GWD题型CR总结.doc

GWD CR 题型思路总结（题目为按住ctrl单击鼠标链接）一、两种事物比较的题（GWD题目）两种事物一定是同类具有可比性的事物1、答案一定含有与这两件事或两种事物相关的因素的比较。二、Assumption问题（GWD题目）一定是主语谓语动词含否定的选项。且一般为含否定中较长的那一个选项。谓语否定是指有not，no不是否定。三、百分比问题或者是牵涉到比例的问题（GWD题目）选项大多与数量有关，即是在比例不变的情况下，总量的变化影响了最终数量的变化。四、考总量与平均量以及个数的关系（GWD题目）1、总量变化不一定平均量变化。但是在个数一定的情况下，总量变化，平均量一定变化，平均量变化，总量一定变化。2、总量一定情况下，数量与平均量成反比。数量与平均量其中任一一定的情况下，剩余的一个和总量成正比。3、所选答案中必含总量/单位两/数量三个变量中的任一变量。五、农作物问题（GWD题目）种A或者种B。牵涉到的问题，都涉及到价格/量/成本的问题。六、寻找关键点问题，在关键点中含明显关键词的，正确答案一定含有关键词，无关键词必错。1、support题（GWD题目）support题目，support一件事情中A这件事物怎么样，答案一定是围绕着A这件事物展开论述。2、evaluate题（GWD题目）3、weaken/limited题（GWD题目）4、complete题（GWD题目）5、infer/conclude题（GWD题目）七、AB事件推导题（GWD题目）如果原文为因为A事件，引起了B事件。1、weaken/evaluate题，常考点为如果没有了A事件，是否也引起了B事件。或者是有其他除A之外的因素引起了B事件。2、support题，常考点为A事件引起了与B事件有关的因素或同类的事件。3、explain题，常考点为A事件通过与B事件有关的一个因素，引起了B事件。八、经济学类问题（GWD题目）两种事物题GWD-3-Q8:Which of the following most logically completes the passage?Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees. Garnet pays for both testing of its employees cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol. This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment. However, RenCo dose not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because _.问原因的补充题，如果原文是比较两件事或者两种事物，所选答案一定含有与这两件事或两种事物相关的因素的比较。A. early treatment of high cholesterol dose not entirely eliminate the possibility of a stroke later in lifeB. the mass media regularly feature stories encouraging people to maintain diets that are low in cholesterol 双方同时成立C. RenCo has significantly more employees than Garnet has 凭空臆断的原因D. RenCos employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnets employees凭空臆断的原因E. the average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet GWD-2-Q12:Which of the following most logically completes the argument?Yorco and Zortech are two corporations that employ large numbers of full-time workers who are paid by the hour. Publicly available records indicate that Yorco employs roughly the same number of such hourly wage workers as Zortech does but spends a far higher total sum per year on wages for such workers. Therefore, hourly wages must be higher, on average, at Yorco than at Zortech, since _.问原因的补充题，如果原文是比较两件事或者两种事物，所选答案一定含有与这两件事或两种事物相关的因素的比较。A. Zortech spends a higher total sum per year than Yorco does to provide its hourly wage workers with benefits other than wagesB. the work performed by hourly wage workers at Zortech does not require a significantly higher level of skill than the work performed by hourly wage workers at Yorco doesC. the proportion of all company employees who are hourly wage workers is significantly greater at Yorco than it is at ZortechD. overtime work, which is paid at a substantially higher rate than work done during the regular work week, is rare at both Yorco and Zortech E. the highest hourly wages paid at Yorco are higher than the highest hourly wages paid at ZortechGWD-3-Q17:Brochure: Help conserve our citys water supply. By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conserving landscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use. A water-conserving landscape is natural and attractive, and it also saves you money.Criticism: For most people with yards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowners yearly water bills.Which of the following, if true, provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism?两种同类事物的比较，答案一定是与两种同类事物相关的一种因素的比较。A. Even homeowners whose yards do not have water-conserving landscapes can conserve water by installing water-saving devices in their homes. 没有比较B. A conventional landscape generally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide than does a water-conserving landscape. C. A significant proportion of the residents of the city live in buildings that do not have yards. 无关选项，没有比较D. It costs no more to put in water-conserving landscaping than it does to put in conventional landscaping. 迷惑选项，没有相关因素的比较。E. Some homeowners use more water to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined. 不是相关因素的比较，无关选项。Assumption问题GWD-1-Q40:Until Now, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available. Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain of injections, but adults, who are at risk of serious complications from influenza, are commonly vaccinated. A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children. However, since children seldom develop serious complications from influenza, no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?Assumption问题，一定是主语谓语动词含否定的选项。且一般为含否定中较长的那一个选项。D，成立。A. Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the nasal-spray vaccine as well.B. The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as jnjectable vaccines do.C. The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults.D. Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza. 此处的contract为感染的意思E. The nasal spray vaccine is not effective when administered to adults.GWD-2-Question 11:Many people suffer an allergic reaction to certain sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives. However, since there are several wine makers who add sulfites to none of the wines they produce, people who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink wines produced by these wine makers without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?Assumption问题，一定是主语谓语动词含否定的选项。且一般为含否定中较长的那一个选项。E，成立。a. These wine makers have been able to duplicate the preservative effect produced by adding sulfites by means that do not involve adding any potentially allergenic substances to their wine.b. Not all forms of sulfite are equally likely to produce the allergic reactions.c. Wine is the only beverage to which sulfites are commonly added.d. Apart from sulfites, there are no substances commonly present in wine that give rise to an allergic reaction.无关信息的冒出e. Sulfites are not naturally present in the wines produced by these wine makers in amounts large enough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines.GWD-3-Q32:Newspaper editorial:In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher. Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access they formerly had to college-level courses. However, this action is clearly counter to the governors ultimate goal, since after being released form prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?含有主语谓语否定的选项。关键词collegelevel course。选c，成立。 原文意思：通过拒绝他们继续上课来达到减少犯罪率。但是事实是上过课的人很少再犯罪，所以不能通过这条路来减少犯罪率。问的assumption就是可以使计划实现的条件。因为有这个assumption，才能得出counter了goal的结论。A. Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.B. Former inmates are no more likely to commit crimes than are members of the general population.无关键词，必错C. The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released.D. Taking high school level courses in prison has less effect on an inmates subsequent behavior than taking college-level courses does.E. The governors ultimate goal actually is to gain popularity by convincing people that something effective is being done about crime.无关键词，必错GWD-3-Q40:Two centuries ago, Tufe Peninsula became separated form the mainland, isolating on the newly formed Tufe Island a population of Turfil sunflowers. This populations descendants grow to be, on average, 40 centimeters shorter than Turfil sunflowers found on the mainland. Tufe Island is significantly drier than Tufe Peninsula was. So the current average height of Tufes Turfil sunflowers is undoubtedly at least partially attributable to changes in Tufes environmental conditions.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?含not的选项最长的为C。答案为C，成立。A. There are no types of vegetation on Tufe Island that are known to benefit from dry conditions.B. There were about as many Turfil sunflowers on Tufe Peninsula two centuries ago as there are on Tufe Island today.C. The mainlands environment has not changed in ways that have resulted in Turfil sunflowers on the mainland growing to be 40 centimeters taller than they did two centuries ago.D. The soil on Tufe Island, unlike that on the mainland, lacks important nutrients that help Turfil sunflowers survive and grow tall in a dry environment.E. The 40-centimeter height difference between the Turfil sunflowers on Tufe Island and those on the mainland is the only difference between the two populations.百分比的问题GWD-1-Q13:In the United States, of the people who moved from one state to another when they retired, the percentage who retired to Florida has decreased by three percentage points over the past ten years. Since many local businesses in Florida cater to retirees, this decline is likely to have a noticeably negative economic effect on these businesses.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?问百分比的问题，或者是牵涉到比例的问题，选项大多与数量有关，即是在比例不变的情况下，总量的变化影响了最终数量的变化。A. Florida attracts more people who move from one state to another when they retire than does any other state.B. The number of people who move out of Florida to accept employment in other states has increased over the past ten years.C. There are far more local businesses in Florida that cater to tourists than there are local businesses that cater to retirees.D. The total number of people who retired and moved to another state for their retirement has increased significantly over the past ten years.E. The number of people who left Florida when they retired to live in another state was greater last year than it was ten years ago.考总量与平均量以及个数问题GWD-1-Q14:That the application of new technology can increase the productivity of existing coal mines is demonstrated by the case of Tribnias coal industry. Coal output per miner in Tribnia is double what it was five years ago, even though no new mines have opened.Which of the following can be properly concluded from the statement about coal output per miner in the passage?考总量与平均量以及个数的关系，总量变化不一定平均量变化。但是在个数一定的情况下，总量变化，平均量一定变化，平均量变化，总量一定变化。含数量变量。F. If the number of miners working in Tribnian coal mines has remained constant in the past five years, Tribnias total coal production has doubled in that period of time.G. Any individual Tribnian coal mine that achieved an increase in overall output in the past five years has also experienced an increase in output per miner. 平均数和个别H. If any new coal mines had opened in Tribnia in the past five years, then the increase in output per miner would have been even greater than it actually was. 总数会增加但平均数不一定增加I. If any individual Tribnian coal mine has not increased its output per miner in the past five years, then that mines overall output has declined or remained constant.和文章无关,不是从文章推出的J. In Tribnia the cost of producing a given quantity of coal has declined over the past five years.无关GWD-2-Question 18:*Last year all refuse collected by Shelbyville city services was incinerated. Thisincineration generated a large quantity of residue ash. In order to reduce the amountof residue ash Shelbyville generates this year to half of last years total, the city hasrevamped its collection program. This year city services will separate for recyclingenough refuse to reduce the number of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated to halfof last years number. Which of the following is required for the revamped collection program to achieve its aim?总量/单位量/数量问题：数量减少，如果保证总量减少，则必须保证单位量不会增多。S=vt。t减少，s不增加的条件就是v不变或者变少。含单位量变量。K. This year, no materials that city services could separate for recycling will be incinerated.L. Separating recyclable materials from materials to be incinerated will cost Shelbyville less than half what it cost last year to dispose of the residue ash.M. Refuse collected by city services will contain a larger proportion of recyclable materials this year than it did last year.N. The refuse incinerated this year will generate no more residue ash per truckload incinerated than did the refuse incinerated last year.O. The total quantity of refuse collected by Shelbyville city services this year will be no greater than that collected last year. Incinnerate：烧毁 residue：残渣GWD-3-Q31:Although most smoking-related illnesses are caused by inhaling the tar in tobacco smoke, it is addiction to nicotine that prevents most smokers from quitting. In an effort to decrease the incidence of smoking-related illnesses, lawmakers in Sandonia plan to reduce the average quantity of nicotine per cigarette by half over the next five years. Unfortunately, smokers who are already addicted to nicotine tend to react to such reductions by smoking correspondingly more cigarettes.The information above most strongly supports which of the following predictions about the effects of implementing the Sandonian governments plan?数量问题。原文每根烟的nicotine减少，但是香烟消费量增大，所以总的nicotine并没有减少，所以tar没有减少。关键词是nicotine。含单位量变量。A. The average quantity of tar inhaled by Sandonian smokers who are currently addicted to nicotine will probably not decrease during the next five years.B. Sandonian smokers who are not already addicted to nicotine will probably also begin to smoke more cigarettes during the next five years than they had previously. C. The annual number of Sandonian smokers developing smoking-related illnesses will probably decrease during the next five years.无关键词，必错D. The proportion of Sandonians attempting to quit smoking who succeed in that attempt will probably decrease during the next five years. 总量问题，百分比选项多为迷惑项。E. The number of Sandonians who quit smoking during the next five years will probably exceed the number who quit during the last five years.无关键词，必错2. GWD-4-Q8:From 1980 to 1989, total consumption of fish in the country of Jurania increased by 4.5 percent, and total consumption of poultry products there increased by 9.0 percent. During the same period, the population of Jurania increased by 6 percent, in part due to immigration to Jurania from other countries in the region.If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true on the basis of them?数量问题。答案一定是跟总量/数量/单位量有关，必含其中一个变量。总量增多了4.5个p，而数量增多了9个p，所以单位量减少，即分子增大的量比分母增大的量少。关键词为consumption。含单位量变量。A. During the 1980s in Jurania, profits of wholesale distributors of poultry products increased at a greater rate than did profits of wholesale distributors of fish. 无关信息，无关键词，错B. For people who immigrated to Jurania during the 1980s, fish was less likely to be a major part of their diet than was poultry.迷惑选项，无关键词，错C. In 1989 Juranians consumed twice as much poultry as fish.不能算出D. For a significant proportion of Juranias population, both fish and poultry products were a regular part of their diet during the 1980s.无关键词E. Per capita consumption of fish in Jurania was lower in 1989 than in 1980.含三个变量中的一个变量，有关键词，正确。GWD-5-Q3:The average hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland has long been significantly lower than that in neighboring Borodia. Since Borodia dropped all tariffs on Vernlandian televisions three years ago, the number of televisions sold annually in Borodia has not changed. However, recent statistics show a drop in the number of television assemblers in Borodia. Therefore, updated trade statistics will probably indicate that the number of televisions Borodia imports annually from Vernland has increased.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?数量问题。要想borodia的电视总量未变，而数量减少，则单位数量必须增多。A. The number of television assemblers in Vernland has increased by at least as much as the number of television assemblers in Borodia has decreased. 不是单位数量B. Televisions assembled in Vernland have features that televisions assembled in Borodia do not have.不含变量C. The average number of hours it takes a Borodian television assembler to assemble a television has not decreased significantly during the past three years.含单位量变量，正确。D. The number of televisions assembled annually in Vernland has increased significantly during the past three years. 无关比较E. The difference between the hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland and the hourly wage of television assemblers in Borodia is likely to decrease in the next few years. 无关比较GWD-5-Q15:Lightbox, Inc., owns almost all of the movie theaters in Washington County and has announced plans to double the number of movie screens it has in the county within five years. Yet attendance at Lightboxs theaters is only just large enough for profitability now and the countys population is not expected to increase over the next ten years. Clearly, therefore, if there is indeed no increase in population, Lightboxs new screens are unlikely to prove profitable. Which of the following, if true about Washington County, most seriously weakens the argument?数量问题。原文信息数量未变，总量变大，要求答案单位数量变大。（这个结论在此题不能直接看出，需要推导一下）关键词population。A. Though little change in the size of the population is expected, a pronounced shift toward a younger, more affluent, and