2019届高考英语一轮复习分块专项练习（16）阅读理解主旨大意（二）.docx

阅读理解：主旨大意（二）AYou might think that “global warming” means nothing more than a rise in the worlds temperature. But rising sea levels caused by it have resulted in the first evacuation (撤离) of an island nation. The citizens of Tuvalu will have to leave their homeland.During the 20th century, sea level rose 812 inches. As a result, Tuvalu has experienced lowland flooding of salt water that has polluted the countrys drinking water.Paani Laupepa, a Tuvaluan government official, reported to the Earth Policy Institute that the nation suffered an unusually high number of fierce storms in the past ten years. Many scientists connect higher surface water temperatures resulting from global warming to greater and more damaging storms.Laupepa expressed dissatisfaction with the United States for refusing to sign the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement calling for industrialized nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions (减少温室效应气体排放), which are a main cause of global warming. “By refusing to sign the agreement, the US has effectively taken away the freedom of future generations of Tuvaluans to live where their forefathers have lived for thousands of years，” Laupepa told the BBC.Tuvalu has asked Australia and New Zealand to allow the gradual move of its people to both countries.Tuvalu is not the only country that is vulnerable (易受影响的) to rising sea levels. Maumoon Gayoon, president of the Maldives, told the United Nations that global warming has made his country of 311,000 an “endangered nation”篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了全球变暖引起海平面上升，给一些国家带来的不利影响。1The text is mainly about _ .Arapid changes in earths temperatureBbad effects of global warmingCmoving of a country to a new placeDreasons for lowland flooding答案：B主旨大意题。这篇短文主要讲述了全球变暖造成的恶劣影响。2According to scientists, the DIRECT cause of more and fiercer storms is _ .Agreenhouse gas emissions in industrialized nationsBhigher surface water temperatures of the seaCcontinuous global warmingDrising sea levels答案：B细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Many scientists connect higher surface water temperatures resulting from global warming to greater and more damaging storms.”可判断出，造成更大和更具破坏性的暴风雨的直接原因是源自全球变暖的海洋表面水温变得更高。3Laupepa was not satisfied with the United States because it did not _ .Aagree to reduce its greenhouse gas emissionsBsign an agreement with TuvaluCallow Tuvaluans to move to the USDbelieve the problems facing Tuvalu were real答案：A细节理解题。由第四段第一句话可知，Laupepa对美国不满意的原因是美国拒绝签署减少温室效应气体排放的公约。4The country whose situation is similar to that of Tuvalu is _ .AAustralia BNew ZealandCthe Maldives Dthe United States答案：C细节推断题。根据最后一段可判断出the Maldives与Tuvalu的境况相似。BChimps (黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.In the laboratory, chimps dont naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, he will pull at randomhe just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.Human children, on the other hand, are naturally cooperative. From the earliest ages, they desire to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive (认知的) skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.The core of what childrens minds have and chimps dont is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”， a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。科学家通过比较黑猩猩和小孩子的行为得出结论，相较于黑猩猩的自私，人类的本能和天性是帮助别人，与人合作和分享。1What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?AChimps seldom care about others interests.BChimps tend to provide food for their children.CChimps like to take in their neighbors food.DChimps naturally share food with each other.答案：A细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的实验得知，黑猩猩不关心、不在乎同类。故A项正确。其中C项干扰性较大，由实验得出的结论是黑猩猩自私，而不是喜欢那么做。2Michael Tomasellos tests on young children indicate that they _ .Ahave the instinct to help othersBknow how to offer help to adultsCknow the world better than chimpsDtrust adults with their hands full答案：A推理判断题。根据文章第三段第一、二句得知，小孩帮助他人是出于本能和天性。故A项正确。3The passage is mainly about _ .Athe helping behaviors of young childrenBways to train childrens shared intentionalityCcooperation as a distinctive human natureDthe development of intelligence in children答案：C主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者通过对黑猩猩和小孩进行的对比实验证实了助人、与别人合作是人独有的本能。A项干扰性较大，文章不是简单地介绍了小孩子的助人行为。CA book review tells not only what a book is about, but also how successful it is at what it is trying to do. Professors often assign book reviews as practice in careful analytical reading.As a reviewer, you bring together the two parts of accurate, analytical reading and strong, personal response when you indicate what the book is about and what it might mean to a reader. In other words, reviewers answer not only the WHAT but the SO WHAT question about a book. Thus, in writing a review, you combine the skills of describing what is on the page, analyzing how the book tried to achieve its purpose, and expressing your own reactions.Most book reviews start with a heading that includes all the basic information about the book, like：Title.Author.Place of publication, publisher, date of publication.Number of pages.The review usually begins with an introduction that lets your readers know what the review will say. The first paragraph usually includes the author and title again, so your readers dont have to look up to find this information. You should also include a very brief description of the contents of the book, the purpose or audience for the book, and your reaction and evaluation.Then you move into a section of background information that helps place the book in context and discusses how to judge the book. Next, you should give a summary of the main points, quoting and explaining key phrases from the author. Finally, you get to the heart of your reviewyour evaluation of the book. In this section, you might discuss some of the following issues：How well the book has achieved its goal.What possibilities are suggested by the book.What the book has left out.How the book compares with others on the subject.What personal experiences youve had related to the subject.It is important to use labels to carefully distinguish your views from the authors, so that you dont confuse your readers.Then, like other essays, you can end with a direct comment on the book, and tie together issues raised in the review in a conclusion.There is, of course, no set form, but a general rule is that the first onehalf to twothirds of the review should summarize the authors main ideas and at least onethird should evaluate the book.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章就如何写书评提出了几点建议。1According to the text, the personal response of a book reviewer refers to_ .Aaccurate and analytical readingBthe reviewers understanding about the background of the bookCthe reviewers indication of what the book is about and what it means to a readerDskills of describing what is on the page答案：C 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“As a reviewer, you bring together the two parts of accurate, analytical reading and strong, personal response when you indicate what the book is about and what it might mean to a reader.”以及下文的内容可知，书评作者在写书评时应将分析性阅读与个人反应结合起来，不仅要指出书的内容，还要指出书对于读者可能意味着什么。故选C项。2What is the most important part of a book review?AThe heading. BThe evaluation.CThe conclusion. DThe introduction.答案：B 细节理解题。根据文中的“Finally, you get to the heart of your reviewyour evaluation of the book.”可知，最重要的部分就是评论部分。故选B项。3Readers will get puzzled if _ .Athere is no heading in a book reviewBthe book review is not complex enoughCthe reviewers point of view is mixed with the authorsDthere are some different issues listed in the book review答案：C 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段内容可知，要把自己的观点和作者的观点区分开来，否则会让读者感到困惑。故选C项。4What does the text mainly tell us?ASteps to read a book.BTips for writing a book review.CThe way to develop your idea.DThings not to be avoided in a book review.答案：B 主旨大意题。全文主要是针对如何写书评提出了几点建议，故选B项。D(2016年广州高考模拟考试)As a child, visiting the zoo was more a punishment than a treat.I didnt find the chimps tea parties funny, nor the bird shows entertaining.Feeding time for seals was less painful, but their performances still seemed like they belonged more to a circus.And I hated circuses, especially the animal actsmen teasing lions, girls balancing on elephants and monkeys playing football.I knew that every trick a circus animal did was unnatural, achieved through strict trainings and possible cruelty.Happily, during my lifetime public attitudes and the law have changed.Circuses using wild animals are now almost extinct, and zoos have definitely evolved.When my children were young, I occasionally took them to our local zoo.The elephants were in tiny cages and the gorillas looked bored as they sat peeling bananas and staring at teasing visitors.Each cage had a sign which listed the animals name and where it came from.But, back then, there was little information included about the environmental challenges they faced.As a result, environmentalists and animal lovers often oppose zoos.“Animals belong to the wild” is a common and understandable complaint.But what do the animals themselves prefer?Generally speaking, zoo animals have a longer life.But you may protest they are not free.What? Free to be hunted and killed, free to die of hunger or thirst? Maybe sitting in a cage eating bananas isnt so bad.Now conditions are acceptable in modern zoos due to the work of BIAZA, the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums.These days every zoo requires BIAZAs approval to operate, and the association sets the standards, observes conditions in zoos and develops animalresearch programs, both in the UK and abroad.BIAZA also organizes the animal exchanges between zoos all over the world.Consequently, today, most zoo animals are born and raised in zoos, live in large, comfortable enclosures and are cared for by welltrained, knowledgeable and caring zoo employees.Of course its no substitute for living in the wild but unfortunately this isnt always possible.Meanwhile, why not visit your local zoo and decide for yourself?1The passage is mainly about _.Ahow zoos have improvedBwhether a zoo should be closed downCa new environmental organizationDthe difference between zoos and circuses2From Paragraph 2, we can guess that the writer believes circus animals _.Ahad much shorter lives than those in the wildBwere not treated well by their trainersCshould have been placed in zoosDwere not as intelligent as those in zoos3Which of the following roles are performed by BIAZA?AOrganizing animal study projects and training zoo workers.BChecking zoo conditions and arranging animal exchanges.CDesigning zoos and approving zoo operations.DCaring for ill animals and setting zoo standards.4Which of the following statements about zoos would the writer agree with?AZoo animals should be freed into the wild.BZoos are more popular now than in the past.CZoo animals are more restricted than in the past.DZoos now provide caring living conditions for animals.本文主要讲述了现代的动物园是如何得到改善的。1A主旨大意题。根据第三段的内容并结合全文可知，本文主要讲述了现代的动物园是如何得到改善的。2B推理判断题。根据第二段的最后一句“I knew that every trick a circus animal did was unnatural, achieved through strict trainings and possible cruelty.”可推知，马戏团的动物有可能被驯兽师们虐待。3B细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“These days every zoo requires.zoos all over the world.”可知，BIAZA会检查动物园的条件，安排动物交换等活动。4D推理判断题。根据最后一段的第一句可知，作者认为现在的动物园给动物们提供了舒适和充满关爱的环境。E(2016年北京卷)California Condors Shocking RecoveryCalifornia condors are North Americas largest birds, with winglength of up to 3 meters.In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning (铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out.Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.Electrical lines have been killing them off.“As they go in to rest for the night, they just dont see the power lines，” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo.Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution (电死) if they touch two lines at once.So scientists have come up with a shocking idea.Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock.Before the training was introduced, 66% of setfree died of electrocution.This has now dropped to 18%.Lead poisoning has been proved more difficult to deal with.When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead.This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney (肾) failure and death.So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days.This work is starting to pay off.The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.Rideouts team thinks that the California condors average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years.“Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now，” he says.“They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”1California condors attract researchers interest because they _.Aare active at nightBhad to be bred in the wildCare found only in CaliforniaDalmost died out in the 1980s2Researchers have found electrical lines are _.Ablocking condors journey homeBbig killers of California condorsCrest places for condors at nightDused to keep condors away3According to Paragraph 5, lead poisoning _.Amakes condors too nervous to flyBhas little effect on condors kidneysCcan hardly be gotten rid of from condors bloodDmakes it difficult for condors to produce baby birds4The passage shows that _.Athe average survival time of condors is satisfactoryBRideouts research interest lies in electric engineeringCthe efforts to protect condors have brought good resultsDresearchers have found the final answers to the problem加利福尼亚神鹰是北美最大的鸟类，双翼展开可达3米。由于频繁的触电和铅中毒，加利福尼亚神鹰几乎绝迹。现在，电击和药物治疗正在拯救加利福尼亚神鹰。1D推理判断题。根据第三段“As they go in to rest for the night”排除A；根据第二段“In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild”可知，condors一直生活在野外，排除B；根据第二段“more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico”可知，不止加利福尼亚有condors，排除C。故选D。2B细节理解题。根据第三段“Electrical lines have been killing them off.Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution (电死) if they touch two lines at once.”可知，神鹰不知道停在电线上会触电身亡，它们经常停在电线上休息，结果，很多被电死了。故选B。3D推理判断题。根据第五段“This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney (肾) failure and death”可知，金属铅会刺激神鹰的神经系统，影响它们的生育能力，导致肾衰竭和死亡。故选D。4C主旨大意题。根据最后一段“just under eight years”可知，神鹰的平均寿命太短，排除A；根据“Although these measures are not effective forever”可知，目前采用的措施并不能永远有效，排除D；根据最后一段“They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”可知，Rideout团队的研究兴趣在于怎样挽救这一濒危物种。故选C。F(2017年莱芜一中高三模拟)Many experts say that Billy Wilder changed the history of American movies.He is often called the best movie maker Hollywood has ever had.He was known for making movies that offered sharp social comment.Wilder was one of the first directors to do this.Between the middle 1930s and the 1980s, Billy Wilder made almost fifty movies.During that time he received more than twenty nominations (提名) from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.He won six of the Oscar awards.His movies have been seen by people around the world.In 1944, Billy Wilder made the film Double Indemnity.Some critics said this movie established him as one of the greatest Hollywood directors.Wilder