高考英语二轮复习专题1阅读理解考点3主旨大意题课件.pptx

第一编,专题一阅读理解,考点3主旨大意题,真题体验,TheideathatIwas“notathletic”stuckwithmeforyears.WhenIstartedrunninginmy30s，Irealizedrunningwasabattleagainstmyself，notaboutcompetitionorwhetherornotIwasathletic.Itwasallaboutthebattleagainstmyownbodyandmind.Atestofwills！Thenightbeforemymarathon，IdreamtthatIcouldntevenfindthefinishline.Iwokeupsweatingandnervous，butreadytoprovesomethingtomyself.Shortlyaftercrossingthestartline，myshoelaces(鞋带)becameuntied.SoIstoppedtoreadjust.NotthestartIwanted！,Atmile3，Ipassedasign：“GOFORIT，RUNNERS！”Bymile17，Ibecameoutofbreathandtheonceinjuredanklehurtbadly.Despitethepain，Istayedthecoursewalkingabitandthenrunningagain.Bymile21，Iwasstarving！AsIapproachedmile23，Icouldseemywifewavingasign.Sheismybiggestfan.Shenevermindedthealarmclocksoundingat4am.orquestionedmyexpensesonrunning.,Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished！AndIgotamedal.Infact，Igotthesamemedalastheonethattheguywhocameinfirstplacehad.Determinedtobemyself，moveforward，freeofshameandworldlylabels(世俗标签)，Icannowcallmyselfa“marathonwinner”.文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者不畏艰难，挑战自我，坚持跑完马拉松，实现了一次从自我砥砺到自我认知的人生“长跑”的励志故事。素材的选择旨在向考生传递积极的价值观：只要勇于挑战，拼搏进取，人人皆为胜者。,Amonthbeforethemarathon，theauthor_.AwaswelltrainedBfeltscaredCmadeuphismindtorunDlosthope解析：细节理解题。由第一段第二句“Yet，Iwasdeterminedtogoahead.”并结合上句最后的leavingmeonlytwoweekstotrain可知，虽然作者在马拉松前一个月脚踝受伤需休息两个周，但他决心在仅剩的两周训练时间里继续前行，去参加马拉松长跑。此处的关键信息determined与选项C中的madeuphismind相吻合。,C,WhydidtheauthormentionthePE.classinhis7thyear？_AToacknowledgethesupportofhisteacher.BToamusethereaderswithafunnystory.CToshowhewasnottalentedinsports.DToshareapreciousmemory.解析：推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句“Ididntdoeitherwell.HelaterinformedmethatIwasnotathletic.”可知，作者列举小时候第一次上体育课的例子，说明自己跑圈不行，打垒球也不行，所以老师告诉作者他不擅长体育运动。这显然表明了作者在运动方面没有天赋，与选项C的意思匹配。,C,Howwastheauthorsfirstmarathon？_AHemadeit.BHequithalfway.CHegotthefirstprize.DHewalkedtotheend.解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished！”可知，作者跑完了这次马拉松。这与选项A中的madeit(做成)意思吻合。,A,Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus？_AAmanoweshissuccesstohisfamilysupport.BAwinnerisonewithagreateffortofwill.CFailureisthemotherofsuccess.DOneisnevertoooldtolearn.解析：主旨大意题。根据作者对自己跑马拉松情况的叙述可知，对于一位脚踝有伤、不具有运动天赋的人来说去跑马拉松面临的挑战可想而知，但作者不畏艰难，凭着强大的意志力，最后成功到达终点，显然就是选项B提到的“一位具有强大意志力的获胜者”。故选B项。,B,B(2018江苏，B)Inthe1760s，MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted(享有)aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsomm.Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup，Rozeschainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordiningout，whichhelpedtoestablishRozeastheinventorofthemodernrestaurant.Today，scholarshavegeneratedlargeamountsofinstructiveresearchaboutrestaurants.Takevisualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeat：dinersservedthemselvesabout20percentmorepasta(意大利面食)whentheirplatesmatchedtheirfood.Whenadarkcoloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone，customersrecognizeditassweeterandmoretasty.,Lightingmatters，too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness，theycouldnttellhowmuchtheydhad：thosegivenextralargesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewisertheydidntfeelfuller，andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.Timeismoney，butthatprinciplemeansdifferentthingsfordifferenttypesofrestaurants.Unlikefastfoodplaces，finediningshopsprefercustomerstostaylongerandspend.Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround：putonsomeMozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical，ratherthanpop，musicwasplaying，dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect：dinerswhogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草)stayedlongerandspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon，ornoscent.,Meanwhile，thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending“bad”tables，crowding，highpricesdontnecessarily.Dinersatbadtablesnexttothekitchendoor，sayspentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot“beoverlyconcernedaboutbadtables，”giventhattheyreprofitable.Asforcrowds，aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurantsreputation，suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffetspriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.,文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。它主要通过引入现代餐馆的鼻祖马蒂兰罗兹制订的标准以及学者对于餐馆的研究来介绍现代餐馆在经营中影响食客消费的几个要素：视觉要素(餐具、灯光)、听觉要素(音乐)、嗅觉要素(气味)、其他要素(桌位、拥挤程度和价格)。素材旨在通过现代餐馆的经营理念，让考生了解西方现代餐馆的经营之道。,Theunderlinedphrase“nonethewiser”inparagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere_.AnotawareofeatingmorethanusualBnotwillingtosharefoodwithothersCnotconsciousofthefoodqualityDnotfondofthefoodprovided解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“.thosegivenextralargesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewisertheydidntfeelfuller.”可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉得更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此处的nonethewiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故选A项。,A,Howcouldafinediningshopmakemoreprofit？_APlayingclassicalmusic.BIntroducinglemonscent.CMakingthelightbrighter.DUsingplatesoflargersize.解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Whenclassical，ratherthanpop，musicwasplaying，dinersspentmore.”可知，当演奏古典音乐而不是流行音乐的时候，食客们会花更多的钱。spentmore就是对题干中makemoreprofit的语意转化。故选A项。,A,Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout？_ATipstoattractmorecustomers.BProblemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.CWaystoimproverestaurantsreputation.DCommonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.解析：主旨大意题。根据最后一段首句中的thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending“bad”tables，crowding，highpricesdontnecessarily可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见的观点是一种误解，故选D项。,D,主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求，文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。,名师点津,做题时需要注意：1明晰两类常见设问方式：(1)标题类常见的标题型题干：Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe_.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage？Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage？(2)大意类常见的主题型题干：Thispassagechieflydealswith_.Whatsthetopicofthearticle？Whatsthemainideaofthe.paragraph/thepassage？,2判断三种正确选项特征：(1)涵盖性强：覆盖全文或全段的中心思想。(2)确定的范围恰当：既不太大，也不太小。(3)精确性强：不会改变文章语言表意的程度及色彩。3识别四类干扰选项特点：(1)以偏概全：答案只阐述了局部信息或主旨的一部分。(2)主题过大：归纳概括过于宽泛，超出了文章要讨论的范围。(3)断章取义：以次要的事实、细节替代全文的主要观点。(4)无中生有：与文章内容毫不相关或与文章内容相悖。,技法例析,1文章主旨大意题寻找主题句，归纳概括关键词：分析文章结构，判断文章体裁识别段落主题句，归纳总结注意转折、疑问、重复等关键信息文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现，所以，段落的主题句就是文章主旨的组成部分。因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的主旨是解题的关键。,不同体裁的文章，其主题句出现的位置不同。议论文往往在第一段提出观点，中间是论据部分，最后一段得出结论，因此主题句往往在首段或者末段；说明文的主题句往往在首段；新闻报道主题句往往在首段的首句；记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，如果结尾部分是说理性的句子，那这个句子很有可能就是主题句。寻找主题句时，要注意以下小技巧：转折词语后面的部分，有可能是主题句；段首出现疑问时，回答部分可能是主题句；作者有意识重复强调的观点，往往是主旨；反复出现的词语，往往是体现主旨的关键词；表示总结或者结论的句子常包含therefore，inshort，conclude，thus等。,(2018全国，C)Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears，butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhuntergatherers，small，tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago，whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople，theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.,典例,Soonafterwards，manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers，andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies，trade，industrialisation，thedevelopmentofthenationstateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation，especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades，allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear，anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.,Atpresent，theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages，oftenspokenbymanypeople，whilehot，wetzoneshavelots，oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages；theAmericasabout1,000；Africa2,400；andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200，ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000，whichmeansthathalftheworldslanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.,Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡)，withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick，atrandom，BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers)，ChiapanecoinMexico(150)，LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one，withaquestionmark)：noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.Whatisthemainideaofthetext？ANewlanguageswillbecreated.BPeopleslifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.CHumandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.DGeographydetermineslanguageevolution.,解题思路第一步确定题干中的关键信息_第二步速读文章找出文章主题句_第三步对比选项得出答案_,themainideaofthetextLanguageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears，butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.,C,干扰项分析A项颠倒是非，文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。B，D两项无中生有，文中没有提到人们的生活方式会反映到语言上，也没有提到地理决定语言的发展。,2凝练标题概括题准确概括全文，要简洁醒目关键词：概括全文有针对性简洁醒目标题的特点是短小精悍，简洁醒目，概括性强。一般来说，标题的拟定模式是：以话题为中心，按照一定的语法规则把控制性的概念浓缩为能够概括主题句句意或者中心思想的短语，或者一句简短的话。要遵循“概括性、针对性和醒目性”的原则来提炼标题。比如某一文章的中心句为“Coffeeisauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.”此句的话题为“Coffee”，控制性概念为“isauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld”，因此标题为“CoffeeAroundtheWorld”。,凝练文章标题时，要注意以下小技巧：从正面考虑，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；从反面考虑，撇开原文，考虑选项，设想以它们为标题写出的文章会是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除；研读选项的中心词、修饰词的变化，与原文内容比对。,(2017全国卷，D片段)TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwellbeingamongolderpeople，leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔绝)andinactive.LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe，theNewcastleteamaredevelopinginvehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.,典例,Forexample，mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly，wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.Werelookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat.“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel.”,Whatisthebesttitleforthetext？AAnewModelElectricCarBASolutiontoTrafficProblemsCDrivingServicesforEldersDKeepingOlderDriversontheRoad,解题思路第一步确定题干中的关键信息_第二步速读文章找出文章中的信息句，并标出关键词_第三步对比选项得出答案_,thebesttitleforthetext.givingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwellbeingamongolderpeople和Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel.,D,3归纳段落大意关键词：寻找段落主题句比对选项参考全文大意段落大意是指一篇文章中某个段落的主要意思，是对该段内容的提炼和概括。归纳段落大意时，一定要在把握全段以及全文中心思想的基础上进行，围绕文章中心思想。找出本段的主题句。主题句可能出现在段首、段中或者段尾。段落大意要用明确、完整、简洁的语句表达。归纳段落大意时，要注意以下小技巧：分析段落结构；如果段落是总分结构，那么主题句一般在段首；如果是分总结构，那么主题句一般在段尾；如果是分总分结构，那么主题句一般在段中；如果是对比各个事物，那么相同点或者不同点就是该段主旨。对于没有主题句的段落，要根据各种暗示，充分运用想象力和判断力，选择与作者说话语气相符的选项。,(2016浙江，C片段)Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn，butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike？Psychologistshavesuggestedthatscienceasaneffortthedesiretoexplore，explain，andunderstandourworldissimplysomethingthatcomesfromourbabyhood.Perhapsevolution(进化)providedhumanbabieswithcuriosityandanaturaldrivetoexplaintheirworlds，andadultscientistssimplymakeuseofthesamedrivethatservedthemaschildren.Thesamecognitive(认知的)systemsthatmakeyoungchildrenfeelgoodaboutfiguringsomethingoutmayhavebeenadoptedbyadultscientists.Assomepsychologistsputit，“Itisnotthatchildrenarelittlescientistsbutthatscientistsarebigchildren.”,典例1,Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph？ATheworldmaybemoreclearlyexplainedthroughchildrensplay.BStudyingbabiesplaymayleadtoabetterunderstandingofscientists.CChildrenmayhavegreaterabilitytofig