内容简介：: 基于Web的网上购物系统 HUNAN UNIVERSITY毕业设计（论文）设计（论文）题目：基于Web的网上购物系统学生姓名专业班级指导老师系主任（院长）评阅人 2008年 6 月10日摘要随着Internet的不断普及，人们对于互联网技术的要求已不单单是浏览一下网页，收发电子邮件，日益忙碌的人们开始追求足不出户的利用互联网这一强大的平台来实现的网上购物。对于企业来讲，无论是企业之间(B to B),还是企业和客户之间(B to C)的交易，如果能够实现网上交易将大大提高交易速度节约交易成本。近几年，随着网络数据库技术的进一步发展，使得这一设想逐渐成为现实。运用ASP技术和网络数据库原理，基于B/S模式我开发了一个网上购物系统。在我的系统中，顾客可以很方便的注册成为会员，对商品进行浏览检索，查看商品的详细资料，然后根据各人的喜好购买心仪的商品。系统会自动为顾客生成订单，按照顾客所填写的信息提交订单并发货。系统管理员则可以对现有的商品进行添加和编辑，审查已注册的用户并对提交的订单进行处理。关键词：B/S模式、ASP、电子商务、网络数据库。AbstractAlong with the Internet of continuously universal, people are for the request of technique Internet the already and not only single is a view once web page, receive and dispatch the E-mail, increasingly busy people start pursuing the exploitation Internet that keep the house this a the mighty platform come the net that realizes on the shopping.Speak for the business enterprise, and wether is the business enterprises( B to B), or business enterprise with the customers bargain for( B to C), if can realize the net up trade and will consumedly increase the bargain speed the economy to trade the cost.In the last few years, along with the techniques further development of network database, make this on conceiving to gradually become the actuality.Application ASP technique is with the network database principle, according to B/ S mode I developped a net on the shopping system.In my system, customer can very the convenient registration become the member, and proceeds to merchandise view index, look into favour that the merchandises detailed data, then purchase the adoring merchandise according to the everyone.System would the auto is a born order of customer, and hand over the order to erupt goods according to the information for fill inning of customer.System manager can then proceeds to increase with the order that edit, investigate already the registered customer combine right hand over to proceeds to handle to current merchandise.Key words: B/ S mode, ASP, electronic commerce, network database.摘要2一前言411问题的提出412问题的解决4二准备知识ASP技术421 ASP的简介422 ASP的特点523 ASP的工作原理5三系统概述531系统设计思想532系统总体结构图633系统功能模块图634系统开发工具6四系统功能模块设计741客户端7411购物篮7412会员注册10413商品查询13414订单查询1442后台管理端15421商品的添加15422商品的审查20423订单的审查21424会员的审查23425管理员添加25426管理员审查26五系统网络数据库的建立2751系统数据源的设置2752表、关系模型和数据库的概述2853范式与建表的规范化2854系统数据库的详细建立29六结束语31参考文献：32一前言11问题的提出对于基于Web平台的网上购物系统，存在着一个前台应用和后台管理的问题。而无论前台还是后台，都要对数据库进行调用和操作。因此如何创建网络数据库，以及客户端如何调用服务器端的数据库成为实现网上购物的一个关键性问题。12问题的解决在这里，我采用B/S模式来实现客户端对服务器端的调用，所谓B/S模式即浏览器/服务器模式，是一种从传统的二层C/S模式发展起来的新的网络结构模式。在B/S模式中，客户端运行浏览器软件。浏览器以超文本形式向Web服务器提出访问数据库的要求，Web服务器接受客户端请求后，将这个请求转化为SQL语法，并交给数据库服务器，数据库服务器得到请求后，验证其合法性，并进行数据处理，然后将处理后的结果返回给Web服务器，Web 服务器再一次将得到的所有结果进行转化，变成HTML文档形式，转发给客户端浏览器以友好的Web页面形式显示出来。而对于网络数据库的创建，则是利用ASP技术来解决。ASP（Active Server Pages动态网页）是微软公司推出的一种用以取代CGI（Common Gateway Interface通用网关接口）的技术。目前，Internet上的许多基于Windows平台的Web站点已开始应用ASP来替换CGI。简单地讲，ASP是一个位于服务器端的脚本运行环境，通过这种环境，用户可以创建和运行动态的交互式Web服务器应用程序，如交互式动态网页，包括使用HTML表单收集和处理信息，上传与下载等等。在电子商务中，对用户而言，进行网上信息查询的目的是寻找自己需要的产品或服务，而对于商品或服务提供者来说，其目的则是向用户推销自己的产品或服务。因此，让用户通过浏览器查询服务器的后端数据库是许多Web服务提供者必需有的服务，ASP通过内置的ADODB组件来实现这一功能。可以使用ADO去编写紧凑简明的脚本以便连接到ODBC 兼容的数据库和 OLE DB 兼容的数据源。至于实现的细节，在后续部分的网络数据库章节中有详细介绍。二准备知识ASP技术21 ASP的简介ASP（Active server pages）是一种类似HTML(Hypertext Markup Language超文本标识语言)、Script与CGI(Common GAteway Interface 通用网关接口)的结合体，但是其运行效率却比CGI更高、程序编制也比HTML更方便且更有灵活性，程序安全及保密性也比Script好。HTML(Hypertext Markup Language)是一种超文本标识语言，文件通过这种格式可以在互连网上载送浏览，用户只要使用网页浏览器工具就可以浏览这些文件，目前比较常用的工具包括Microsoft Internet Explorer,Netscape Communicator等，由于HTML文件都是由标签(tag)所组成，因此它比较适合制作静态网页，再者，由于先天上的限制HTML是无法直接存取数据库的，所以存取数据库的工作大多是依靠CGI来处理。ASP不但可以包含HTML标签，也可以直接存取数据库及使用无限扩充的ActiveX控件，因此在程序编制上要比HTML方便而且更富有灵活性。ASP以HTML为基础，主体还是HTML代码，只是在需要ASP动态产生的地方加入ASP代码。ASP的最终显示结果也是HTML代码，可准确控制ASP的输出结果。Script(脚本)是由一组可以在WEB服务器或客户端浏览器运行的命令组合而成，目前在网页编制上比较流行的脚本语言包括 VBScript,JavaScript。这些脚本大都是在客户端运行，因此，客户端可以很清楚的取得脚本的内容。所以，就安全性而言，这些客户端的脚本语言的确有危险。ASP虽然具有脚本语言的方便性，但由于他是在WEB服务器端运行，运行后再将运行结果以HTML格式传送至客户端的浏览器。因此ASP与一般的脚本语言相比，要安全的多。22 ASP的特点ASP可以和HTML或其它脚本语言(VBScript,JavaScript)相互嵌套 ASP是一种在WEB服务器端运行的脚本语言，程序代码安全保密 ASP以对象为基础，因此可以使用ActiveX控件继续扩充其功能 ASP内置ADO组件，因此可以轻松的存取各种数据库 ASP可以将运行结果以HTML的格式传送至客户端浏览器，因而可以适用与各种浏览器23 ASP的工作原理如果浏览器向IIS/PWS请求的是.HTM文件，那么IIS/PWS会直接把文件的内容传给浏览器.但如果浏览器向IIS/PWS请求的是.ASP文件,则IIS/PWS会首先解释文件.IIS/PWS解释.ASP文件的过程中,遇到HTML标记或一般文字时会直接把读区的内容传给浏览器.但如果遇到的标记,则会把其中的内容视为程序，然后解释执行,但程序经过IIS/PWS解释执行后,其源程序代码不会传给浏览器，而只是把可显示的运行结果传给了浏览器Active Server Page技术为应用开发商提供了基于脚本的直观、快速、高效的应用开发手段，极大地提高了开发的效果。ASP脚本是采用明文（plain text）方式来编写的。 ASP脚本是一系列按特定语法（目前支持vbscript和jscript两种脚本语言）编写的，与标准HTML页面混合在一起的脚本所构成的文本格式的文件。当客户端的最终用户用WEB浏览器通过INTERNET来访问基于ASP脚本的应用时，WEB浏览器将向WEB服务器发出HTTP请求。WEB服务器分析、判断出该请求是ASP脚本的应用后，自动通过ISAPI接口调用ASP脚本的解释运行引擎（ASP.DLL）。ASP.DLL将从文件系统或内部缓冲区获取指定的ASP脚本文件，接着就进行语法分析并解释执行。最终的处理结果将形成HTML格式的内容，通过WEB服务器原路返回给WEB浏览器，由WEB浏览器在客户端形成最终的结果呈现。这样就完成了一次完整的ASP脚本调用。若干个有机的ASP脚本调用就组成了一个完整的ASP脚本应用。三系统概述31系统设计思想双鱼林的所有程序大都是免费提供的啊，只是朋友如果对程序不太懂我可以提供技术服务，另外，这些系统是我辛苦做出来的，花了我好多时间的，需要完整的文档请再和我联系：程序文档作者：双鱼林真实姓名：汪建林生日: 1985年2月26日星座: 双鱼座血型: O毕业学校：成都理工大学计算机专业(2007年)家乡：四川达州渠县望溪乡包山村5组QQ: 287307421 手机: 13558690869Email: 淘宝店：更多商品请到拍拍店：http:/287307421.感谢源码爱好者网站提供下载空间：说明：所建立的数据库文件(SuperMarket_Data.mdb)保存在文件夹market_database下，为防止别人随意篡改数据库，我将其后缀名改为.asp来调用。六结束语在历时将近三个月的时间里，我的毕业设计是从学习新的知识（ASP语言和HTML语言），到建立网上购物系统的网站。我遇到了若干的问题和解决了不少的问题，现在还有未知安全性和可靠性的未能发现和解决。从建立自己的虚拟服务器，到网站服务。使我对电子商务认识的无到有，有了具体详细的认识。在我们所建立的网上购物系统只是一个网上的购物的基本原理，里面要涉及到的方方面面的问题我们未曾遇到或现有的条件限制而未能实现。电子商务并不是我们想象的写程序那么简单，她包括了编写程序、数据库设计、网页制作、图象处理、版面设计、数据采集、文本编辑、服务器管理等等，要搞好一个好的，完善的网站需要一个详细的、合理的、可行性的规划设计。在用ASP开发的时候，在程序的调试上出现了很大的问题，要使用浏览器来浏览才能找出错误所在，这一定程度上延长了开发周期。在开始的时候往往要为了找一个小错误花上大半天的时间。经过多写程序，现在一定程度上已经能快效的找出错误，并熟练的操作数据库语言。随着Web技术的进一步发展和Internet的逐渐大众化，基于Internet的电子商务系统无疑比传统商务具有更加广阔的应用前景。而如何提高电子商务系统中的数据访问效率、交易平台的安全性及事务处理的能力仍是当前人们所关注的热点问题。这些问题有待于我们大家作更深入的探讨，相信在不久的将来电子商务将表现出越来越大的作用。在此要感谢我的指导老师*为论文的最终成稿提供了很多宝贵的意见。参考文献：1)网页设计与Web数据库发布技术魏应彬周星编著清华大学出版社 2）ASP网络编程实例老虎工作室许曰斌程亮编著人民邮电出版社 3）ASP实例演练之组建商务网站洪传华编著中国电力出版社 4）ASP3.0时尚编程百例网冠科技编著机械工业出版社 5）ASP动态网站之旅李福荣曹庆臻编著人民交通出版社源码爱好者提供源码发布与下载互助、分享、提高毕业设计(论文) 用户手册题目基于Web的网上购物系统学生指导教师专业班级日期 2008.4.28 一运行环境硬件环境：Intel Pentium 166或更快处理器的个人计算机、VGA以上更高分辨率的显示卡。软件环境：Windows 2000 Pro + IIS5.0 + Internet Explorer5.0 Windows 2000 Server + Internet Explorer5.0 (推荐)二运行平台搭建将程序文件夹拷入目标机器，在控制面板中利用Internet信息服务器建立程序的虚拟目录并命名虚拟目录。三前台操作点击IE，在IE地址栏输入/虚拟目录名，便可进入IT超市默认网页default.asp。3.1 客户注册：点击页面左侧的注册键，弹出会员登记栏，按照提示信息一步步完成注册程序。完成注册后，可以点击登录键登录商城，左上角将显示欢迎信息。3.2 客户购物：点击商品区，对商城商品进行浏览。直接点击商品名称将弹出所选商品信息页，上有商品售价、简介等信息。点击立即购买键将弹出购物车页，里面有所选商品以及售价。如有需要可以更改商品数量，总价也将被累计。选择好商品及其数量后，点击去收银台键，客户将被提示输入会员帐号及密码。填好后将继续商品结帐，最终完成结算并给出订单号。如不是会员，购物进程将停止。购物完毕，记住订单号，以便于下次查阅。3.3 订单查询：客户在首页订单号码栏中填入自己的订单号再点击查询键，会提示输入会员帐号与密码。填写完后将弹出订单详细资料页面，方便客户查阅以往购物信息。客户只能查阅自己的订单，未注册的客户不能查阅订单。3.4 商品查询：客户（任何客户都能使用此项服务）在商品查询栏中填入所要咨询的商品名称，然后选择商品类型，点击查询键。如果商城没有此种商品或者商品不在所选商品类型中，点击后将会出现没有找到符合条件的商品资料的信息；如果所选商品存在且类型选择正确，商品的详细资料将会被给出。四后台数据库管理商城后台管理系统仅限商城管理员使用。为了方便操作，我将前台和后台连接起来，在登陆框输入输管理员帐号和密码便可进入后台管理系统。4.1 商品资料管理：点击页面左侧的商品信息管理键，将出现下拉菜单。菜单中包括添加大类、添加小类、添加商品和商品审查。通过这个管理模块，管理员可以添加、删除商品、商品类型，并且可以修改商品售价、商品简介、商品说明等信息。4.2 商品交易管理：点击交易信息管理键，将出现包含订单处理和发货记录查询的菜单。管理员通过这个模块可以对订单进行处理并对发货记录进行查阅或删除。4.5 会员管理：管理员可以通过这个模块对注册会员管理。管理员可以查阅会员详细资料，并可以删除会员。通过管理员审查，管理员可以增加或删除管理员，并对管理员密码进行修改。4.6操作管理：在这里，可以对管理员资料进行审查，管理员可以增加或删除管理员，并对管理员密码进行修改。4.6 退出管理：点击管理员退出，管理员对商城的所有修改将被保存入数据库，并返回到修改成功后的前台首页。论文翻译应用于建筑领域的电子商务系统摘要：在过去几年间电子商务的迅猛发展为组织提供了执行标准程序的新思路。在建筑领域中，大部份努力都把重心集中在投标和支付程序中。因此，许多电子的投标系统得到发展并且正在被使用,这主要是在美国，加拿大，欧洲和澳洲,它基本上支持投标和投标文件的获得提供搜索。SupplyPoint系统被发展用来电子化支持和使整个投标/支付程序的提供自动化,除此之外，对于加强当前系统搜索的便利性，一个协作的系统可以以一种虚拟的方式支持银行组织的构成。这一系统的部分赞助来自于欧盟的一个ESPRIT程序(EP-27007)并且现在正处于最后的发展和测试阶段。1 介绍：电子商务在过去几年间的迅猛发展为组织执行投标程序和参与竞标提出了新的思路。术语投标用来描述所有的被授权生产, 出版和管理投标文件的投标行为, 与此同时命令合并有权益组织的努力以通过回应投标来赢得合同。投标支付程序的新功能对基于企业级的商业行为尤其重要，并且在许多情况尤其是对于单个的企业是由银行组织形成的。这是建筑领域的事情, 而及时的鉴定机会和充足的协会组成时获得订单的关键因素。这篇论文的目的分为两部分：为电子投标在建筑领域中支付分析了电子商务的机会(和危险性), 这是通过检查交易的连锁行为和检讨已存在的系统的正面性和反面性来完成的; 为介绍SupplyPoint，这一欧洲范围内的研究和发展成果，它的部分赞助来自于欧盟的一个ESPRIT程序(EP-27007)。SupplyPoint系统将支持整个支付程序的电子化供给并且决定提供哪个现有的系统以及为向建筑企业提供贷款的银行组织提供服务。双鱼林的所有程序大都是免费提供的啊，只是朋友如果对程序不太懂我可以提供技术服务，另外，这些系统是我辛苦做出来的，花了我好多时间的，需要完整的文档请再和我联系：程序文档作者：双鱼林真实姓名：汪建林生日: 1985年2月26日星座: 双鱼座血型: O毕业学校：成都理工大学计算机专业(2007年)家乡：四川达州渠县望溪乡包山村5组QQ: 287307421 手机: 13558690869Email: 淘宝店：更多商品请到拍拍店：http:/287307421. Presented at the E-business and E-work conference, Madrid, Spain, 18-20 October 2000 SupplyPoint: An integrated system supporting E-business in the Construction Sector Simon KERRIDGE1 Christos HALARIS2and Gregory MENZAS2 1Centre for Electronic Commerce, University of Sunderland, Informatics Building-201, St. Peters Campus, St. Peters Way, Sunderland, SR6 0DD, United Kingdom. Tel: +44 191 515 2285; Fax: +44 191 515 2267; Email: Simon.Kerridgesunderland.ac.uk 2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Patission 42, Athens 10682, Greece. Tel: +301-7723895; Fax: +301-7723550; Emails: chalacc.ece.ntua.gr, gmentzassoftlab.ntua.gr Abstract. The rapid evolution of e -business in the past few years has introduced new ways for organisations to perform standard processes. In the construction sector most of the efforts have been focused on the tendering and bidding process. As a result many electronic t endering systems have already been developed and are currently in use, mainly in the USA, Canada, Europe and Australia, supporting basically the search for tenders and the acquisition of tender documents. The SupplyPoint system has been developed in order to electronically support and automate the whole tendering/bidding process providing, in addition to search facilities of current systems, a collaboration platform that could support - in a virtual manner - the formation of consortia. The system is partly funded by the European Commission under the ESPRIT Programme (EP-27007) and is currently under the final stage of development and testing. 1. Introduction The rapid evolution of e -business in the past few years introduced has new ways for organisations to perform tendering processes and participate in bidding. The term tendering is used to describe all the actions performed by the awarding authority to produce, publish and manage tendering documents, while bidding incorporates the effort of interested organisations to win contracts by responding to tenders. The new abilities of the tendering/bidding process are especially important for industries where business is performed on a project-by-project basis and in many cases by consortia formed especially for each project. This is the case of the construction sector, where timely opportunity identification and adequate consortium formation are the key factors for winning a contract. The goal of this paper is to twofold: To analyse the opportunities (and risks) of e-business for electronic tendering and bidding in the construction sector, by examining the chain of business processes and reviewing the pros and cons of existing systems; To present SupplyPoint, an innovative European-wide research and development effort, which is partly funded by the European Commission under the ESPRIT Programme - project EP-27007. The SupplyPoint system will support the whole bidding process electronically providing and in addition to what existing systems provide, services for forming virtual consortia that bid for construction projects. Presented at the E-business and E-work conference, Madrid, Spain, 18-20 October 2000 2. Managing Virtually the Tendering/Bidding Process in the Construction Sector The tendering/bidding process in the construction sector is characterised by the involvement of a large number of actors and requires a substantial investment of time and effort often with a limited success ratio. The set of actors involved includes the contracting authority, architectural and engineering firms, general contractors, specialised contractors, suppliers, manufacturers etc. Those actors perform different roles during the tendering/bidding procedure. Based on the nature of the activities three roles have been identified: Client, Info Broker and Provider. The main subject of the Client role is the successful completion of the tendering/bidding procedure. The Client prepares tender documents, evaluates bids and assigns the contract to the winner of the tender. This role is performed by the contracting authority but also by any other actor who wishes to purchase services or products for the implementation of their work within a project. A typical example would be a general contractor searching for suppliers or subcontractors. The role of Info Broker is to collect, organise, amalgamate and dispatch information about tenders in progress, potential partners, contract awarded and so on. As will as the above mentioned typical Info Brokers, this role is also performed by the contracting authority and occasionally by any of the actors when for example passing information to partners or subcontractors. A typical provider could be a general contractor, who after searching for tenders and choosing one to bid, forms with others a Virtual Consortium (VC see 6). The VC then prepares and submits a bid to the client. However, this is also the case when specialised contractors, suppliers or manufacturers send their bids to a general contractor that is preparing a bid for a tender. Managing virtually the tender/bidding process consists of supporting electronically the execution, partially or in total, of the activities executed by the above roles. From the client point of view it is important to develop a module providing the ability to upload tender notices and tender documents making them directly available to interested parties and eliminating lead times. Since very often after the publication of the tender, clarifications are made, the module should in more advanced systems provide the ability to amend clarifications to tender documents after they are uploaded and to notify providers who have already downloaded the tender documents. This functionality is provided in some systems (for example Elpro see 5) for further details of the European environment. Having made all the tender documents electronically accessible, focus is now on the way to access them. Thus a sophisticated search engine is required. This engine should enable quick multi-parameter search of tenders and flexible presentation of results. Additionally this module could automatically send e-mails informing the user of any new tenders that match a predefined profile(s). This profile is defined by the user and contains priorities and interests, which are the basis for the screening of new tenders. Another important issue is the ability to search for and gather information about potential partners, subcontractors and suppliers as well as to have a secure environment ensuring on-time and quick communication with them. Virtual support has also to deal with the need of exchanging documents and messages with the VC after the its formation, when the preparation of the bid begins. An effective solution could be the commitment of adequate space in a web server dedicated to the consortium, managed by the consortium leader and accessed by all partners (depending on rights). Towards the end of the tender/bid process, virtual management should support the Presented at the E-business and E-work conference, Madrid, Spain, 18-20 October 2000 electronic submission of the bid, the communication between client and provider and the electronic dispatching of the results. If this is accomplished in a way that does not endanger confidentiality of the bids, then substantial advantages could be gained from the minimisation of the response times to tenders. In this context many electronic tendering/bidding systems have already been developed and are currently in use, supporting the tender/bid process in the construction sector. Outside Europe most of the systems operate in the USA (Trns port Expedite, Bid Express, Bid Line), in Canada (MERX, BIDDs) in Autsralia (DCIS System) and in Hong-Hong (ETS). In Europe a very important factor in the tendering process is the obligation of authorities to publish in the Official Journal of the European Union (Supplement S) tenders, when their values exceed the established thresholds. Thresholds vary, depending on the subject of the tender (e.g. services, procurement, works). In the case of public works the threshold is set at 5.000.000 EURO. In other words Europe has developed a database of medium and high value tenders fed daily by members states. The existence of this database has resulted in the development of two categories of systems supporting the tendering/bidding process in the construction sector; pan European systems based on TED (Tenders Electronic Daily, the electronic version of Supplement S) and national systems fed by tenders published by national and local authorities. Functionalities provided by the electronic tendering/bidding systems vary from system to system and could include: electronic search of ongoing or assigned tenders, tender documents download, search for partners in the systems database e-mail exchange between primes, subcontractors and suppliers, automatic search of new tenders based on defined user profile and user notification by e-mail, electronic creation and submission of bids Most of the non-European systems are initiated by and focus on the support of tendering authorities, whereas systems in Europe aim more often to support companies, including the construction sector. The main scope of most existing systems is to support the search for tenders and the acquisition of tender documents. Few of them provide also the ability to search for potential partners through a database containing companies validated by the authority, or members of local official construction companies records. Some systems offer also ability to submit electronic documents after appropriate registration. With the exception of systems operated by tendering authorities, where services are provided for free, the most common pricing policy is to provide free tender search and requiring subscription to the service before providing access to the full service package. However, many of the systems covering the national level in European countries require subscription before proving any service. Closing this section, it is important to note that none of the systems reviewed provide a solid collaboration platform that can support - in a virtual manner - the formation of a consortium. Another area that these systems lack is the integration and automation of the whole tendering/bidding process. Such integration could be obtained by incorporating technologies like workflow management systems; see for example 4 & 8. 3. Supplypoint Architecture As previously mentioned, SupplyPoint is an innovative European-wide research and development effort partly funded by the European Commission under the ESPRIT Programme; see also 2. The scope of the project is to develop a system, that will support Presented at the E-business and E-work conference, Madrid, Spain, 18-20 October 2000 the whole tendering/bidding process electronically, providing also services for forming virtual consortia (VCs) that bid for construction projects. Figure 1 shows the main components of the Supplypoint (SPP) architecture. The system consists of two main parts, the SPPClient and the SPPServer. It also allows integration with external systems (Elpro is shown as an example). It also interfaces with an authentication system, acting as a trusted third party. Client SystemSupplyPoint SystemTradeZoneSystemBrowserSPP ClientProgramTZI ClientAuthenticationProgramSPP Web SiteTradeZoneCatalogue SystemTradeZone ServerAuthentication ProgramLocal HDDElproSPPServerProgramOracleDBDominoDBHTTPJDBCIIOPIIOPHTTPHTTPHTTPHTTPSystem Architecture Figure 1: SPP Architecture The two main parts are now described in more detail. 3.1 SPPClient SPPClient is the first part of the SupplyPoint system offering services to the users of the system. It provides a Graphical User Interface developed in Java 1.2 that allows the user to access the required functionality from almost any workstation. Within the SPPClient the user is able to communicate with other SupplyPoint system users via a communication/E-mail system developed (or rather integrated) for that purpose. The concept of “Rooms” (e.g. BSCW, see for example 3) has been developed and this provides the users with a readily comprehensible metaphor for their “location” within the SupplyPoint system. Both documents and users are associated with Rooms. The organisations/users of the system can Create, Delete and Edit Rooms. They can also add or remove both documents and user access from the Rooms. The GUI representing the notion Presented at the E-business and E-work conference, Madrid, Spain, 18-20 October 2000 of rooms is currently implemented as a tree structure in much the same way as for example windows explorer. From the SPPClient the user can read, edit, delete and add documents in rooms depending on the permissions that have been set for the specific rooms/documents. This is analagous to a standard hierarchical filing system with links, but implemented with an Oracle database for security. A number of external facilities are also included in the SPPClient and these include: electronic catalogue - to purchase through the world wide web and electronic procurement - to find contracts and prepare tenders. It should be noted that the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is used to provide a communications protocol between the client and the server. The SPPClient establishes a connection with the SPPServer via IIOP. The Lotus Notes Domino Server is used to provide the basic workflow components and infrastructure. The visual elements are rendered in the client using a Java GUI thus providing a high degree of integration. The SPPClient is installed on the users workstation but it invokes methods, through IIOP, that are implemented on the SPPServer. This thin client approach has been followed in the SupplyPoint system thus offering a minimal footprint for the client program and reducing the computing requirement on the SMEs (Small or Medium sized Enterprises) computer system. 3.2 SPPServer The SPPServer is the second part of the SupplyPoint system. This part contains all the functionality for querying, inserting and updating the database for permissions, documents, user details, etc. The SPPServer connects to the Oracle database via a thin JDBC driver in order to be able to query the database. The SPPClient makes a request via the IIOP to the SPPServer, the SPPServer then executes a specific method related to the request from the SPPClient and queries the database via the JDBC driver. As indicated, the connection between the SPPServer and the SPPClient is via IIOP for CORBA objects, however in order to provide support for workflow and authentication, an XML wrapping technique for documents is used. This process is not described here for brevity and would command a separate paper for a full description. The SPPServer provides an Administration tool in order to be able set-up new users and organisations in the system. It can also monitor the database and the system logs. The required configuration tools are also available to initialise the SupplyPoint system properties such as the ORB and the database connection. The Supplypoint system has interfaces to the following external services and systems: TZI Authentication Package The Tradezone International authentication service is being utilised to provide secure and reliable authentication of both the server application and the user. In the prototype system the authentication is by a simple UserID / PIN method. Having authenticated the user the server will then hold a token for the duration of the users session. TZI Payment Package Within the SupplyPoint project the Tradezone payment service is being developed as a means of on-line payment for registration fees. It is envisaged that as a stand alone plug-in service this can be utilised for other payment requirements at a future date Elpro Public Procurement System Under EU Legislation, public authorities are obliged to invite tenders from across Europe for (Works) contracts over 5.000.000 EURO, and give notice of this in the Presented at the E-business and E-work conference, Madrid, Spain, 18-20 October 2000 Official Journal of the EU (sometimes referred to as the OJ) S Supplement. These tenders are also currently announced electronically via TED (Tenders Electronic Daily) see 5 for further details. The ELPRO system provides support for the entire procurement cycle for both procurers and suppliers, starting with the announcement of intention to invite tenders through to the award of the contract. There is an interface to the ELPRO system. 4. Formation of Virtual Consortia Using Supplypoint It should be noted that there are potentially various differences between virtual enterprises (see for example 1, 7) and virtual consortia, these are described in 6. SupplyPoint utilizes the concepts for Virtual Consortia (VCs) rather than the more formal Virtual Enterprises (VEs). The formation of virtual consortia within the SupplyPoint system involves the direct interaction and collaboration between potential partners, who enter into discussions, through the system, to form a collaboration to deal with a specific tender/project. The concepts behind this process are described in 6. An organization can identify potential partners using various searches or through suppliers/partners held within their current contact list (implemented as a room). Discussions with these potential partners can be carried out and an agreement made to form a virtual consortium (VC) by creating a shared working area containing various collaboration sections. Within this on-line business area, or virtual company building (extending the metphor), the partners are given access to discussion rooms, data storage rooms and workflow procedures to facilitate in the collaborative procedures required to prepare and submit a bid for tender. When creating the VC and virtual consortium building various information is required: the VC name a list of partners access rights to the partners (and individuals from the partners) a Technical manager a Company manager a “contract” of interest to the VC (i.e. that it intends to bid for) This will produce a virtual company building containing a room of partner details and a contract room for the contract of interest to the VC. Once formed, the VC can do anything that a single company can do within the SupplyPoint system (link suppliers to the project, prepare a bid for tender, and create sub-contracts). Additionally however, internal workflow will be required to ensure that all the relevant parties have agreed on a particular action. For example, the partners must electronically agree any tender documents before they can be submitted as a bid. To prepare a bid a workflow procedure is used allowing all partners to contribute and agree to the bid before it is sent to the awarding body. This workflow includes: From within the contract room a workflow procedure can be initiated A tender bid document is created and circulated to all partners in turn Tender details are entered into the document by each partner After each partner has contributed the final document is prepared for submission Each partner must access the final document and “Approve” or modify its contents When the document is modified the approved list is cleared and all partners must re-“Approve” the document Presented at the E-business and E-work conference, Madrid, Spain, 18-20 October 2000 Once fully approved the document will be sent for submission The ability to create a virtual consortium building (i.e. collection of rooms) and the workflow procedures of the SupplyPoint system facilitate the formation of and intra-actions of the virtual consortium. 5. Conclusions and further research The tendering/bidding process in the construction sector is a very important process involving a large number of actors in three differ

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