重型自卸汽车设计（离合器设计）（有exb图）.doc
581 重型自卸汽车设计（离合器设计）（有exb图）
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重型自卸汽车设计（离合器设计）（有exb图）
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河南科技大学毕业设计（论文）开题报告（学生填表）院系： 车辆与动力工程学院 2013 年 4 月 15 日课题名称重型自卸汽车设计（离合器设计）学生姓名耿忠忠专业班级车辆093课题类型工程设计指导教师曹艳玲薛运起职 称副教授高工课题来源结合生产1. 设计（或研究）的依据与意义 选题依据：随着科技的飞速发展，特别是液压技术、电子技术在汽车领域的广泛应用，汽车传东西发生了巨大的变化。作为传动系重要组成部件之一的离合器总成，担负着传力、减震和防止系统过载等重要作用。伴随着自动变速器技术及与之相匹配的离合器技术的完善，离合器产品不论是性能结构方面还是生产制造方面都发生了很大变化。 研究意义：随着汽车运输业的发展，离合器还在原有的基础上不断提高改进，以适应新的私用条件。随着汽车发动机转速功率的不断提高和汽车电子技术的告诉发展，让你们对离合器的要求越来越高，离合器的使用条件也越来越苛刻。从提高离合器性能的角度出发，传统的操纵形式正在向自动曹总形式发展。因此，提高离合器的可靠性和延长其使用寿命，适应发动机的高转速，增加离合器传递转矩的能力和简化操作，已成为离合器目前发展趋势。2. 国内外同类设计（或同类研究）的概况综述国内：我国汽车离合器企业与国外企业相比处于明显劣势。在劳动力成本、售价、守候服务、客户关系和供应商关系等方面，我国企业处于明显优势；在市场营销能力、采购成本和交货期方面，我企业与国外竞争者基本持平；在品牌价值、产品技术含量、产品质量、规模效应、生产效率、技术水品、研发能力和员工素质方面，我国企业和国际同类先进企业相比差距较大。在产品技术方面、国内汽车离合器企业经过不断地产品结构调整，国产膜片弹簧离合器的品种已经能全面覆盖国内重、中、轻、轿、微及农用等车型的需求，跟踪国内外动力传动系统技术，研发洗衣袋产品也取得了可喜成果，如双质量飞轮、液力变矩器、适用于300马力以上动力配备的由430拉式膜片弹簧离合器都获得了成功。国外：从国外的发展动向看，今年来汽车的性能在向高速发展，发动机的功率和转速不断提高，载重汽车趋向大型化，国内也有类似的情况。3. 课题设计（或研究）的内容 （这一部分只要 将任务书电子文档的“主要研究内容”那一栏复制过来即可）（1）设计内容：参考同类重型货车，完成所要求条件的重型汽车离合器总成设计。绘制离合器的总装配图、部件图和部分零件图；装配图及主要零部件工作图不少于3张零号图纸，其中应包含一张以上用计算机绘制的具有中等难度的1号图纸，同时至少折合1号图幅以上的图纸用手工绘制。（2）计算内容：进行离合器设计的方案分析论证，并完成离合器的设计计算（应有必要的数据和图标）。（3）设计说明书：不少于12000字，阅读参考文献不少于15篇；撰写中英文摘要，中文摘要400-500字，英文摘要300-450个实词，关键词一般4-6个，设计说明书全部用计算机打印。（4）外文翻译：完成不少于10000印刷字符的外文翻译（并附原文）。4. 设计（或研究）方法（1）调研，搜集、分析资料，确立并论证方案；（2）类比法，参照同类车型，初选后桥设计基本参数；（3）实物参观，测量；（4）进行后桥设计的方案分析论证，并完成后桥的主减速器、差速器、半轴等设计计算；（5）计算，校核设计零件，使设计满足使用要求；（6）计算机主要零部件图纸设计。5. 实施计划5周： 调研、收集、分析资料；6周： 全组集体讨论，制定、确定总体方案；79周： 完成主要总图设计；1012周：完成零件图、部件图、设计说明书等；13周： 整理图纸及全部设计资料，上交所有设计资料；14周： 审核、互审评阅设计；15周： 答辩，评定成绩。指导教师意见指导教师签字： 年 月 日研究所（教研室）意见教研室主任签字： 年 月 日重型自卸汽车设计（离合器设计）离合器装在发动机与变速器之间，汽车从启动到行驶的整个过程中，经常需要使用离合器。它的作用是使发动机与变速器之间逐渐接合，从而保证汽车平稳起步；暂时切断发动机与变速器之间的联系，以便于换档和减少换挡时的冲击；当汽车紧急制动时能起分离作用，防止变速器等传动系统过载，起到一定的保护作用。离合器类似开关，接合或断离动力传递作用，因此，任何形式的汽车都有离合装置，只是形式不同而已。其结构是否合理，性能是否与整车匹配，直接关系到汽车的操纵性、动力性及经济性。本说明书主要研究离合器与整车的匹配性设计，具体内容做了以下几个方面：（1） 根据设计的要求完成了汽车的总体设计，并且对汽车的结构型式和主要参数进行了选择。（2） 对离合器的结构方案进行了分析对比，选择离合器形式。（3） 根据前面的汽车总体设计，对离合器基本尺寸、参数进行了选择。（4） 对离合器零部件进行选型、匹配性设计和校核计算。（5） 对离合器操纵系统的设计。通过对机械式操纵系统和液压式操纵系统特点的分析，并选取了液压式操纵系统，对其进行了设计和尺寸计算。关键词：离合器，螺旋弹簧，匹配 dump truck Clutch DesignThe coupling installs between the engine and the transmission gearbox, the automobile from the start to the travel entire process, needs to use the coupling frequently. Its function is causes between the engine and the transmission gearbox can join gradually, thus guaranteed that the automobile starts steadily; shuts off between the engine and transmission gearboxs relation temporarily, is advantageous shifts gears and reduces shifts gears the time impact; When automobile emergency brake can play the separation role, prevents transmission systems and so on transmission gearbox to overload, plays certain protective function. Therefore, any forms automobile has the engaging and disengaging gear, is only the from is different. The structure of the clutch is reasonable or not, whether the performance matching to the total vehicle, is directly related to the automotive ease of use, vehicle dynamics and the economics and the economy. This paper studies the clutch and matching to the vehicle design.Specific content of the following aspects of the paper on the following main areas of research: According to the design requirements of the automobile to complete the total design, and chose the structure type and the structure type and the main parameters of the vehicle. Compared to the structure of the Clutch, and chose the construction form of the clutch. Under the previous car design, made a choice to the basic clutch size parameters. Made right clutch parts for the clutch parte selection, design and calculation of matching. A clutch control system design. Through to the mechanical type control system and the hydraulic pressure type control system characteristics, and has selected the hydraulic pressure type control system, has carried on the design and the size computation t itKey words: Clutch, Spiral Spring ,Matching目 录第一章 前言.1第二章 离合器主要参数的选择.3 2.1 离合器的静摩擦力矩.3 2.2 离合器的静摩擦力矩与发动机最大转矩的基本性能关.4 2.3 离合器基本结构尺寸和参数的选择 .4 2.3.1 离合器后备系数的确定. 5 2.3.2 摩擦系数的确定.。. .6 2.3.3 摩擦片半径的确定.6 2.3.4单位压力的确定. . 8第三章 离合器的结构设计与计算.11 3.1 从动盘总成.11 3.2 从动盘总成设计.12 3.2.1 从动盘钢片.12 3.2.2 从动盘毂.15 3.2.3 从动盘摩擦片.19 3.3 压盘和离合器盖.20 3.3.1 压盘设计.20 3.3.2 压盘传力机构的设计.22 3.4 离合器盖的设计.23 3.5 圆柱螺旋弹簧的设计.26 3.6 扭转减振器的设计.27第四章 操纵机构的设计计算.30 4.1 离合器操纵机构的基本要求与常用结构类型.30 4.1.1 对离合器操纵机构的基本要求.30 4.1.2 常用离合器操纵机构的类型.30 4.2 离合器操纵机构主要的参数的确定与设计.34第五章 传动轴的设计与计算.36第六章 结论.39参考文献.40致谢.41外文资料译文.42V1外文资料翻译THE RESEARCH AND DESIGN USING CAD SYSTEM FOR THE CLUTCH OF AUTOMOBILEClutch is used to transfer and switch of the powers which are coming from the engine. In automobile, clutch is connected with engine and derailleur. It can shut of and stably transfer the power between them. How to reasonably, efectively and speedily design clutch always is the pursuing destination of all clutch factories. The appearance of CAD which is the abbreviation of computer aided design make it possible. Automobile CAD is the forerunner of CAD all the times. CAD is fist used in automotive industry and become more and more indivisible with CAM, CAE and CAP furthermore, integration is becoming to reality. Researching how to use computer to aid us design the automobile clutch and how to develop a useful and advanced automobile clutch computer aided design system-abbreviation is ACCAD that can make a steady system framework for automobile cultch integrated design and manufacture system. are the destination of this thesis. ACCAD system should firstly be able to aid engineer design clutch, secondly to aid engineer analyze the designed clutch, finally to organize and manage the data of design. From the long-term consideration it should also be able to aid workshop manufacture clutch and help manager supervise all the lifecycle of clutch. So it should have a core which can integrate all these subsystem. Engineering database (EDB) is just for this use and Using EDB to construct CIMS become an inevitable current. In order to expand ACCAD and realize clutch CIMS in the future ACCAD system also need EDB as the core to integrate each design and management subsystem into a whole system. At the third chapter of this thesis the technology of EDB and how to design automobile clutch EDB are researched and automobile clutch EDB is set up according to the framework of entire database, project database and design database. The traditional procedures of the design of automobile clutch are: selecting storing coeficient, designing clutch structure type, friction flat, clutch sketch, assembled 2module and each part of clutch. In our country, all these procedure are handmade, but in the coming years with the application of computer aided drawing software such as AutoCAD of AutoDesk corp. engineering drawing can basically be done by computer. But the depicting capability of this two-dimension engineering drawing module is so deficient that it can only be used as drawings and cant be used to analyze by computer. Along with the appearance of B-P modeling and curve-based or solid-based modeling, mechanic parts are denoted by three-dimension module which can beter aid engineer design and analyze them. But this module loses parts of the whole information of them, so it results in much dificulty to integrate aided design subsystem, aided manufacture subsystem and computer analyzing subsystem. Feature-based modeling can just make up this shortcoming, and also if it combines with parameter design technology it can enhance the capability not only of depicting but also of fast amending. At the forth chapter of this thesis the technology of feature-based is researched and the parametric feature-based solid models are created upon MDT that is belonging to AutoDesk corporation. In order to aided engineers to design clutch faster computer is used to simulate engineers to use variant design technology to design clutch products that are based on original models. Variant design technology has some intelligence. Intelligent CAD is a direction of developing CAD. At the fifth chapter of this thesis the technology of variant design is researched and variant design of automobile clutch is achieved on MDT by the technology of parameter table-driven and feature restrained Besides some degree of integrity and intelligence ACCAD system should have some degree of automation, that is to say that ACCAD can automatically design clutch according to primitive design requests, analyze, check and optimize some basic parameters of clutch. At the sixth chapter of this thesis the combining model of clutch is analyzed, some formulas of designing and calculating basic parameter are deduced, the working instances of diaphragm spring are analyzed and the characters of load-distortion and stress-strain are calculated simulatively by the formulas of A-L which are approbatory internationally nowadays. The optimizations of some basic parameters and diaphragm spring are carried out by multi-body arithmetic in which design destinations, design restrictions and the primitive value of design variables can be changed according 3to real demands. Instances deduction and design templates are used to design the model of each part of clutch and all these models are assembled automatically after that basic parameters and structure type are completed according to primitive design demands. The design templates are deduced in existing design instance of clutch product by inteligent instance-deducing technology. Then designers can mend and to-and-fro design them till they can meet the design demands. So computer aided function and mans initiative can be fully enlarged, automatic design and mutual design are combined indeed .It needs not only much knowledge of automobile clutch design and CAD but also much high lever of software design and computer application to really realize such a complicate and advanced ACCAD system. So I also researched the method of object-oriented and the operation system of Windows and study many sorts of program design language. The theory of software engineering is used to analyze ACCAD system in requirement, function structure, flow chart, project design and module design. The software developing tools of Visual Basic and Visual C+ are used to design and implement the ACCAD system. Yi-Dong clutch corporation have applied it to design clutch. Practice proves that the ACCAD system can aid designers to design clutch well, remarkably improve the ability of clutch product design, greatly shorten the design cycle and also it has very high stability and extensibility.INVESTIGATION TO DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OFVEHICLE AMT CLUTCHES DURING ENGAGEMENTChina Automotive Parts enterprises face more and more pressure and challenge with China joining WTO.The global Automotive and Parts MNC are gradually entering the lastly and largest potential market of the world.The local automotive industry especially parts is not so good as MNC no matter in scale, capital capacity, products technical level and marketing level.So in order the to exist,the local automotive parts enterprises must improve themselves as quickly as possible in some the fields. One of the important reasons for this risk is the slow Product Engineering with low technical 4content.It is caused by several reasons that are outdated engineering method，insufficient working experiences，low quality of the working people and the outdated methodology of product Engineering，and the last one is the most important reason.In comparison with hydraulic Automatic Transmission (AT) and Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT), Automatic Mechanical Transmission (AMT) has advantages of much lower cost in manufacturing and easier installation in driveline system .This means that there exists a vast potential market for development of such a mechatronical technology. As an important functional module in AMT vehicles, however, the automatic clutches developed by far still have some shortcomings, for example, of road startup failure, considerable shock, unstable shifting, friction-caused service life reduction, and time-delay response. The key concern is therefore concentrated in this dissertation on real implementation of optimal transient responses and control laws during engagement of the clutches, and detailed investigations are made both in theory and experiment. Strong nonlinearities exist in such component systems as engine, clutch membrane spring and servo actuator and consequently dificulties are encountered in design of the optimal control for improving transient responses of the automatic clutch. A system synthesis is proposed herein for the study of nonlinear dynamics and control of AMT automatic clutches. Based on principles of automotive powertrain systems, the main system under consideration can be decomposed into two sub-systems, engine and transmission systems. The Popov super stability theory has adopted for the first time in association with reference, model following adaptive control for the engine. monitoring. The engine monitor requires accurate predictions of rational velocities. A prediction model is constructed on the basis of flat neural network A fast recursive algorithm is used to improve the learning speed by forgetting factor. Accordingly, the present neural network algorithm leads to considerable reduction of efort in network weighting matrix as wel as increase of self-learning and adaptability of neural network algorithms to nonlinear and nonstationary systems. It has been shown by comparison of the numerical results with experiments that the modified algorithm is proved to be reliable and 5efective in the engine condition monitoring. In modeling the system, the load-deflection relationship of the clutch membrane spring is generally treated as a black box, and as a result many advanced control methods can not be applied. A new approach for the black box is required nevertheless in development of the accurate model. The nonlinear relationship is mathematically derived out for the clutch system during engagement and a further progress is thus made to certain extent for the Almen-Lazslo method. By matching control inputs of the two subsystems, a synthetically optimal performance of the system can be achieved. It can be seen that by the system synthesis, not only the design of a feedback controller is accommodated according to longitudinal dynamic requirements of the whole vehicle, but an efective procedure is established for solving problems of time-delay and inaccuracy due to the use of the analysis method of upper-lower layers. Diferential geometry provides a powerful tool for the analysis of nonlinear dynamic systems. With consideration of the automatic clutch which is a typical afine nonlinear system, the diferential manifold and corresponding a companion form to the original system with nonlinearities can be constructed by using feedback linearization approach. It is demonstrated by simulations and experiments that this method simplifies the design of the controller, and is of practical significance for real engineering applications. In this dissertation, operator and its transform in frequency domain are introduced for the first time into the field of automotive electronics technology. In comparison with the conventional z operator, digital iterations of operator are featured by higher precision and more stability while sample time T -4 0.The nonlinear sliding mode controller is taken as an example, the implementation form of operator discretization control, the error analysis and the algorithms stability are studied both theoty and engineering application. In high frequency sampling systems the approach has advantages in industrial applications and enriches its new fields of application, especially in vehicle eletronics. Based upon the minimum value principle, a multi-objective optimal control is applied to derive out for the first time the optimal response in analytical form by compromising longitudinal shock and plane slipage of the automatic clutch related with each other in the transmission sub-systems. The real significance of the synthetic 6optimal control lies in expression of the theoretical optimal performance. For preventing the control system from system uncertainties and external perturbations the robust sliding mode controller is designed to guarantee the system to trace the optimal trajectory. Since dynamic properties of the sliding mode is invariant to extraneous disturbance, the SMC method may apply for a kind of complicated systems with nonlinearities and uncertainties like the automatic clutch. It is shown through numerical simulations that errors of the SMC in reference model following are far less than the PID controler whenever the damping orifice flux coeficient of an on-of solenoid, the frictional plate wear qualilty, friction coeficient and the driveline elastic coeficient may be deviated in a permissible range, respectively. Hence, the present work possesses of significant value in engineering application. As an important part of the dissertation, the virtual mechanical prototyping and real on-vehicle experiments for the automatic clutch system are made, respectively. The virtual machine is modeled in ADAMS software and verified by real vehicle experiments. Therefore, through comparison of the virtual experiments within ADAMS environment with theoretical predictions for transient responses of the clutch during engagement, reliable and efective instructions are provided for design of the hydraulic actuator and PC controller required in real vehicle experiments. The control apparatus for automatic clutch include sensors, microcomputer and their interfaces. All experiments are carried out on the Santana LX car, and much atention is focused to typical dificult working conditions, such as small throtle angle, heavy load, high gear and steep ramp. It is shown by the results obtained from the experiments that fairly good transient responses during the clutch engagement are achieved. By the control strategies presented in this dissertation, the engine is prevented from flameout, moreover, vehicle startup and gear shift smoothly can be adjusted with short friction duration and quick response of the actuator. All these mean that the adaptability for subjective will, time varying driving conditions of vehicle and complicated surroundings. In a word, on the basic of theoretical research and control technology, the performance of AMT automatic clutch is improved markedly, moreover, the apparatus for experiments establishes a massy foundation for future product development. 7汽车离合器汽车离合器 CADCAD 系统的研究与设计系统的研究与设计离合器是用来传递和切断从发动机传来的动力的一种机构。在汽车上， 它和发动机的飞轮相连接，切断和平稳地实现发动机和变速器之间的动力传递。如何合理、高效、快捷地设计离合器一直是国内外离合器厂家追求的目标，CAD (Computer Aided Design)的诞生将此希望变为可能。汽车 CAD 一直是 CAD 技术的先驱，CAD 技术最先是应用在汽车工业上，而且与 CAM. CAE 和 CAPP 越来越不可分割，集成化正成为现实。研究如何应用计算机来辅助设计汽车离合器，以及如何设计开发出一个实用的、先进的汽车离合器 CAD 系统 简称 ACCAD (Automotive Clutch CAD)，为实现汽车离合器集成设计制造系统打下一个坚实的系统框架，正是本文的目的。 汽车离合器 CAD 系统首先必须能够辅助工程设计人员设计离合器、其次能够8辅助设计人员分析设计的离合器、最后还能够很好的组织和管理设计过程中的数据。从长远考虑它还应该能够辅助生产车间制造新产品、管理人员管理整个产品的生命周期，所以必须有一个核心能够将这些子系统集成在一起。工程数据库正是在这种需求下诞生的，以工程数据库为核心构建 CIMS 已成了必然的趋势。为今后汽车离合器 CAD 系统的扩充和发展，以及逐步实现 CIMS 创建一个坚实的框架，ACCAD 系统同样也需要以工程数据库为核心将个设计和管理子系统集成为一个整体。本文第三章对工程数据库技术进行研究，并对汽车离合器 CAD 系统的工程数据库设计进行了讨论，按全局库、项目库和设计库的组织结构创建了汽车离合器工程数据库。 传统的汽车离合器设计基本上是选择后备系数、离合器型式、设计摩擦片、设计草图、设计装配总成、设计各零件。在国内，这些过程基本上都是人工进行的，但近些年来，随着计算机辅助绘图软件如 AutoDesk 公司的 AutoCAD 的应用，工程图的绘制基本上可在计算机上进行。用这种二维工程图的模型，计算机只能辅助工程设计人员绘制工程图纸，无法对零部件进行分析，这种模型描述能力低下。随着线框建模技术、基于曲面或实体建模技术的出现，零部件在计算机中将以三维的方式表示，它能够很好地辅助工程设计人员设计和分析零部件。但这种模型缺乏对产品零部件信息的完整描述， 从而导致计算机辅助设计系统、制造系统和分析系统集成困难。特征建模技术正好能够弥补这种缺陷，而将特征建模技术和参数化建模技术结合起来则既能提高产品模型的描述能力又能够提高产品模型的快速修改能力。本文第四章对参数化特征建模技术进行研究，并用参数化特征建模技术在 AutoDesk 公司的 Mechanical Desktop(简称 MDT)软件上对汽车离合器零部件建立了产品模型。 为使汽车离合器 CAD 系统辅助设计人员更快地开发离合器新产品，让计算机模拟工程设计人员根据原有的产品模型进行变型设计是 CAD 系统智能化的一个表现。智能 CAD 是 CAD 的一个发展方向。本文的第五章对变型设计技术进行了研究，并应用参数表驱动和特征抑制技术在 MDT 上实现了汽车离合器零部件的智能化变型设计。 汽车离合器 CAD 系统除了具有一定的集成化和智能化之外还应该具有一定的自动化，也就是说系统能够根据设计要求自动地设计离合器、并对离合器的一些基本参数和零部件进行校核分析和优化。本文的第六章对离合器的结合模型进行9了分析，推导出了一些基本参数设计计算公式;对膜片弹簧的工作情况进行了分析，运用当前国际上比较认可的 A-L 法对膜片弹簧的载荷变形特性和应力应变特性进行了仿真计算。汽车离合器基本参数优化和膜片弹簧的优化均采用复合形优化算法，其中设计目标、设计约束和设计变量的初始值，设计人员可以根据实际要求改变。根据设计和优化了的离合器的基本参数、离合器的型式、初始条件，采用实例推理法和设计模板法初步设计离合器的各零部件，并自动将其装配起来，形成离合器零部件及装配模型的设计模板。设计模板是通过智能化实例推理技术从现有的实例中推理而来， 然后用户则在此基础上采用交互的方式逐步改进、往复设计，直到满足设计要求为止。因此这样既发挥了计算机的辅助作用，也充分地扩展了人的主动地位，真正地实现了自动化设计和
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