公共行政学经典考试范围.doc

一 术语 10个1分P103 1.美国总统 the American executive 2.改进政府体制 improving the machinery of government 3.政府效率的基础 the foundations of governmental efficiency 4.政府管理的现代化 modernizing our governmental management 5.重组的目的 the purpose of reorganization 6.白宫官员 the white house staff P141 命令统一原则 unity of command 控制幅度原则 span of control 通过目的、过程、顾客、地点进行组织 organization by purpose , process, clientele, place P224 1. 战略计划 strategic planning 2. 管理控制management control 3. 操作控制（进度控制）operational controlP291 代议制 Representativeness政治中立权限 political neutral competence行政领导力 executive leadershipP293更具代表性的行政机构 more representative administrative agenciesP403采购和供应 procurement and supply计划组织人事指挥协调报告预算 planning organizing staffing directing coordinating reporting budgeting 二段落英译汉1、P31 The study of administration, philosophically viewed, is closely connected with the study of the proper distribution of constitutional authority. To be efficient it must discover the simplest arrangements by which responsibility can be unmistakably fixed upon officials; the best way of dividing authority without hampering it, and responsibility without obscuring it.行政学与宪法权力的分配密切相关。为了获得办事效率必须找到一种最为简单的安排，通过这种安排可以使官员准确无误地承担责任，必须找到不给权力带来损害的最佳分权方式，找到不会导致责任模糊的最佳责任分担方式。2、P37 The Century Dictionary speaks of it as: “The duty or duties of the administrator; specifically, the executive functions of government, consisting in the exercise of all the powers and duties of government, both general and local, which are neither legislative nor judicial.”行政人员的职责是责任，特别是政府的执行职能。它包括政府整体的和局部的所有的权力和职责的形式，它既不是立法的，也不是司法的。3、P39If, in the hope of preventing politics from influencing administration in its details, the attempt is made to provide for the legal separation of the bodies in the government mainly charged with these two functions respectively, the tendency is for the necessary control to develop extra-legally. This is the case in the American political system.如果为了防止政治在具体细节问题上影响行政而试图在政府中把分别主要承担这2种职能的主要机构在法律上分开，政治对行政的控制势必要在法律之外进行。 这就是美国政治体制中的情况。4、P226 PPB is predicated on the primary of the planning function; yet it strives for a multipurpose budge system that gives adequate and necessary attention to the control and management areas.PPB 被断言（认为）处在计划职能的主要位置，然而，它强调多目标的预算系统，该系统给控制和管理区域足够的和必要的重视。5、P292Fundamentally, because substantial (though minority) segments of the population apparently believe the political, economic, and social systems have not delivered to them fair even minimally fairshares of the systems benefits and rewards.最基本的一点是由于相当一部分人（虽然只是少数）显然认为各个击破的政治、经济、和社会制度没有公正地对待他们，甚至是没有给予他们以最低限度的公正待遇，他们并非是这些制度的受益者。6、P293 The most sweeping expression of the unrest over lack of representativeness is the growing demand for extreme administrative decentralization, frequently coupled with insistence on local clientele domination of the decentralized organizations. 人们最大限度地表达他们对由于代表性不足所引起的不公正行为的不满，正在发展为一种对纯粹的行政分权的要求，并且这种要求通常伴随着那些主张由分权组织的地方委托人管理的活动。三、简答3个10分 四、论述1个20分P52 官僚制的特征1. There is the principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas, which are generally ordered by rules, that is, by laws or administrative regulations. 2. The principles of office hierarchy and of levels of graded authority mean a firmly ordered system of super and subordination in which there is a supervision of the lower offices by the higher ones.3. The management of the modern office is based upon written documents, which are preserved in their original or draught form.4. Office management, at least all specialized office management and such management is distinctly modern, usually presupposes thorough and expert training.5. When the office is fully developed, official activity demands the full working capacity of the official, irrespective of the fact that his obligatory time in the bureau may be firmly delimited.6. The management of the office follows general rules, which are more or less stable, more or less exhaustive, and which can be learned.P258政策分析的一些主要特征 some main features of policy analysis, as compared with system analysis.1. Much attention would be paid to the political aspects of public decision-making and public policy-making.2. A broad conception of decision-making and policy-making would be involved.3. A main emphasis would be on creativity and search for new policy alternatives, with explicit attention to encouragement of innovative thinking.4. There would be extensive reliance on tacit understanding, Gestalt-images, qualitative models, and qualitative methods.5. There would be much more emphasis on “futuristic” thinking.6. The approach would be looser and less rigid, but nevertheless systematic.P322 怎样认识新公共行政？1. New Public Administration adds social equity to the classic objectives and rationale.2. Social equity includes activities designed to enhance the political power and economic well-being of these minorities.3. New Public Administration attempts to answer it in this way: Administrators are not neutral. They should be committed to both good management and social equity as values, things to be achieved, or rationales.4. New Public Administration seeks to change those policies and structures that systematically inhibit social equity.5. New Public Administration seeks to both influence and execute policies which more generally improve the quality of life for all.P405 一般管理的职能 functions of General management1. establishing objectives and priorities 建立目标和重点2. devising op