专业课重要知识点简单回顾.docx

Week 1 专业课重要知识点简单回顾Economics:课程:Introduction to macroeconomics (宏观经济的引入)课程重点内容及讲解:Lecture 1:引入宏微观经济的区别Microeconomics微观经济: Individual 单个经济单位的经济活动Macroeconomics宏观经济: Whole 国民经济的总体活动宏观经济主要关注的四个方面:The main indicators of an economic performance:Economic growth 经济增长 (产出output)Unemployment 失业率Inflation 通货膨胀The trade balance 贸易平衡(importexportdeficit 进口出口财政赤字)(exportimportsurplus 出口进口财政盈余)Lecture 2:国民收入的计算原理The circular flow of income and expenditure循环流动模型National output (国民生产) = National expenditure (国民支出) = National income(国民收入)Lecture 3:宏观经济政策 Economic policy:Fiscal policy 财政政策Monetary policy 货币政策Supply-side policy 供给政策(干预政策)Trade policy 贸易政策宏观经济学主要关注财政政策与货币政策总结:本周相当于学习了宏观经济学的整体大纲,本学期剩余的课程都将会围绕上述的四个方面和经济政策具体展开学习下周展望:下周我们将进入宏观经济的第一部分:经济增长并将学习GDP与GNP的计算方式Business课程内容:Motivation Theory 动机理论重点单词:Motivation (动机): The combination of factors that cause people to behave in particular waysMorale (士气): A state of individual psychological well-being based on a sense of being confident and useful, and having a sense of purposeCommitment(义务) self-actualization(自我实现) categories(分类)self-esteem (自尊) dehumanizing (无人性的) competent(有能力的)课程重点内容及讲解:重点掌握四个动机理论的核心内容:Motivation theory:Maslows hierarchy of needs:classify the needs of workers and then placed these needs into a hierarchyTaylors theory:Scientific management (scientific but dehumanizing)McGregors Theory X & Theory Y:How managers treat their workers(Theory X-staff dislike their work Theory Y- staff enjoy their work)Herzbergs two-factor theory of motivation:classify the needs of workers into two categories (Motivators-factors can motivate workers Hygiene-factors can prevent dissatisfaction)下周展望:下周我们将学习具体的方法,将理论性很强的动机理论运用到实际中,motivation in practiceMaths课程内容:Statistics 统计重点单词:qualitative (定性) quantitative (定量)discrete(分离的) continuous (连续的)ungrouped data (原始数据,未排序的数据) round (大约)mean (平均数) median(中位数) mode(众数)frequency distribution table (频率分布表) class width (组距)lower bound (下限) upper bound (上限) spread (差幅)range (极差) inter-quatile range(内距) standard deviation(标准差)题型:数据的收集方式:Ungrouped data(未排序的数据)Grouped data(排序过的数据) - 通常利用频率分布表频率分布表中自变量x值的分类discrete data (孤立值): x即是表中的值continuous data / ranged data(连续值,范围值): 此时x是组中值,即整个范围的中间值continuous data / ranged data with rounded values(范围估计值):此时需要对上限和下限四舍五入(39.5与50.4都将算入40-50范围组)平均数mean,中位数median,众数mode(一组数中出现频率最多的数)在不同数据收集情况下的运算表示数据离散程度的三种途径:range (极差):上限-下限 standard deviation(标准差)：方差的开方inter-quatile range(内距):只考虑中间50%的数据,此时上限(4分之3(N+1)项)-下限(4分之N+1项)下周展望:下周我们将继续学习统计中的标准差公式,直方图以及频数曲线Week 2 专业课重要知识点简单回顾Economics:课程:Economic growth (经济增长)课程重点内容及讲解:Lecture 1:introduction to economic growththe measures of Economic growth 经济增长的计算方法Economic growth is measured in terms of national income(=national expenditure=national output)经济增长的情况是按国民收入来衡量的National income is measured by GDP(Gross Domestic Product)而国民收入就是按GDP(国民生产总值)来计算的the trend rate of Economic growth 经济增长的形式quick (positive) growth rate = boom 经济繁荣slow (negative) growth rate = recession 经济萧条these fluctuations around are called the business (economic) cycle 经济周期In almost all cases over time an economy will grow但总体上来说,经济在长期内均会呈增长趋势Lecture 2: the determinants of economic growth经济增长的决定因素For an economy to grow, there must be an increase in thequalityorquantityof the production factors (land, labour, capital) or technological progress.总的来说,经济增长须从生产要素(土地,劳动力,资本)的质(如培训以提高劳动效率)和量(如开采更多原材料)以及技术这三大方面上得以实现总结:本周我们进入宏观经济四大方面的第一部分:经济增长，其中，经济增长的形式和其决定因素是重点内容下周展望:下周我们将学习宏观经济中的总需求与总供给，这部分内容在我看来极为重要，深知者可以进一步了解宏观经济与微观经济的根本区别Business课程内容:Motivation in practice 现实中的动机理论重点单词:commission 回扣 fringe benefit 额外福利incentive scheme 激励计划 prestige(=status) 名望empower 授予权力 rotation 循环,轮作pension 退休金 turnover 营业额 recruitment 招聘 fairness 公平 jealousy 妒忌 overtime 加班课程重点内容及讲解:继上周学习了动机理论之后，本周则是这些理论在实际中的灵活变化应用，理论与实践相结合，是开学两周商务课的核心总框架Financial rewards以经济报酬作为动机(Payment methods支付方法):Time rate 按工作时间支付piece 按完成量支付 pay by resultcommission 销售百分比回扣 % of each salefees 服务费,手续费,小费 one-off payment for particular taskfringe benefits 额外福利 holidayNon- Financial rewards以非经济报酬作为动机:Job design工作设计:rotation 流水线作业enlargement 工作扩大化enrichment 工作丰富化Leadership and management styles管理方式:Target setting 定标 delegation(empowerment) 委任Participation and consultation参与方式:Team-working 团队协作consultation(quality circle) 参与商议(品管圈)下周展望:下周将学习不同的管理方式与其所适应的不同商业环境Maths课程内容:Statistics - histogram & cumulative frequency curve统计 直方图以及累积频数曲线重点单词:histogram 直方图 cumulative frequency curve累积频数曲线frequency density (FD) 频率密度cumulative frequency (CF) 累积频数normal distribution 正态分布 bi-modal 双模型right(positive)skew 右倾型 left(negative)skew 左倾型题型:standard deviation(标准差的公式)直方图作用:在x栏组距不同的情况下,能快速从直方图中找到众数(mode),即为图中最高的那一组数X轴:即为表中的x项Y轴: frequency density=该组频数(frequency)/组距(class width)累积频数曲线图作用:能从图中快速找到中位数(median)-Y轴中点所对应的横坐标,并能测算出内距(IQR)注意:必须精确画图,否则测算值会有误,另测量值于理论值可能存在略微偏差X轴:即为表中的x项,标上限Y轴: cumulative frequency = 从该组到第一组的频数的和,第一组总为零下周展望:下周将进入下一部份集合论与概率论,首先将学习的是集合的概念,韦恩图,古典概率的树形图 Week 3 专业课重要知识点简单回顾Economics:课程:Aggregate demand and supply (总需求与总供给)课程重点内容及讲解:Lecture 1:Aggregate demand = Consumption + Investment + Government spending + Export - Import （AD=C+I+G+X-M）总需求（国民支出）= 消费+投资+政府支出+出口-进口总需求供给图中：X轴：Real output （实际产量-不考虑通胀） Y轴：Price level （总价格水平）Lecture 2: 由AD=C+I+G+X-M 得出,以下几点均会所使总需求量发生变动:i.Changes in Consumption（整体失业就业情况unemployment，利率调整 interest rates，税收taxation,股票市场的浮动 stock market，新产品的开发new technology均会使整体消费量改变）ii.Changes in Investmentiii. Changes in Government spendingiv Changes in Exports & imports 使总供给量发生变动：Changes in the cost of production(land, labour, capital) 生产要素的成本发生变化总结:本周主要学习了宏观经济中的总需求与总供给以及决定需求供给量发生改变的因素下周展望:下周将学习消费(consumption)和积蓄(savings)的定义,衡量方式以及改变人们消费,积蓄的因素Business课程内容:Leadership and management style 领导力与管理方式重点单词:leadership 领导力 strategic objective 战略目标 tactical 策略 duty 职责课程重点内容及讲解:The role of managers:Planning 计划 Organizing 组织Communicating 交流 coordinating 协调 controlling 控制Management styles:Autocratic专制主义 Leaders decide everythingDemocratic 民主主义 Make decisions with workersPaternalistic 温和的专制主义Listen to staff but decide themselvesLaissez Faire 放任主义 Let them do it总结:本周学习了管理者的职责以及四种管理方式与其所适应的不同环境下周展望:下周将主要学习人力资源策划(human resource planning),以及人力资源部门(human resource department)的主要职责Maths课程内容:Simple probability, Set theory古典概型与集合论重点单词:probability 概率 toss 扔 die 骰子 draw 抽universal set 全集 subset 子集 sample space diagram样本空间图扑克类词汇： a deck of cards (指52张的扑克牌)court card人头牌 （King, Queen, Jack） heart 红桃diamond 方块 spade 黑桃 club梅花venn diagram 韦恩图 unbiased 公正的 trial 实验题型:求古典概型的概率 （即每个结果发生的可能性相同）：i.算出所有基本事件的个数nii.求出事件A包含的所有基本事件数miii.代入公式P(A)=m/n，求出P（A）两个随机事件的并集：P（AB）= P（A）+ P（B）- P（AB）Sample space 样本空间-随机事件的一切可能的结果，而样本空间图（Sample space diagram）则表示两个随机实验所有可能的结果对，其中的每一个叉，即代表一对可能的结果若P（AB）=P（A） P（B），则事件A与B 为两个相互独立事件（事件A的结果不会影响事件B的结果）下周展望:下周将学习概率论中的独立事件,互斥事件以及条件概率Week 4 专业课重要知识点简单回顾Economics:课程:Consumption, savings & investment 消费，存款，投资课程重点内容及讲解:Lecture 1:Consumption & saving Definitions:Consumption: Spending on goods over a period of time.Savings: Income which is not spending Calculate the rate of consumption:Average propensity to consume (APC) = consumption / incomeMarginal propensity to consume (MPC)= consumption/ income注意：此处的即是变化量，而非百分比变化量，与需求供给弹性的计算不同 The determinants of consumption & savingsWealth 富有度: house price or stock market AD shift outInflation 通胀情况: 通货膨胀会使货物的价格上升，同时又会使货物贬值，因此前者会促使消费者急于购物增加消费，后者会促使消费者放弃消费，两者对总需求曲线产生反向影响Interest rate 利率: AD shift outAvailable of cash 获得资金的难易度: 难易 AD shift outExpectation 预期: 预期物价上涨 AD shift outUnemployment 失业率: AD shift outTaxation 税收: AD shift outTechnological development 新技术开发 AD shift outLecture 2: Investment Definition:Investment: Additions to the capital stock of the economy. Calculate the rate of return on an investment:Marginal efficiency of capital (MEC) The determinants of investment:Cost of capital goods investment shift inTechnological changeGovernment policyExpectation: Positive view investment shift out Negative view investment shift in总结:本周学习了消费(consumption)，存款(savings)，投资(investment),其实即使学习了第三周AD=C+I+G+X-M中的前两项.下周展望:下周将学习Taxation (税收)Business课程内容:Human Resource management重点单词:Personnel department 人事部 Human Resource department 人力资源部appraise 评价 monitor 检测 absenteeism 缺勤workforce 工作人口 termination 结束 conflict 矛盾课程重点内容及讲解: The different approaches of personnel management and human resources management:Personnel management: Reactive (被动解决问题)human resources management: Proactive (主动解决问题) Human resource planning:Staff quality Staff Costs (Wage) Availability of Staff The work of human resources department:Training staff: Internal training on- the- job External training off-the-jobAppraising staffMeasuring and monitoring staff performance:labour turnover AbsenteeismLabour productivity总结:本周学习了人力资源部的介绍,计划和主要职责下周展望:下周将学习 labour and management relations (劳工与管理关系)Maths课程内容:Probability events 事件概率重点单词:independent event 独立事件mutually exclusive event 互斥事件exhaustive event 对立事件conditional probability 条件概率successive trials 连续实验tree diagram 树形图题型:独立事件: independent event定义: The outcome of one event has no impact with the second event.成立条件:P(AB)=P(A)(B)互斥事件:mutually exclusive event成立条件:P(AB)=P(A)+P(B)(任何非互斥事件: P(AB)=P(A)+P(B)-P(AB) )条件概率: conditional probability定义:The events are dependent公式: P(AB)=P(A)P(BA)P(BA)= P(AB)/ P(A)Successive trials 连续实验:可利用树形图(tree diagram)辅助做题下周展望:下周将学习概率论的最后一大部分:概率分布(probability distribution)Week 5 专业课重要知识点简单回顾Economics:课程: Taxation 税收课程重点内容及讲解:Lecture 1: Reasons for taxation: 税收原因 To pay for government spending To Correct market failure ToRedistribute income ToManage the economy Types of taxation: 税收种类 Income tax (direct tax) Corporation tax (direct tax) Sales tax (indirect tax)Lecture 2:cannons of good taxation: 优秀税收的特点 Low cost of collection Clear and certain timing of collection Convenient means of payment Reasonable level of taxtax system税收方式 Proportional: remain the same proportion Progressive: rise as income rise Regressive: decrease as income rise总结:本周学习了fiscal policy (财政政策)中典型的税收(taxation)政策下周展望:下周将继续学习fiscal policy (财政政策)中的(government spending)政府开支政策Business课程内容:Labour and management relations 劳工与管理部门的关系重点单词:Trade union 工会:a group of workers who join together in order to protect their own interests and to be more powerful when negotiating with their employers.industrial action 工业行动 bargain 协议 negotiation 协商consultation 咨询conciliation 调解 arbitration 公断grievance 申诉 dismissal 解雇association 协会 occupation 职业 federation 联邦 strike 罢工 overtime 加班 picketing 罢工纠察 lock-out 封闭工厂 court 法院课程重点内容及讲解:Lecture 1:Trade union工会Main types of trade union: General unions Industrial unions Craft unions White-collar unionsLecture 2: Industrial action工业行动 Employees industrial action 雇员行动: Strike 罢工 Sit in sit and do nothing Work to rule not taking extra jobs Go slow Overtime ban do not do any overtime Picketing Employers industrial action 雇主行动： Withdrawal of overtime and benefits Lock-outs Close down factories Dismissal Use of court (legal) grievance management: 申诉管理Complaint Grievance Grievance arbitration投诉 申诉 仲裁 consultation 咨询 take advice from employees conciliation 调解 solving problems without conflicts arbitration公断solving problems by using an independent person下周展望:下周将学习Equal Opportunities and Protection at Work (劳工保障)Maths课程内容:Probability distribution & Expectation 概率分布与期望值重点单词:probability distribution 概率分布 expectation 期望值discrete random variable 离散型随机变量numerical value 数值题型:概率分布基本概念:Probability distribution 概率分布 is a set of all possible values of random variable, together with their probability. 用以表述随机变量取值的概率规律Random variable X 随机变量 is a variable that shows the value we get when we take a measurement from a experiment. 表示随机现象各种结果的变量If x is a discrete, P(X=x)=1 若随机变量x是离散的,则概率和为1期望值的求法先求出随机变量的概率分布再求出期望值:等于随机变量的各输出值乘以其概率的总合E(x)= xP(X=x)下周展望:下周将学习随机变量的概率分布形式之一:二项分布(binomial distribution) Week 6 专业课重要知识点简单回顾Economics:课程:Government spending & Redistribution of income and wealth课程重点内容及讲解:Lecture 1:Government spending 政府支出 Public goods 公共物品can be consumed by anyone.Merit goods 有益物品underprovided by the marketDemerit goods 有害物品overprovided by the market Fiscal policy 财政政策 affect aggregate demandGovernment spendingTaxation budget deficits BorrowingGovernment spendingTaxation budget surplusLecture 2:Redistribution of income and wealth Absolute poverty 绝对贫困an individual are not having the resources to be able to live 无法生存Relative poverty 相对贫困people are living far below average living standard 远低于标准生活水平Lack of horizontal poverty 同等平衡缺乏people at the same level are not treated equally 同层次的人被不同对待（如男女不平等）Lorenz curve 洛伦茨曲线This gives a picture of the level of equality that exists in terms of income distribution.对一个国家，以最贫穷的人口一直到最富有人口的人口百分比对应各个人口百分比的收入百分比的点组成的曲线为了研究国民收入在贫富国民之间的分配问题解决资源分配问题的政策Government expenditure 政府投资Taxation：progressive system 递增型 more evenregressive system 递减型 less even总结:本周为止，结束了宏观经济政策中的财政政策：包括税收，政府支出，借贷下周展望:下周起将学习另一大宏观经济政策：货币政策 （monetary policy）Business课程内容:Business legal environment & ethics 法律环境及商业道德重点单词:Business ethics 商业道德:how much values and benefits operate in business.acts of parliament 议会法案 dismissal 解雇hygienic 卫生的 unscrupulous 无耻的 race 种族 eliminate 淘汰 restrictive 约束的 recruitment 招募新员 incapable 无能力 persistent 固执的 hostile 敌意的课程重点内容及讲解:Lecture 1:Business legal environmentTypes of laws Health & Safety law providing and maintaining safety Consumer protection lawprotect consumer from unfair Competition legislationpromote greater competition & enhance consumer welfare Equal opportunities policesencourage equality of opportunity. Dismissal need to be fairLecture 2:Business ethicsBenefits： Taking account of consumer view Improve recruitment and retention of staff Improvements to employee motivationEffects： Increase costs Loss of profits Conflict Business practice Relations with suppliers下周展望:下周将学习国家最低工资和社会章程 （The national minimum wage and social chapter）Maths课程内容:Binomial & Normal Distribution 二项分布与正态分布重点单词:binomial distribution 二项分布 normal distribution 正态分布symmetrical 对称题型:1、Binomial Distribution二项分布 :概念： Random variable has 2 possible outcomes Used for successive trial In each trial, the possibilities do not change即重复n次的伯努力试验 (这种试验中，每一次试验只有两种结果，即某事件A要么发生，要么不发生,并且每次发生的概率都是相同的)若某事件发生的概率为P,则n次独立重复试验中发生x次的概率是： 记作：XB (n, p)n: number of trials 试验重复次数p: probability of success of each individual trial 事件发生的概率pq: probability of failure 事件未发生的概率q (q=1-p)x：该事件发生的次数Cumulative binomial tables累积二项分布表所求出的值为P(Xx)Vertically for n 左边第一栏中寻找n的值Find the row for x 在该栏中找到x的值Find the column for p 右边竖排中找到对应的事件发生的概率pis wherexandpintersect 横竖交界点即位发生x次的概率二项分布中的平均数与方差Mean平均数 (即为期望值)：=npVariance方差：2=npq2、Normal Distribution正态分布：In a normal distribution, the data is spread equally (symmetrical) 数据对称分布，记作XN(，2)其中为平均值，为方差meanmedia 平均数中位数正态分布是用来计算所求数据占总数据的百分比先求出该数据离均值有多少的方差：z=x-/,再根据正态分布表找到对应的百分比（该表的数据仅显示了均值右边且小于z的所有数占总数的百分比，因此需要适当转换）总结：继上周学习了传统的概率分布后，本周学习了两种典型的概率分布：二项分布与正态分布均，而从第二周至本周结束了所有的概率论部分（包括两周的古典概率与集合论及两周的概率分布）下周展望:下周将开始学习相关性和线性回归 （correlation and linear regression）Week 7 专业课重要知识点简单回顾Economics:课程:Money & Monetary policy 货币及货币政策课程重点内容及讲解:Lecture 1:Function of money 货币功能 Medium of exchange Unit of account Store of value Standard for deferred paymentLecture 2:Monetary policy 货币政策 Interest rate（real interest rate = nominal interest rate inflation level） Money supply (board money=narrow money + near money) Credit (cash ratio-the minimum amount of cash should be kept in banks)Central bank the bank of bank中央银行是银行的银