文化英语教程复习课件综合版.doc

Review Outline for English Introduction to Chinese Culture Course Overview & Introduction:See the picture on the right, and describe them in English.Video: This is China BBC: Wild ChinaFull Name of China: PRC-Peoples Republic of ChinaNational Flag: the red five-star flagParty in power:CPC-Communist Party of ChinaCPPCC-Chinese Peoples Political Consultative ConferenceNational EmblemKey words:Forbidden City/ Imperial Palace;Temple of Heaven;Summer Palace;Ming Tombs;The world-renowned Badaling section of the Great Wall;to be added more.Enjoy videos:NBC北京奥运会片头北京欢迎你GeographyLocationSoutheast Asia , the Pacific Ocean, the worlds third largest country. 9.6 million square kilometers, 18,000 kilometers, a rooster. northern end: Mohe, Heilongjiang Province, south: Zengmu Anshawest: Pamirseast: the conjunction of the Heilongjiang (Amur) River and the Wusuli (Ussuri) River.BoundaryEast: KoreaNorth: MongaliaNortheast: RussiaNorthwest: Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, TajikistanWest & Southwest: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, BhutanSouth: Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam Marine-side neighbors include eight countries - North Korea, Korea, Japan, Philippines, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam.TopographyTerrain -The vast land expanses of China include plateaus, plains, basins, foothills, and mountains.Ladder topography ( 4 steps of a staircase) -First Step: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average elevation of about 4,000 metres. The highest peak：Mt. Everest (Mt. Qomolangma)The second step: large basins and plateaus, most of which are 1,000 - 2,000 meters high.-the Inner Mongolia Plateau; the Loess Plateau; the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau; the Tarim Basin; the Junggar Basin; the Sichuan Basin. Enjoy the following pictures.The third step: the foothills and lower mountains, with altitudes of over 500 meters.The fourth step: along the sea; a continental shelf.Rivers and LakesMore than 50,000 rivers have drainage areas that exceed 100 square kilometers; more than 1,500 exceed 1,000 square kilometers. Famous rivers The Yangtze, the longest in China and even in Asia, is the third-longest in the world. The Yellow River, Mother River of the Chinese People, is just behind the Yangtze, both flowing into the Pacific Ocean. LakesMiddle-Lower Yangtze Plain and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau most Lakes here -In southeast China, most lakes are fresh water. Poyang Lake,Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake and Hongze Lake are all fresh water lakes. -Qinghai Lake, the largest ,a beautiful natural salt-water lake. Nam Co Lake, saltwater lakeMan-made Canals: the Grand Canal between Beijing and Hangzhou.ClimateTemperature (from south to north): Equatorial- tropical-subtropical-warm-temperate-temperate-cold-temperate zones.Precipitation: gradully declines from the southestern to the northestern inland area.An Outline HistoryChinese people: the descendants of Yan and Huang.Three Sovereigns:Fuxi (伏羲) Nwa (女媧) Shennong (神農) Yao: Lunar calendarShun: a man with great virtuesYu the Great: conquering the floods; founder of Xia DynastyQin Shi Huang: the first emperor of ChinaAdministrative DivisionsA three-tier system: provinces, counties, townships.23 provinces; 5 autonomous regions;4 municipalities directly under the control of the Central Government; 2 special administrative regions (SARs）PopulationHuge; No.1 in the world;Unevenly distributed; populations density;The policy of “ family planning” or “one child policy”Birth rate; mortality rateEthnic Groups56 ethnic groups: Han nationality and other 55 minority ethnic groups;Political SystemFundamental law: The Constitution of the Peoples Republic of ChinaHighest organ of state power: the NPC (National Peoples Congress); NPC and its Standing Committee have the rights of legislation, decision, supervision, election and removalParties: Communist party; eight democratic parties.Executive body: the State CouncilChinese Philosophya collective designation for various schools of thoughts, among which the Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are the most influential in Chinese culture.One of the three philosophy systems in the world. (the other two: Western and Indian philosophy)Origin: Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. Yi Jing (the Book of Changes)prosperity: the Spring and Autumn Period; the Warring States Period. A hundred schools of thought contend (百家争鸣）The Development of Ancient Chinese PhilosophyThe Philosophy in Pre-Qin times（先秦子学）The orthodox Philosophy during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学）Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin Dynasties (魏晋玄学）The Buddhist Philosophy during the Sui and Tang Dynasties (隋唐佛学）Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties (宋明理学）Application Philosophy in the Ming and Qing Dunasties (明清实学）The Philosophy in Pre-Qin timesHundred schools of thoughts (诸子百家）Main representations:Confucianism(儒家); Taoism (道家); Mohism (墨家); Legalism (法家); School of Yin-yang(阴阳家); Logicians（名家); School of Agriculture (农家); School of Diplomacy (纵横家); The Miscellaneous School (杂家); School of Minor-talks (小说家); School of the Military (兵家）Most influential: Confucianism(儒家); Taoism (道家); Mohism (墨家); Legalism (法家)Confucianism：Confucius MenciusConfucianism：The Analects (Lun Yu）Some well known Confucian quotes:To know your faults and be able to change is the greatest virtue. (“知错能改，善莫大焉”）What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others. （“己所不欲，勿施于人”）Knowledge is recognizing what you know and what you dont. （“知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也”）Reviewing the days lessons. Isnt it joyful? Friends come from far. Isnt it delightful? One has never been angry at others misunderstanding. Isnt he a respectable man?（“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎?人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？”）Confucian Thoughts on Heaven and HumanityHeaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things. (天何言哉？四时行焉，百物生焉，天何言哉？“）Confucian Heaven also had a certain sacred element, which was related to it being the source of life. Thus Confucius required people to hold Heaven in awe. -天人合一的哲学基础。Confucian Heaven was not a a supernatural, personified deity, but was the world of ever-generating life. Thus human should take to heart the purpose of Heaven by cherishing life. ignorant and disrespectful of ones heavenly mission(不知天命而不畏）- “He who offends against Heaven has none to whom he can pray (获罪于天，无所祷也”） Question: Whats the significance and enlightenment of this belief to our modern society? (Respect other creatures life; protect out nature)Confucius on People: ren (仁） and li （礼）ren: Love of people. (仁者爱人); Universal love (“泛爱众，而亲仁”）Some translate it as benevolence.To love all should begin with loving ones parents. Filial piety （孝） and fraternal duty (悌）are the essence of ren. The Doctrine of the Mean (中庸） quotes:The greatest love for people is the love for ones parents.(仁者，人也，亲亲为大）“Children should not travel far while their parents are alive. If they have no choice but to do so, they must retain some restraint(父母在，不远游，游必有方）Li: rituals, traditions and norms in social life.Confucius placed emphasis on li with the aim of preserving social order, stability and harmony. The Analects says, The role of li is to maintain harmony among people. (“礼之用，和为贵”）Confucius on the State of Life: the first one in Chinese history to initiate private education. 3000 disciples. 72 of them excelled in the six arts“,i.e.,ritual（礼）, music（乐）, archery（射）, (carriage) driving（御）, calligraphy（书）, and mathematics（数）. Sage of sages.Goal of education: cultivate persons of virtue. General principles of education: lofty ideals, great virtue, love of people, and the six arts. Of these, which one is the most important? Virtue.The highest state of life: harmony among people and harmony between people and nature.TaoismDao de jing quotes: 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。 无名天地之始；有名万物之母。 宠辱若惊，贵大患若身。 何谓宠辱若惊？宠为下，得之若惊，失之若惊，是谓宠辱若惊。 上善若水。水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道。 居善地，心善渊，与善仁，言善信，政善治，事善能，动善时。夫唯不争，故无尤。 有物混成，先天地生。寂兮寥兮，独立而不改，周行而不殆，可以为天地母。吾不知其名，强字之曰道，强为之名曰大。大曰逝，逝曰远，远曰反。 故道大，天大，地大，人亦大。域中有四大，而人居其一焉。 人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。Laozis philosophy: Naturalness and Non-action(自然,无为): Great ingenuity appears to be stupidity (大智若愚）; Non-contention(不争）：“overcoming the strong by being weak(以柔弱胜刚强); The greatest virtue is like water(上善若水); ”Water nourishes everything but contends for nothing （水善万物而不争） Returning to a newborn state (回到婴儿状态）The orthodox Philosophy during the Han DynastyEmperor Wudi Dong Zhong ShuThe campaign of banning all schools of thought except Confucianism“ (罢黜百家，独尊儒术）The power of the emperors are authorized by Heaven (君权神授）Heaven affects human affairs and human behavior finds response in Heaven (天人感应）Human moral conduct, and the political and social upheaval, in turn, will effect changes in Heaven.Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin DynastiesThree profound studies (三玄) ：The Book of Changes (易经）；Lao Zi (老子); Zhuang Zi (庄子）Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynastiesthe School of Principle （理学）: Zhou Dunyi (周敦颐), Zhu Xi (朱熹）；the School of Mind (心学): Lu Jiuyuan (陆九渊), Wang Shouren (王守仁）Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing DynastiesFocus on self-examination.Stick to the application of philosophy on the state affairs.The Basic Features of Ancient Chinese PhilosophyFive stresses:Spiritual existence; Practice; Morality; Harmony; IntuitionCharacteristics of Chinese Ethics and MoralitySeeking harmony and maintaining equilibrium (平衡)Collectivism over individualismSpiritual life over material lifeChinese Religions:Indigenous Taoist religion; Religions of foreign origins: Buddhism, Islam and Christianity.The Taoist Religion“The Chinese roots are deep in Taoism. If one tries to comprehend Chinese history and culture, he must first comprehend Taoism and the Taoist religion.” -Lu XunHighest belief: DaoBible: Dao De Jing by LaoziFounder: Zhang Daoling in the Eastern Han dynasty. “Religion of Five Dou of Rice” (五斗米教）The Eight Taoist Immortals“When the Eight Immortals cross the sea, each demonstrates his/her divine power （八仙过海，各显神通）BuddhismOriginated in India in the 6 century BC. Introduced into China in the first century and flourished during the Sui and Tang dynasties.Together with Confucianism and Taoism, it constituted the foundation of Chinese culture.Great founder: Sakyamuni (释迦牟尼）and his story.The theory of samsara around the six spheres of heaven, hell and earth. (六道轮回）The cornerstone of Buddhist philosophy: all life is suffering.The doctrine of Four Noble Truths (四谛): life is suffering (苦); the cause is desire (集); the answer is to quench desire (灭); the way to its end is to follow the Eight-Fold Path(八正道）: right knowledge(正见), right thought(正思维), right speech(正语), right behavior(正业), right livelihood(正命), right effort(正精进), right mindfulness(正念） and right concentration(正定）. Buddhist TemplesBuddhist architecture: Pagoda(塔),temples, grotto(石窟)Four statues in front of the temple: the Four Heavenly Kings; the Statue of Maitreya (Laughing Buddha 弥勒佛）The Great Buddha Hall(大雄宝殿)The Eighteen Arhats(十八罗汉)The first Buddhist templeThe famous Buddhist mountainsChinese LiteratureChinese Classical Poetry Two orthodox genres of Chinese literature: Verse and proseThe two peaks of Chinese earliest poetry (verse): The Book of Songs 诗经Poetry of the South 楚辞The Book of Songs (詩經) a collection of 305 oldest poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle Spring and Autumn Period. the earliest realistic literature in China. four-character (四言) lines. Three sections according to the rhythms: Feng (folk ballads; Ya (dynamic hymns); Song (sacrificial songs). Writing techniques: fu (narration), bi (metaphor), xing (evocation) Cu Ci (Poetry of the South)Sorrow after Departure 离骚Ask Heaven 天问Nine Elegies 九章 Nine Songs 九歌The Journey is long, Ill search up and down (路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索）Long did I sigh and wipe away my tears,To see my people bowed by griefs and fears.(长太息以掩涕兮，哀民生之多艰)For the ideal that I hold dear to my heart，Id not regret a thousand times to die(亦余心之所善兮，虽九死其犹未悔。)Han Dynasty Literature(Hanfu and Yuefu folk songs) Hanfu: elaboration & description; poem & prose ; long essays (大赋）& short essays （小赋）Most outstanding hanfu writer: Jia Yi On Faults of Qin 过秦论Lamenting Qu Yuan 吊屈原赋Master Void Rhapsody 子虚赋Rhapsody on Great Man 上林赋Yuefu folk songs:in five-character lines; the reality and life of lower-class working people; Figurative speech and personification.Southeast the Peacock Flies 孔雀东南飞The Ballad of Mulan 木兰诗The Literature in the Wei, Jin Southern and Northern DynastiesTwo main genres:Literary criticism;Stories recording spirits & anecdotes (志人志怪小说）Several masters:The Three Caos （三曹）：Cao cao-The Sea 观沧海 A short Song 短歌行The Seven Masters of the Jianan Period( 建安七子）Tao Yuanming : Master of the five-character-a-line poetry and description of nature. The Peach Blossom Spring 桃花源记Liu Xie: The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons 文心雕龙; in parallel prose (骈文）.The Tang Poems （The Complete Anthology of Tang Poems 全唐诗）Early Tang period: The Four Literary Eminences: Wang Bo; Yang Jiong; Luo Bingwang; Lu Zhaolin(Wang Bo: Friendships across the world/ make near neighbours of far horizons (海内存知己，天涯若比邻）High Tang period: Twin master poets- prosperity and stability of the society. Li Bai, the Celestial Poet, romantic (Thinking in the Silent Night, Hard is the Road to Shu,Dreaming of Sightseeing in the Tianmu Mountains.Du Fu, the Saint Poet, realistic (Three officers; Three Partings)Frontier poets: Gao shi & Cen Shen Pastoral poets: Meng Haoran & WangweiMiddle Tang Period: Social corruption of the time.Bai Juyi: Satirical and allegorical poems. The Old Charcoal Seller Song of Eternal SorrowSong of a Pipa player.Late Tang Period: Young Li Bai and Du Fu-Li Shangyin and Du Mu. Nostalgia feeling. Hopeless and helpless feeling of the people.Ci in the Song DynastyA kind of poetry, but express more refined and delicate feelings with irregular meter.-Xiaoling (小令short, less than 59 characters）Zhongdiao (中调 medium, 59-90 characters)Changdiao (长调 long, more than 90 characters)Masters: Northern Song: Su Shi-the Powerful and Free School (豪放派） Southern Song: Lu You; Xin Qiji; Li Qingzhao Yuanqu in the Yuan DynastyFictions in the Ming and Qing DynastiesFour Famous Chinese Classics of literature:Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Journey to the West, Dream of the Red Mansion.Other masterpieces:Three Volumes of Words and Two Volumes of Slapping, Strange Tales from a Scholars Studio, The Scholars.Fictions details:A. One theme is brotherhood;B. Basic expressive technique is realism;C. The earliest full-length Chinese novel; the author is Luo Guanzhong;D. The main characters are Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang, Zhangfei and Guanyu;E. The plot centers on the rise and fall of the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu. Romance of the Three KingdomsA. It reached the pinnacle of Chinese novels; the greatest novel in Chinese literature.B. The novel is really a panorama of feudal society and has been considered an encyclopedia of Chinese literature.C. The author was born into a noble and powerful family, which was later reduced to poverty from extreme prosperity.D. The novel describes the prosperity and decline of a large feudal family.E. The central thread of the novel is the tragic love story between Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu.Dream of the Red MansionsA. It contains many descriptions of daily life of townspeople, so called the worldly novels.B. It is composed of two anthologies of vernacular novelettes from Ming Dynasty.C. The author are Feng Menglong and Ling Mengchu.D. One part is Lasting word to Awaken the world.Three Volumes of Words and Two Volumes of SlappingA. A masterpiece about deities and spirits.B. The author exposed the darkness and corruption of feudal society, criticized social realities and implicitly expressed peoples different forms of resistance.C. The author is Wu Chengen。D. Main characters are the Tang Dynasty monk, Xuan Zang, and his disciples Sun Wukong, the monkey king, Zhu Bajie, the piggy, and Sha Wujing, the sandy.Journey to the WestA . The first novel to deal with the subject of peasant revolts in China.B. The end of the story is that the rebels are defeated and accepted amnesty and surrendered to the government.C. It tells the story of the rebellion of the 108 heroes at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty.D. The author is Shi Naian.Water MarginA. A collection of about 490 short stories.B. It inherits the tradition of the mystery tales in the Wei and Jin dynasties and the tales of marvels in the Tang and Song dynasties.C. The stories are mostly about love affairs between men and foxes, ghosts or demons.D. The author is Pu Songling.Strange Tales from a Scholars StudioA. Chinas first colloquial and satirical novel.B. The first openly challenge the idea of making academic studies only for the sake of taking official position. C. The novel portrays a group of feudal scholars and directs criticism at the eight-part essay and imperial examination system.The ScholarsChinese ArtsCalligraphy-the Art of Lines