crane Often, safe and reliable. (2) the main parts meet safety requirements: less than the original size increase openings less than 10%, 15% torsional deformation, Board hook bushing wear less than the original size, 50% of the board hook mandrels wear less than 5%, no spalling, burr, weld repairs. Hook rack and pulley without obvious flaw. Wire rope surface wire wear and corrosion is less than 40% of wire diameter, broken wires in a twined within less than the total silk from the number of 10%, no bufo, without obvious attenuate, without mandrel department of emergence, blind Angle twisting, extrusion, annealing, burning phenomenon. At the end of the wire rope connection and fixed clip next, clips, -200 block connect intact, without loosing, linking piece not less than 2, clip next amount not less than 3. S no crack, links, fixed without shake, A hollow wear less than 20% of the original wall thickness, Safety coil not less than 2 laps, drum and wire rope diameter ratio meets the requirement. Balance wheel fixed intact, the wire rope should comply with the requirements. Brake flawless, without loose, no serious wear and brake clearance sides equal size, have enough braking force, brake with less than 50% of the original thickness wear. Through the bridge crane safety routine inspection, to prevent accidents and reduce equipment accidents and improve equipment availability, reducing maintenance cost etc are plays a remarkable role.Welding equipment and welding machinery rollerWelding equipment and welding machinery roller-welding is a manufacturing technology, it is to adapt to the needs of industrial development. modern industrial development as a basis for development, and direct services in the machinery manufacturing industry. Welding technology development and manufacturing industries closely linked to the needs of general industrial advanced countries, Steel output in general about the need for welding technology products can be formed, the laborers in the oil, mining metallurgy, metal structure, Lifting transport, surface transportation, aerospace, computer flu bridge construction machinery and equipment manufacturing sector, Welding has important and wide-ranging role. Many of the equipment of large-scale structure, almost all of welded structures. Now with the development of science and technology, the scale of production growing, welded structure is moving in super high-capacity high parameters in the direction of development, which is not only the need for welding production of higher quality and better performance of the welder, welding material and welding technology, but also to provide the superior performance of the welding process equipment, welding production mechanization and automation, reducing anthropogenic factors, guarantee the quality and stability of welding, Welder improve working conditions, increase productivity purposes. However welding production is integrated production and welding pieces of the manufacturing process, a welding process itself theres also a lot of co-ordination processes, and therefore welding production mechanization and automation, not only confined to the welding process itself, including the welding process, the ministry convergence of various processes of mechanization and automation, Only by achieving the various processes of mechanization and automation of welding production can be achieved comprehensive mechanization and automation. Welding machinery and equipment is divided into the following types : welding fixture, welding-machine and welding pieces of machinery and transport equipment other affiliation. From the use of scale, welding machinery and equipment is divided into two categories of general and special. General welding machinery and equipment strong common use of sexual Canton, the entire machinery products can adapt to changes in the structure of the repeated use. They can use combination can also mix in welding production line as a production welding components. Specialized welding machinery and equipment in order to meet but varieties, a large amount of specialized welding production needs of design and manufacturing. Such equipment specialized, high productivity, advanced control system, a good product mix to meet the welding process, Mass production requirements. Welding machinery and equipment for the production of welding the beneficial effect of the following aspects : 1) using welding fixture. Parts are positioning device positioning, not crossed, we can not accurately measure the location of assembly, thereby ensuring the accuracy of assembly, accelerated the progress of the assembly work. 2) As in the welding fixture can be forced to give advance reinforceanti-distortion, they are able to control or eliminate welding deformation. 3) using welding fixture, due to the welding assembly to ensure the accuracy and control of welding deformation, Therefore, to enhance the exchange of welding performance and welding pieces of the tie hole, groove with mechanical elements to be reduced from the first welding processing into first after the welding process, thus avoiding the large welded structure welding process on behalf of difficulties, to shorten the production cycle of welding.4) using welding machine building can be shortened assembly and welding process, welding pieces of anti-change time reduce auxiliary working hours, increased utilization of welding and welding productivity. 5) using welding machinery spaces will welding pieces in the most favorable position welding. This is conducive to operate, enabling welding quality assurance, but also intensify the welding process norms, full welding performance.6) Use of chanting positioner to expand the scope of the welding welder.7) using welding machinery and equipment, will enable the manual modification of machinery and the only person in control of the position, factors that reduce the quality of the welding impact, but also lowers the level of manipulating welder requirements. 8) Only with mutual welding machinery and equipment to be matched in difficult conditions, environmental hazards, not directly manipulated by artificial occasions welding operations. For example, in the heat, Sham Shui Po, a radioactive environment for the conduct of welding operations, need with the corresponding welding machinery and equipment interfaces can be achieved. 9) To Make welding process itself mechanization and automation, or welding production process to achieve comprehensive automation, require welding machinery and equipment support can be achieved. In short, welding machinery and equipment for welding production process enabling role is multifaceted. In a nutshell, is to ensure that the welding quality, and improve welding productivity, improve workers Zuye environment, mechanization and automation of welding production process four aspects. So in the welding shop or at the construction site. Welding machinery and equipment has become welding production process indispensable equipment, which was widely used. Welding is a roller-roller through the initiative and welding pieces of friction, lead welding pieces of rotating machinery modification. Welding roller stand for the main pieces of tube welding and welding assembly. If the right owners, the high roller follower appropriate adjustments will be able to conduct Cone, ranging from sub-diameter rotating assembly and welding. Some non-circular shape welding long pieces, if their card installed in a special card for the ring, Also available on the shelves of welding roller welded assembly work. Roller-welding to the structure and the breakdown is as follows : the first is the long axis of the wheel-F. Roller along with two parallel axes, and the driving device linked to a row to take the initiative wheel, another row of the roller follower. there are two rows of rollers are aware of, mainly for the slender-thin pieces of welding and welding of the group. Some long axis of its F - scroll wheel for a roller-long, has a diameter of 0.3-0.4m, a length of 5m. Shell placed on the axial deformation not apply to thin, small-diameter, multi-cylinder welding pieces of the team up and girth welding. Some long axis of its F - scroll wheel for a long-roller, diameter and a length of 5. Shell placed on deformation not apply to thin, small-diameter, multi-cylinder welding pieces of the team up and girth welding. F-long axis of the wheel are based on users welding pieces of the characteristics of its own design and manufacture, market for the selected few stereotypes products. The second category is modular roller stand, its active wheel racks, roller-follower. Hybrid wheel frame (that is, in a stent with an initiative on the wheel and a roller follower Block) is an independent, using welding pieces under the weight and length of arbitrary composition, its composition ratio is not only a more than one combination. Therefore, it is flexible, the applicability of welded pieces of a strong, which is the most widely used form of the structure. Domestic and foreign manufacturers have their own series of products supply market. If welding thickness and length of the smaller long welded pieces, it is appropriate several mixed-wheel combination, This direction along the length of the cylinder have the initiative wheel drive, welding pieces from slipping and distortions. If welding thickness larger, better rigid tube welding pieces, we would often take the initiative to use the wheel - and-roller follower of the portfolio, Even though the initiative is the roller-cylinder side-driven rotating welding pieces, but due to the welding pieces of rigid, and managed to maintain a uniform speed, not causing distortion. To diameter of the welding of different welding, the welding Roller roller-spacing should be able to adjust. Adjust two ways : one is self-tuning; A non-self-tuning of. Self-tuning based on the diameter of the welding automatically adjust the wheel spacing; Non-self-tuning the mobile scaffold on the wheel on the Block, to adjust the wheel spacing. Non-self-tuning of the roller frame is welded mobile scaffold on the wheel on the Block, to adjust the wheel spacing. The heavy roller stand, and use the shop lifting equipment moved roller Block Sub-conditioning. Roller-right light, the use of manual and electric screw-nut body to Block Mobile scroll continuously. In order to facilitate adjustment wheel the distance between planes to accommodate different length welding pieces of welding assembly, Some roller shelves are also installed mobile or non-motorized travel agencies, along the migration path to adjust the distance between each other. Welding roller-use DC motor-driven, pressure-relief governor. But for the assembly work roller frame is used AC motor-driven, constant speed operation. A recent years, with Crystal Gateway flow control inverter and improve the performance of lower prices, AC motor drive, VVVF welding roller frame is also increasing. MULTI-metal wheel with steel and ductile iron alloy production, the surface hardness of about 50 heat treatment HRC, roller diameter between 200-700mm. Foreign welding roller stand many varieties, than the entire series, facing an 1500. apply welding pieces 8m diameter of a standard modular roller frame (two active and two blocks roller follower rollers Block Portfolio) supply all series. Roller its multi-line speed in 6 90 m / h between non-adjustable level, there is some welding to prevent axial movement functions. China has many manufacturers to produce welding roller stand, the biggest loading capacity has reached 400 t, apply welding pieces of up to 6 m in diameter. Roller line speed over 60m in 6 / h between variable speed. Preventing axial movement of the wheel-welding production already, but need to improve the quality of performance. 1997 China Statistical Yearbook welding, China has 23 auxiliary welding machine manufacturers of various types and specifications of welding roller stand, user needs, should first be selected. Selection, in addition to the wheel frame welding meet welding weight, tube diameter and welding speed requirements, should also enable the wheel-drive torque than welding pieces of the eccentric resistance moment. However, the current domestic and international manufacturers, marking the roller-performance parameters, no such data, so as to enable welding speed stability, avoid skidding or emphasis caused by the switch to the next, the eccentric big moment welding pieces of the roller frame. for torque calibration and the adhesion is very necessary. Another pair of large thin-walled welded pieces of sedative used roller frame, in order to prevent the axial deformation of the cylinder, to choose a number of mixed-wheel combination. Welding pieces of the axial movement of the reasons for and consequences of factors, first of all, issues, Welding wheel-drive Rao welding pieces of its own axis, rotation, often associated with the axial movement, thereby affecting the quality of welding and welding process in a normal way, and will lead to serious disruptions welding process. even welding pieces of equipment such as subversion personal accident. Therefore, some domestic factories often used in welding pieces End stubborn resistance to the mandatory stop welding pieces of axial movement. This approach to small tonnage weldment also effective, But for large tonnage or welding pieces of the implementation of the weld location precision welding shouting demands high speed stability with a very narrow gap welding and welding work stop rigidly applied, will inevitably lead to resistance welding pieces of rotating increased speed caused instability, have welding defects. can make welding end processing has been a good groove because of the squeezing of damage, sometimes will even take a motor overload burn accidents. In this context, the development of the defense over the axial movement of technology, in the 20th century and the mid-1980s to prevent the introduction of the welding traverse the welding roller stand, Welded to the displacement volume control, to meet a variety of welding methods of welding location accuracy requirements. Ever since the 20th century the late 1980s began this technology, and developed a prototype. 20 early 1990s